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Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya (view source)

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|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

|antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties, gastroprotective and adaptogenic, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

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|<ref name="ref20">Chinnadurai K, Kanwal HK, Tyagi AK, Stanton C, Ross P. High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats; Lipids Health Dis. 2013;7;12:121.</ref>,<ref name="ref21"></ref>,<ref name="ref22"></ref>,<ref name="ref23"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref20">Chinnadurai K, Kanwal HK, Tyagi AK, Stanton C, Ross P. High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats; Lipids Health Dis. 2013;7;12:121.</ref>,<ref name="ref21">S M S Samarakoon, S K M K Herapathdeniya, H M Chandola, B Ravishankar. Experimental evaluation of gastroprotective and adaptogenic activity of Amalakayas Rasayana and its vehicle (ghee and honey); Sri Lanka Journal of Indigenous Medicine. 2011;01(2):51–99.</ref>,<ref name="ref22">Prasad V, Dorle AK. Evaluation of ghee based formulation for wound healing activity. J Ethnopharmacology. 2006;107(1):38–47.</ref>,<ref name="ref23">Fulzele SV, Bhurchandi PM, Kanoje VM, Joshi SB, Dorle AK. Immunostimulant activity of Ashthamangal Ghrita in Rats. Ind J Pharmacol. 2002;34:194–197.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |6.

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|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

|anti- oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, neuro-protective, anti-microbial activity, protective to the skin and gastric, intestinal mucosa.

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|<ref name="ref25"></ref>,<ref name="ref26"></ref>,<ref name="ref27"></ref>,<ref name="ref28"></ref>,<ref name="ref29"></ref>,<ref name="ref30"></ref>,<ref name="ref31"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref25">Pandey BR, Singh N, Verma P. Therapeutic Potential of Organic Triticum aestivum Linn. (Wheat Grass) in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: An Overview; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2012;4(1):10–14.</ref>,<ref name="ref26">Ji-Young Im, Hyeon-Hui Ki, Mingjie Xin, Se-Uk Kwon, Young Ho Kim, Dae-Ki Kim, Sun-Pyo Hong, Jong-Sik Jin, Young-Mi Lee. Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice; Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry; 2015;79(7):1133-40.</ref>,<ref name="ref27">Athul Sundaresan, Arul Selvi, H.K. Manonmani. The Anti-Microbial Properties of Triticum aestivum (Wheat Grass) Extract. Lifescience Global. 2015;4(3):84-91.</ref>,<ref name="ref28">G. Balint, A. Apathy, M. Gaal, A. Telekes, A. Resetar, G. Blazso, G. Falkay, B. Szende, A. Paksy, M. Ehrenfeld, Y. Shoenfeld, M. Hidvegi. Effect of Avemara a fermented wheat germ extract on rheumatoid arthritis Preliminary data, Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2006;24(3):325–328.</ref>,<ref name="ref29">T Lakshmi Srinivas, S Mohana Lakshmi, S Neelufar Shama, G Koteswara Reddy, K R Prasanna. Medicinal Plants as Anti-Ulcer Agents. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(4):91–97.</ref>,<ref name="ref30">E. Ben-Arye, E. Goldin, D. Wengrower, A. Stamper, R. Kohn, E. Berry. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulceative colitis: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, Scand Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;37(4):444–9.</ref>,<ref name="ref31">Han HS, Jang JH, Jang JH, Choi JS, Kim YJ, Lee C, Lim SH, Lee HK, Lee J. Water extract of Triticum aestivum L. and its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia; J Med Food. 2010;13(3):572–8.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |7.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|antioxidant, free radical scavenging property, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory

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|<ref name="ref32"></ref>,<ref name="ref33"></ref>,<ref name="ref34"></ref>,<ref name="ref35"></ref>,<ref name="ref36"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref32">K. Martin. Rapid propagation of Holostemma ada-kodien Schult., a rare medicinal plant, through axillary bud multiplication and indirect organogenesis; Plant Cell Reports. 2002;21(2):112–117.</ref>,<ref name="ref33">Mallikarjuna, B; Nagalakshmi, Usha R; Gayathri, D; Gopal, Rama G. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Holostemma Ada- Kodien K. Svhum., An Important Rare Medicinal Plant; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011;2(9):2413–18.</ref>,<ref name="ref34">Junapudi Sunil, Janapati Yasodha Krishna, Pallaval Veera Bramhachari. Hepatoprotective Activity of Holostemma ada Kodien shcult, Extract against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats; European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2015;6(1):45–54.</ref>,<ref name="ref35">Irimpan MT, Jolly CI, Sheela D. A Study of the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Holostemma adakodien schultes. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2011;2(3):1208–10.</ref>,<ref name="ref36">Louis, C Jelly. Study on the production of anti-neoplastic secondary metabolites from selected medicinal plants using cell and tissue culture techniques: With special reference to Ophiorrhiza mungos and Holostemma adakodien (Thesis), Mahatma Gandhi University,2015.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |9.

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|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta'', partially vitiates ''Vata''

|hepatoprotective, cardio- protective, cyto-protective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties.

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|<ref name="ref37"></ref>,<ref name="ref38"></ref>,<ref name="ref39"></ref>,<ref name="ref40"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref37">Ateeq M J, Alarami, Mohammed S A Al-Awar. Hepatoprotective and Hepatocurative effects of NABK Honey in Penicillin-induced Hepatic toxicity;Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2013;Sep-Oct.2(5):34–40.</ref>,<ref name="ref38">Md. Ibrahim Khalil, E. M. Tanvir, Rizwana Afroz, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Siew Hua Gan. Cardioprotective Effects of Tualang Honey: Amelioration of Cholesterol and Cardiac Enzymes Levels; 2015;2015:286051.</ref>,<ref name="ref39">Faeza Abdel Mogib El-Dahtory, Sohier Yahia. Cytoprotective effect of honey against chromosomal breakage in fanconi anemia patients in vitro; Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(2):77–81.</ref>,<ref name="ref40">Wafaa M. Abdel-Moneim, Hemmat H. Ghafeer. The potential protective effect of natural Honey against Cadmium-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity; Mansoura J. Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol. 2007;15(2):75-98.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |10.

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|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

|antioxidant, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory, Vaso protective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, gastroprotective and nephroprotective properties.

−

|<ref name="ref41"></ref>,<ref name="ref42"></ref>,<ref name="ref43"></ref>,<ref name="ref44"></ref>,<ref name="ref45"></ref>,<ref name="ref46"></ref>,<ref name="ref47"></ref>,<ref name="ref48"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref41">G.K. JayaprAkashaa, R.P. Singh, K.K. Sakariah. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro; Food Chemistry. 2001;73(3):285–290.</ref>,<ref name="ref42">Pirinççioğlu M, Kızıl G, Kızıl M, Özdemir G, Kanay Z, Ketani MA. Protective effect of Öküzgözü (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grape juice against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in rats; Food Funct. 2012;3(6):668–73.</ref>,<ref name="ref43">Rajaa k. baker. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium; Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2014;4(3):482-487.</ref>,<ref name="ref44">Schneider E, von der Heydt H, Esperester A. Planta Med.; Evaluation of polyphenol composition in red leaves from different varieties of Vitis vinifera. 2008;74(5):565–72. </ref>,<ref name="ref45">Jin HY, Cha YS, Baek HS, Park TS. Neuroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera extract on prediabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet; Korean J Intern Med. 2013;28(5):579–86.</ref>,<ref name="ref46">Kequan Zhou, Julian J. Raffoul. Potential Anticancer Properties of Grape Antioxidants; Journal of Oncology; 2012;Sp.Issue:1–8.</ref>,<ref name="ref47">B. V. S. Lakshmi, M. Sudhakar, P. Shashank. Protective Role of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Vitis vinifera against Adriamycin Induced Cardiac, Renal and Hepatic Toxicities in Rat; International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2014;3(5):13–19.</ref>,<ref name="ref48">Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DC. Effects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcers. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011;2011:740687.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |11.

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|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta'', partially vitiates ''Vata''

|anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial

−

|<ref name="ref49"></ref>,<ref name="ref50"></ref>,<ref name="ref51"></ref>,<ref name="ref52"></ref>,<ref name="ref53"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref49">Yao Y, Yang X, Tian J, Liu C, Cheng X, Ren G. Anti-oxidant and anti- diabetic activities of black mung bean (Vigna radiata L.); J Agric Food Chem. 2013;28;61(34):8104–9.</ref>,<ref name="ref50">Tran Van Hien. Radioprotective effects of Vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with Cobalt-60; Inergrative cancer therapies. 2002;1(1):38–43.</ref>,<ref name="ref51">Manikandaselvi S., David Raj C., Aravind S., Ravikumar R., Thinagarbabu R., Nandhini S. Anti-Anemic Activity of Sprouts of Vigna Radiata L. in male Albino Rats; International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;7(11):263-267.</ref>,<ref name="ref52">Nobuhiko Tachibana. Intake of Mungbean Protein Isolate Reduces Plasma Triglyceride Level in Rats; Functional foods in healyh and disease. 2013;3(9):365–376.</ref>,<ref name="ref53">Camalxaman SN, Zain ZM, Amom Z, Maimunah M, Mohamed E, Rambely AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Vigna radiata (L) Wilzeck extracts against gram negative enteric bacteria. World App Sci J. 2013;21(10):1490-4.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |12.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|antioxidant and anti-microbial, anti-aging, cardio-protective, hepato-protective activities

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|<ref name="ref54"></ref>,<ref name="ref55"></ref>,<ref name="ref56"></ref>,<ref name="ref57"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref54">Pai Aruna, Rao JVLN Seshagiri, Rajendra Madhu, Sudhakar M. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of seeds of Terminalia chebula plant extracts; Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Opinion. 20122(12):188–190.</ref>,<ref name="ref55">H.N. Shivaprasad, M.D. Kharya, A.C. Rana, S. Mohan. Preliminary Immunomodulatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2006;44(1):32-34.</ref>,<ref name="ref56">Suchalatha S, Shyamala Devi CS; Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against experimental myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol; Indian J Exp Biol.;42(2):174–8.</ref>,<ref name="ref57">Min-Kyung Choi, Hyeong-Geug Kim, Jong-Min Han, Jin-Seok Lee, Jong Suk Lee, Sun Ho Chung, Chang-Gue Son. Hepatoprotective Effect of Terminalia chebula against t-BHP-Induced Acute Liver Injury in C57/BL6 Mice; Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;1–11.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |14.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, cytotoxic, arsenic poisoning ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal

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|<ref name="ref58"></ref>

+

|<ref name="ref58">Mahia Khandaker, Saleha Akter, Mohammad Zafar Imam, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.: A vegetable with diverse pharmacological properties, Food Science and Human Wellness, 2018;7(1):34-48.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |15.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|antioxidant, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective.

−

|<ref name="ref59"></ref>,<ref name="ref60"></ref>,<ref name="ref61"></ref>,<ref name="ref62"></ref>

+

|<ref name="ref59">Priya Gurumoorthy and Kavitha G Singh. Quantitative analysis of Proteins and Antioxidants; during Stress on Oryza Sativa; Journal of Global Biosciences. 2014;3(2):552–561.</ref>,<ref name="ref60">Bunyada Jittorntrum, Rodjana Chunhabundit, Ratchanee Kongkachuichai, Supanart Srisala, Yupin Visetpanit. Cytoprotective and Cytotoxic Effects of Rice Bran Extracts on H2O2- Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells; Thai J Toxicology. 2009;24(2): 92–100.</ref>,<ref name="ref61">Yang LC, Hsieh CC, Lin WC. Characterization and immuno-modulatory activity of rice hull polysaccharides; Carbohydrate Polymer. 2015 Jun 25;124:150-6.</ref>,<ref name="ref62">Sinthorn W, Chatuphonprasert W, Chulasiri M, Jarukamjorn K. Thai red rice extract provides liver protection in paracetamol-treated mice by restoring the glutathione system; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015;8:1–10.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |17.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic activity, anti-venom activity, hypo glycemic activity and anti-bacterial activity

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|<ref name="ref63"></ref>,<ref name="ref64"></ref>,<ref name="ref65"></ref>,<ref name="ref66"></ref>,<ref name="ref67"></ref>,<ref name="ref68"></ref>,<ref name="ref69"></ref>,<ref name="ref70"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref63">Gopalakrishnan K, Udayakumar R. Antimicrobial Activity of M. quadrifolia (L.) against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. British Microbiol Res J. 2014;4(9):1046-1056.</ref>,<ref name="ref64">Ripa FA, Nahar L, Haque M, Islam MM. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of crude extract of Marsilea quadrifolia. Euro J Sci Res. 2009;33(1):123- 129.</ref>,<ref name="ref65">Uma R, Pravin B. Invitro Cytotoxic Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn of MCF-7 Cells of Human Breast Cancer. Int Res J Med Sci. 2013;1(1):10-13.</ref>,<ref name="ref66">Singh S, Yadav AK. Protection of stress induced behavioural and physiological alteration by Marsilea quadrifolia in rodents. J Chem Pharm Res. 2014;6(7):2207-2217.</ref>,<ref name="ref67">Zahan R, Ripa FA, Alam MB, Haque MA, Mosaddik MA, Nahar L. Hypoglycemic and in Vitro antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of Marsilea quadrifolia plant. Pharmaconosy J. 2011;3(26):86-92.</ref>,<ref name="ref68">Asham, Tripathys, Madhuri. Y. Preliminary Screening of Marsilea Quadrifolia extracts for their Antianxiety potential. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(3):137-139.</ref>,<ref name="ref69">Sethi P. Antibacterial Activity of Marsilea Quadrifolia Linn. Int J Res Plant Sci. 2014; 4(2):60-62.</ref>,<ref name="ref70">Mathangi T, Prabhakaran P. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2013;2(10):534- 536. </ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |19.

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|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''

|anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial ,

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|<ref name="ref71"></ref>,<ref name="ref72"></ref>,<ref name="ref73"></ref>,<ref name="ref74"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref71">Usman LA, Hamid AA, Muhammad NO, Olawore NO, Edewor TI and Saliu BK. Chemical constituents and antiinflammatory activity of leaf essential oil of Nigerian grown Chenopodium album L. EXCLI Journal, 9, 2010, 181.</ref>,<ref name="ref72">Elif Korcan S, Aksoy O, Erdoğmuş SF, Ciğerci İH and Konuk M. Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album's ethanolic leaf extract. Chemosphere. 2013;90(2):374-379.</ref>,<ref name="ref73">Lone BA, Chishti MZ, Bhat FA, Tak H, Bandh SA, Khan A. Evaluation of anthelmintic antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Chenopodium album. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2017 Dec;49(8):1597-1605.</ref>,<ref name="ref74">Nigam V and Paarakh PM. Hepatoprotective activity of Chenopodium album Linn against paracetamol induced liver damage. Pharmacologyonline, 2011;3:312-328.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |20.

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|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta''

|anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory

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|<ref name="ref75"></ref>,<ref name="ref76"></ref>

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|<ref name="ref75">Sowjanya K et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare. International Journal of Lifesciences and Pharma Research. 2020.Sp8:423-427.</ref>,<ref name="ref76">Lemieszek MK, Komaniecka I, Chojnacki M, Choma A, Rzeski W. Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharide-Rich Young Green Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Extract and Its Structural Characterization. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1742.</ref>

|}

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Among daily consumable food items mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts, green gram (Mudga i.e. Vigna radiata L.), easily available in all parts of India, has been described best in Shamidhanya i.e. pulses. It has high nutritional value. It is a good source of protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, iron and vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid.<ref name="ref77"></ref> Its regular consumption can regulate enterobacterial flora of the intestine, decrease absorption of toxic substances, reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, and prevent cancer. Extracts of green gram were also found to have a potent scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and an inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.<ref name="ref78"></ref><ref name="ref79"></ref> '''Red rice''' (''Shashtika shali- Oryza sativum'' L.), grown in Kerala and known locally by the Dravidian name Njavara. has been described as best among ''Shukadhanya'' i.e. cereals. It is a very good source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and minerals like Iron.<ref name="ref80"></ref><ref name="ref81"></ref> '''Wheat''' (''Godhuma- Triticum aestivum'' L.) is a good source of carbohydrate, vitamins like'', thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B6'' and minerals like ''iron''. '''Cow’s milk''' (''Godugdha'') is compatible since birth, increases vital power of the body. It is a source of high-quality protein, calcium and vitamins like vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid. '''Cow’s ghee''' (''Goghrita'') has been described in Ayurvedic texts to possess many beneficial properties like rejuvenating, nootropic, improves immunity, energy, luster, beauty, promotes longevity, aphrodisiac. It contains omega-3 fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which improve cardiovascular health.<ref name="ref82"></ref> It can penetrate blood brain barrier and also to facilitate building or supporting the biochemical activities of tissues such as neurons.<ref name="ref83"></ref> '''Rock salt''' (''Saindhava'') has been advised for daily use in the texts of Ayurveda. It is best among all salts because all other salts have hot potency and penetrating property. They vitiate ''Kapha'', ''Pitta'' which produce laxity in muscles and diseases like hair fall, grey hair. Yet, worldwide common salt is being used in daily diet. Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but the contents of both differ as rock salt contains some extra minerals like potassium which are beneficial to the health. Sodium has a contractile mechanism while potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the arterioles which prevents hypertension.<ref name="ref84"></ref><ref name="ref85"></ref> '''Indian gooseberry''' (''Amalaki-Phyllanthus emblica'' L.) has rejuvenating property and promotes longevity, maintains the equilibrium of the three ''Dosha''. It is a rich source of ''vitamin C'', effective in free radical scavenging. '''Pomegranate''' (''Dadima- Punica granatum'' L.) and '''dry grape''' (''Mridvika- Vitis vinifera'' L.) are mentioned as ‘best among wholesome diet''.''’ Pomegranate is rich source of flavonoids, vitamin C and E. Dry grape contains vitamin B3, B6, B1, B2 and B9. '''''Haritaki''''' (''Terminalia chebula'' Retz.) possess strong rejuvenating property and alleviate all the three ''Dosha.'' '''''Jivanti''''' (Cork swallow-wort- ''Leptadenia reticulata'' Retz'''./''' Holostemma ada-kodien) has been described as the best among all the vegetables as it alleviates all the three ''dosha'' and is a rich source of vitamin A. '''Rock sugar''' (''Khanda sharkara'') has low glycemic index while refined sugar which is commonly used in daily diet worldwide, has high glycemic index. It leads to obesity and diabetes mellitus by disturbing ghrelin-leptin-insulin equilibrium. '''White goosefoot/pigweed''' (''Vastuka''- Chenopodium album) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is available during winters in Northern India. It is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, calcium, iron and vitamins A, C.<ref name="ref88"></ref> '''Clover fern''' (''Sunishannaka''- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.) found in south-west India, Nepal, China, central and southern Europe. It is a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidants. '''Pointed gourd''' (''Patola''- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) used as a vegetable in Bangladesh and Northern part of India, is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins like A and C, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Sulphur and Chlorine. '''Solely wholesome food items (''Ekanta hitakara dravya''):'''Water, ghee/clarified butter, milk and rice are solely wholesome food items mentioned in Sushruta samhita. They are always suitable and accustomed to human being by birth.

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Among daily consumable food items mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts, green gram (Mudga i.e. Vigna radiata L.), easily available in all parts of India, has been described best in Shamidhanya i.e. pulses. It has high nutritional value. It is a good source of protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, iron and vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid.<ref name="ref77">Gopalan C, Sastri BVR. Balasubramanian SC; Nutritive value of Indian foods; National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad: ICMR. 2007;161.</ref> Its regular consumption can regulate enterobacterial flora of the intestine, decrease absorption of toxic substances, reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, and prevent cancer. Extracts of green gram were also found to have a potent scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and an inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.<ref name="ref78">Tang D, Dong Y, Ren H, Li l, He C. A review of phytochemistry metabolite changes and medicinal uses of the common food Mungbean and its sprouts; Chemistry Central Journal; 2014;18(1):4.</ref><ref name="ref79">Ill Min Chumg, Min-A Yeo, Sun-Jin Kim, Hyung-In Moon. Protective effects of organic solvents fractions from the seeds of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek against antioxidant mechanisms; Human and experimental toxicology;2011;30(8):904–9.</ref> '''Red rice''' (''Shashtika shali- Oryza sativum'' L.), grown in Kerala and known locally by the Dravidian name Njavara. has been described as best among ''Shukadhanya'' i.e. cereals. It is a very good source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and minerals like Iron.<ref name="ref80">Jose M, Raj RD, Vinitha MR, Madhu R, Varghese G, Bocianowski J, Yadav R, Patra BC, Singh ON, Rana JC, Kurmari SL, Thomas G. The Prehistoric Indian Ayurvedic Rice Shashtika Is an Extant Early Domesticate With a Distinct Selection History. Front Plant Sci. 2018 Aug 14;9:1203.</ref><ref name="ref81">Basu S, Roychoudhury A, Sanyal S, Sengupta DN. Carbohydrate content and antioxidative potential of the seed of three edible indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars; Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics; 2012;49(2):115–23.</ref> '''Wheat''' (''Godhuma- Triticum aestivum'' L.) is a good source of carbohydrate, vitamins like'', thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B6'' and minerals like ''iron''. '''Cow’s milk''' (''Godugdha'') is compatible since birth, increases vital power of the body. It is a source of high-quality protein, calcium and vitamins like vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid. '''Cow’s ghee''' (''Goghrita'') has been described in Ayurvedic texts to possess many beneficial properties like rejuvenating, nootropic, improves immunity, energy, luster, beauty, promotes longevity, aphrodisiac. It contains omega-3 fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which improve cardiovascular health.<ref name="ref82">Gerry Schwalfenberg. Omega-3 fatty acids: Their beneficial role in cardiovascular health; Can Fam Physician. 2006;52(6):734–740.</ref> It can penetrate blood brain barrier and also to facilitate building or supporting the biochemical activities of tissues such as neurons.<ref name="ref83">Achliya GS, Wadodkar SG, Dorle AK. Evaluation of Sedative and Anticonvulsant activities of Unmadnashak Ghrita; J.Ethno-pharmacology. 2004;94(1):77–83.</ref> '''Rock salt''' (''Saindhava'') has been advised for daily use in the texts of Ayurveda. It is best among all salts because all other salts have hot potency and penetrating property. They vitiate ''Kapha'', ''Pitta'' which produce laxity in muscles and diseases like hair fall, grey hair. Yet, worldwide common salt is being used in daily diet. Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but the contents of both differ as rock salt contains some extra minerals like potassium which are beneficial to the health. Sodium has a contractile mechanism while potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the arterioles which prevents hypertension.<ref name="ref84">Neelesh Khandelwal, Shraddha Dhundi, Pramod Yadav, Prajapati P.K. Lavana (salt) – An Ayurvedic outlook on Saindhava (Rock salt); Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga; 2012;5(2):95-101.</ref><ref name="ref85">Sunita Inderjit Singh, Inderjit Singh. The action of sodium and potassium on blood vessels and its relation to hypertension; Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. 1955;42(4):172–182.</ref> '''Indian gooseberry''' (''Amalaki-Phyllanthus emblica'' L.) has rejuvenating property and promotes longevity, maintains the equilibrium of the three ''Dosha''. It is a rich source of ''vitamin C'', effective in free radical scavenging. '''Pomegranate''' (''Dadima- Punica granatum'' L.) and '''dry grape''' (''Mridvika- Vitis vinifera'' L.) are mentioned as ‘best among wholesome diet''.''’ Pomegranate is rich source of flavonoids, vitamin C and E. Dry grape contains vitamin B3, B6, B1, B2 and B9. '''''Haritaki''''' (''Terminalia chebula'' Retz.) possess strong rejuvenating property and alleviate all the three ''Dosha.'' '''''Jivanti''''' (Cork swallow-wort- ''Leptadenia reticulata'' Retz'''./''' Holostemma ada-kodien) has been described as the best among all the vegetables as it alleviates all the three ''dosha'' and is a rich source of vitamin A. '''Rock sugar''' (''Khanda sharkara'') has low glycemic index while refined sugar which is commonly used in daily diet worldwide, has high glycemic index. It leads to obesity and diabetes mellitus by disturbing ghrelin-leptin-insulin equilibrium. '''White goosefoot/pigweed''' (''Vastuka''- Chenopodium album) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is available during winters in Northern India. It is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, calcium, iron and vitamins A, C.<ref name="ref88">Poonia A, Upadhayay A. Chenopodium album Linn: review of nutritive value and biological properties. J Food Sci Technol. (July 2015) 52(7):3977–3985.</ref> '''Clover fern''' (''Sunishannaka''- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.) found in south-west India, Nepal, China, central and southern Europe. It is a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidants. '''Pointed gourd''' (''Patola''- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) used as a vegetable in Bangladesh and Northern part of India, is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins like A and C, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Sulphur and Chlorine. '''Solely wholesome food items (''Ekanta hitakara dravya''):'''Water, ghee/clarified butter, milk and rice are solely wholesome food items mentioned in Sushruta samhita. They are always suitable and accustomed to human being by birth.

== Miscellaneous daily consumable food items/drugs ==

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== Other food items ==

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Kilat is milk derivative which is in the solid form. It is prepared by fermentation of milk made in condensed form by removing excess water. This process can be correlated with preparation of Paneer. Kurchika, prepared by fermentation of curd and is solid like Kilat. This process can be correlated with the preparation of cheese which have further fermentation of curd. Kilat (Paneer) stays longer in the stomach without digestion which decreases the digestive power, vitiation of Kapha. Kurchika vitiates Pitta, Rakta and is heavy to digest. Floor preparations consist of high carbohydrate diet. Continuous Intake of it leads to obesity and insulin resistance. WHO dietary guidelines have long recommended limiting the intake of full-fat dairy products like cheese, stemming from their contribution to the dietary intake of saturated fat (SF) and the well-established relationship between SF intake and increased plasma LDL-C. Paneer, cheese and curd are dairy products which have high protein and high fat value. Saturated fat in dairy products increases LDL level which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Certain types of cheese are linked with increased risk of breast Cancer. Soft cheese has the potential for promoting the growth of Listeria bacteria and E.Coli. Listeria monocytogenes can also result in serious infection in infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to the infant in-utero or after birth.<ref name="ref91"></ref><ref name="ref92"></ref><ref name="ref93"></ref><ref name="ref94"></ref><ref name="ref95"></ref> Yavaka is a type of grain which needs to be avoided for daily intake. There is controversy regarding comparison of Yavaka with contemporary food items but according to some published literature, it can be correlated with Oats (Avena sativa L.).<ref name="ref96"></ref> Oats is a rich source of starch, protein, β-glucan and potassium. β-glucan improves indices of brain function and cognition with major beneficial effects all along the gut-brain axis. A systematic review shows that acute short-term chronic supplementation of Avena sativa appeared to positively influence the accuracy and speed of performance and cognitive function. but long-term chronic supplementation did not. Despite being good sources of iron and zinc, cereals have high phytic acid content hinders their bioavailability.<ref name="ref97"></ref><ref name="ref98"></ref>

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Kilat is milk derivative which is in the solid form. It is prepared by fermentation of milk made in condensed form by removing excess water. This process can be correlated with preparation of Paneer. Kurchika, prepared by fermentation of curd and is solid like Kilat. This process can be correlated with the preparation of cheese which have further fermentation of curd. Kilat (Paneer) stays longer in the stomach without digestion which decreases the digestive power, vitiation of Kapha. Kurchika vitiates Pitta, Rakta and is heavy to digest. Floor preparations consist of high carbohydrate diet. Continuous Intake of it leads to obesity and insulin resistance. WHO dietary guidelines have long recommended limiting the intake of full-fat dairy products like cheese, stemming from their contribution to the dietary intake of saturated fat (SF) and the well-established relationship between SF intake and increased plasma LDL-C. Paneer, cheese and curd are dairy products which have high protein and high fat value. Saturated fat in dairy products increases LDL level which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Certain types of cheese are linked with increased risk of breast Cancer. Soft cheese has the potential for promoting the growth of Listeria bacteria and E.Coli. Listeria monocytogenes can also result in serious infection in infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to the infant in-utero or after birth.<ref name="ref91">Final Report. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. NIH publications No. 02#x20135215; September, 2002.</ref><ref name="ref92">Artaud-Wild SM, Connor SL, Sexton G, Connor WE. Differences in coronary mortality can be explained by differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland. A paradox. Circulation. 1993 Dec;88(6):2771-9.</ref><ref name="ref93">A L Ronco, E De Ste´fani, R Da´ttoli. Dairy foods and risk of breast cancer: a case–control study in Montevideo, Uruguay. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2002, 11, 457–463.</ref><ref name="ref94">Kristine L. MacDonald, Millicent Eidson, Christine Strohmeyer, Martin E. Levy, Joy G. Wells, Nancy D. Puhr, Kaye Wachsmuth, Nancy T. Hargrett, Mitchell L. Cohen; A Multistate Outbreak of Gastrointestinal Illness Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Imported Semisoft Cheese. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985;151(4):716-720.</ref><ref name="ref95">Listeria (Listeriosis). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-23 (Prevent Listeria | Listeria | CDC)</ref> Yavaka is a type of grain which needs to be avoided for daily intake. There is controversy regarding comparison of Yavaka with contemporary food items but according to some published literature, it can be correlated with Oats (Avena sativa L.).<ref name="ref96">Rajeshwari Singh, Mita Kotecha, N Srikanth. History of Yavaka from Ethno-pharmacological Perspective. Indian Journal of History of Science, 53.2 (2018):224-231.</ref> Oats is a rich source of starch, protein, β-glucan and potassium. β-glucan improves indices of brain function and cognition with major beneficial effects all along the gut-brain axis. A systematic review shows that acute short-term chronic supplementation of Avena sativa appeared to positively influence the accuracy and speed of performance and cognitive function. but long-term chronic supplementation did not. Despite being good sources of iron and zinc, cereals have high phytic acid content hinders their bioavailability.<ref name="ref97">Shi, H., Yu, Y., Lin, D. et al. β-glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice. Microbiome 8, 143 (2020).</ref><ref name="ref98">Chen O, Mah E, Dioum E, Marwaha A, Shanmugam S, Malleshi N, Sudha V, Gayathri R, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V, Chu Y. The Role of Oat Nutrients in the Immune System: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 24;13(4):1048. </ref>

=== Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya): ===

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== Contemporary views ==

=== Nutra vigilance in Ayurveda ===

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Nutra vigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of a food, dietary supplement, or medical food.<ref name="ref99"></ref> It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety. Ayurvedic literature gives detailed description of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu.

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Nutra vigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of a food, dietary supplement, or medical food.<ref name="ref99">Stephen M. Schmitz, Hector L. Lopez, Douglas MacKay. Nutravigilance: principles and practices to enhance adverse event reporting in the dietary supplement and natural products industry. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(2):129–134.</ref> It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety. Ayurvedic literature gives detailed description of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu.

=== Epigenetic Diet ===

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Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.<ref name="ref100"></ref><ref name="ref101"></ref><ref name="ref102"></ref><ref name="ref103"></ref> It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.<ref name="ref104"></ref><ref name="ref105"></ref> Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.

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Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.<ref name="ref100">Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health. Adv. Nutr. 2010;1(1):8–16.</ref><ref name="ref101">Duthie SJ. Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2011;70(1):47–56.</ref><ref name="ref102">Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging. BMC Med. 2011;9:98.</ref><ref name="ref103">Meeran SM, Ahmed A, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin. Epigenetics. 2010;1(3–4):101–116. </ref> It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.<ref name="ref104">Lee IM, Blair SN, Allison DB, Folsom AR, Harris TB, Manson JE, Wing RR. Epidemiologic data on the relationships of caloric intake, energy balance, and weight gain over the life span with longevity and morbidity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001;56(Sp1):7–19. </ref><ref name="ref105">Stromsnes K, Correas AG, Lehmann J, Gambini J, Olaso-Gonzalez G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet: Role in Healthy Aging. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):922.</ref> Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.

== Update of Research carried out on Nitya Sevaniya and Asevaniya food ==

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