Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi: Difference between revisions

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|titlemode=append

|keywords=atisara, basti, doshanulomana, grahi, karsha, karmanaviplutanam, niruha, pachana, Panchakarma, prasrita, prastha, snehabasti, vyapat, enema in delicate persons, complication of Panchakarma

|description=Siddhi Sthana Chapter 8. Standardized ~~basti~~ formulations in a dose of Prasrita Unit

|description=Siddhi Sthana Chapter 8. Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit

}}

<big>'''[[Siddhi Sthana]] Chapter 8. Standardized ~~''basti''~~ formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit'''</big>

<big>'''[[Siddhi Sthana]] Chapter 8. Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit'''</big>

<big>''' Abstract </big>'''

This chapter describes recipes of ''prasritayogiya bastis'' (enema formulation in which ingredients are measured in unit of ''prasrita''). ''Prasrita'' is a measurement, which is approximately equal to 100 ~~milliliter~~. Nine types of ''basti'' therapies for various clinical conditions including ''prameha'' (urinary disorders including diabetes), ''abhishyanda'' (oozing), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''krimi'' (worm infestation), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and alike are described. ''Atisara'', a clinical condition characterized by frequent defecation with altered composition and consistency of stool is described in detail. ''Atisara'' has various forms depending upon involvement of six morbid components in the pathogenesis viz. ''ama'' (stool with undigested material), ''shakrita'' (stool only), ''vata'' (with dominant flatulence), ''asrik'' (stool with blood), ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. Different recipes of ''basti'', oral medicaments and food preparations are described to treat these ''atisara'' conditions. These remedies are practically quite useful in several modern diseases like ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.

This chapter describes recipes of ''prasritayogiya bastis'' (enema formulation in which ingredients are measured in unit of ''prasrita''). ''Prasrita'' is a measurement, which is approximately equal to 100 millilitre. Nine types of ''basti'' therapies for various clinical conditions including ''prameha'' (urinary disorders including diabetes), ''abhishyanda'' (oozing), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''krimi'' (worm infestation), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and alike are described. ''Atisara'', a clinical condition characterized by frequent defecation with altered composition and consistency of stool is described in detail. ''Atisara'' has various forms depending upon involvement of six morbid components in the pathogenesis viz. ''ama'' (stool with undigested material), ''shakrita'' (stool only), ''vata'' (with dominant flatulence), ''asrik'' (stool with blood), ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. Different recipes of ''basti'', oral medicaments and food preparations are described to treat these ''atisara'' conditions. These remedies are practically quite useful in several modern diseases like ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.

'''Keywords''': ''atisara, basti, doshanulomana, grahi, karsha, karmanaviplutanam, niruha, pachana,'' [[Panchakarma]], ''prasrita, prastha, snehabasti, vyapat,'' enema in delicate persons, complication of [[Panchakarma]].

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Now, we shall ~~discuss~~ the chapter [[Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi]] (~~the chapter~~ of ~~[[Siddhi Sthana]] which describes the~~ ''~~basti'' procedures with recipes having ingredients measured in the unit ''prasrita~~''). Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi" (Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

==== Objective of ''prasrita basti'' ====

Note: The chapter describes the formulations having ingredients measured in the unit ''prasrita''(approximately equal to 100 millilitre).

=== Objective of ''prasrita basti'' ===

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Now, I (Atreya) shall explain oleaginous and mild form of ''niruha bastis'', for the tender persons and the patients suffered from complications as a result of therapies. Composition of those will be in the unit of ''prasrita''. [3]

==== ''Pancha prasritiki Basti''-I ====

=== ''Pancha prasritiki Basti''-I ===

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Two ''prasritas'' of milk and three ''prasritas'' of ''madhu'' (honey), ''taila'' (sesame oil) and ''ghrita'' (clarified butter) are taken together and churned with a churning stick. This ''basti'' eliminates ''vata'', and promotes strength as well as complexion. [4]

==== ''Ashta-prasritiki basti'' ====

=== ''Ashta-prasritiki basti'' ===

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''Basti'', composed of one ''prasrita'' each of ''taila'' (sesame oil), ''prasanna''(supernatant part of ''sura''- a type of alcoholic preparation), ''kshaudra'' (honey) and ''ghrita'' (clarified butter) and two ''prasritas'' each of the decoctions of roots of ''bilvadi'' (a group of plants that begins with ''bilva''-Aegle marmelos Carr.) as well as two ''prasritas'' of ''kulattha'' (Phaseolus biflorus Linn.), antagonizes ''vata''. [5]

==== ''Nava--prasritiki basti'' ====

=== ''Nava--prasritiki basti'' ===

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''Basti'' prepared with five ''prasritas'' of the decoction of ''panchamula'' (''bilva, shyonaka, gambhari, patala'' and ''agnimantha''), two ''prasritas'' of ''taila'' (sesame oil) and one ''prasrita'' each of ''kshaudra'' (honey) as well as ''sarpi'' (''ghrita''), oleates (the body) and expels ''vata''. [6]

==== ''Chatu-prasritiki basti''-I ====

=== ''Chatu-prasritiki basti''-I ===

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''Niruha basti'', prepared with half ''aksha'' (about 6 grams) of ''saindhava'' (rock salt) one ''prasrita'' each of honey, sesame oil, milk, and ''ghrita'', and one ''karsha'' (about 12 grams) of ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis Linn.), is an excellent promoter of ''shukra''. [7]

==== ''Panchatikta niruha basti'' ====

=== ''Panchatikta niruha basti'' ===

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'''Note''': The quantity of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Chakrapani on this verse, it may be decided.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/8-9 (Cakrapāṇi commentary); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref>In the ''niruha basti'' with an amount of twelve ''prasritas'', the amount of ''kalka'' is usually two ''palas'' (about 100 gms). In present recipe, the amount is five ''prasritas'' and therefore the amount of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of ''kalka'' is not mentioned.

==== ''Shat-prasritika basti'' ====

=== ''Shat-prasritika basti'' ===

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Five ''prasritas'' of decoction of ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.), ''triphala'' (a combination of three fruits viz. Emblica officinalis Gaertn, terminalia chebula Retz. and terminalia belerica Roxb.), ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera Linn.), ''madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum Lam.), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and ''akhuparni'' (Merremia emarginata Burm.) and one ''prasrita'' of ''tila taila'' (sesame oil) churned together with a paste of ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.) is ''kriminashana niruha'' (''niruha'' acting against parasites) [9-10]

==== ''Sapta-prasritika basti'' ====

=== ''Sapta-prasritika basti'' ===

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''Basti'' prepared with decoction of one ''prasrita'' of each of ''payasya'' (Fritillaria roylei Hook.), ''ikshu'' (Saccharum officinarum Linn.), ''sthira'' (Desmodium gangeticum DC.), ''rasna'' (Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern.) and ''vidari'' (Pueraria tuberosa DC.); one ''prasrita'' each of honey and ''ghrita'', and paste of ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.) is ''vrishya'' (enhancing libido and sexual vigour). [11]

==== ''Chatu-prasritika basti''-II ====

=== ''Chatu-prasritika basti''-II ===

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''Basti'' prepared with a total of four ''prasritas'' of ''tila taila'' (sesame oil), cow’s urine, ''dadhimanda'' (whey) and ''amlakanji'' (fermented sour gruel) mixed with a paste of ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris Linn.) relieves the stagnation of stool and constipation. [12]

==== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ====

=== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ===

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''Basti'' prepared with five ''prasritas'' decoction of ''shvadamshtra'' (Tribulus terrestris Linn.), ''ashmabhida'' (Bergenia ligulata Wall.), ''eranda'' (Ricinus communis Linn.) together, ''taila'' and ''surasava'' (an alcoholic preparation) added with paste of ''yashti'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), ''kaunti'' (Piper aurantiacum Wall.), ''magadhika'' (Piper longum Linn.) and ''sitah'' (sugar candy) is useful in ''mutrakricchra'' (a condition characterized by difficult and painful micturition) and ''anaha'' (constipation). These nine ''prasrita bastis'' are given with salt and moderately warm. [13-14]

==== Treatment of stagnated ''basti'' ====

=== Treatment of stagnated ''basti'' ===

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If a ''mridubasti'' (mild acting ''basti'') gets stagnated, that needs another ''teekshna basti'' (strong and sharp acting ''basti''). One, who is emaciated because of strong ''bastis'', requires ''asthapana basti'' prepared with ''madhura'' (sweet) substances. [15]

==== Treatment of ''guda-daha'' (burning sensation in anus) ====

=== Treatment of ''guda-daha'' (burning sensation in anus) ===

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If a patient with ''vata'' disorder suffers from anorectal burning (and other similar ''pitta''-related symptoms) due to (administration of) hot ''bastis'', a mixture of ''drakshambu'' (grape juice or decoction of raisins) and ''trivritkalka'' (paste of Operculina turpethum Linn.), which is ''doshanulshmana'' (bringing the movement of ''dosha'' in right direction) is given. This relieves burning sensation and similar conditions by expelling the ''pitta'', stool and ''vata''. After the body is cleansed, the patient has to take cold ''yavagu'' added with sugar. [16-17]

==== Treatment of ''mala kshaya'' (depletion of stool) ====

=== Treatment of ''mala kshaya'' (depletion of stool) ===

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On the other hand, if a patient has excessive purgation and suffers from depletion of stool (and other essential body components e.g. fluids), he or she has to take ''kulmasha'' (half cooked grains) with ''mashayoosha'' (soup of Phaseolus mungo Linn.), or ''sura'' (an alcoholic preparation) or honey. [18]

==== Treatment of ''amaja shula'' (abdominal pain due to improper digestion) ====

=== Treatment of ''amaja shula'' (abdominal pain due to improper digestion) ===

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(A decoction of) ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn.), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum wall.), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke.), ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii DC.), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara Roxb.) and ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus Linn.) is recommended to a patient with loss of appetite, passing ''sama'' stool (i.e., stool containing ''ama'') smelling like a dead (decomposing) body and with abdominal pain. [19]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) ===

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When a patient has ''pakva atisara'' (without undigested material) passing ''shakrita'' (stool), ''vata, asrika'' (blood), ''pitta'' or ''kapha'', then ''basti'' prepared with a specific group of medicines acting against each of these pathologies is best measure. [20]

==== Six types of ''atisara'' and its common complications ====

=== Six types of ''atisara'' and its common complications ===

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These six types of ''atisara'' may have thirty variants as a result of mutual combination of two morbid factors. Together with basic six, they constitute thirty six types, which manifest along with their complications. ''Shoola'' (abdominal pain), ''pravahika'' (dysentery), ''adhmana'' (abdominal distension) ''parikarti'' (anal pain), ''aruchi'' (distaste for food), ''jwara'' (fever), ''tṛishna'' (thirst), ''ushnatva'' (feeling of heat), ''daha'' (burning sensation) and ''murccha''(syncope) are its complications (''upadrava''). [21-22]

==== Treatment of ''ama-atisara'' ( diarrhea with improper digestion) ====

=== Treatment of ''ama-atisara'' ( diarrhea with improper digestion) ===

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In case of ''amatisara'', a drink having ''pachana'' action added with ''trikatu'' (a group of three pungent drugs viz. rhizome of Zingiber officinalis Roxb.; fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longum Linn.), ''amla'' (sour) and ''lavana'' (salty) substances is recommended. ''Bastis'' are contraindicated in ''ama'' condition. [23]

==== Treatment of ''shakrita-atisara'' and ''vata atisara''( diarrhea with excess stools and ''vata'') ====

=== Treatment of ''shakrita-atisara'' and ''vata atisara''( diarrhea with excess stools and ''vata'') ===

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In ''shakritatisara'' (''atisara'' in which only stool is passed), ''basti'' with ''vataghna'' and ''grahi'' category of medicines is recommended. In ''vata'' related ''atisara, snehabasti'' with ''svadu'' (sweet), ''amla'' (sour) and ''lavana'' (salty) substances is acclaimed. [24]

==== Treatment of ''rakta atisara, pitta atisara'' and ''kapha atisara'' (diarrhea with blood, ''pitta'' and ''kapha'') ====

=== Treatment of ''rakta atisara, pitta atisara'' and ''kapha atisara'' (diarrhea with blood, ''pitta'' and ''kapha'') ===

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In ''raktaatisara'' (diarrhea with blood) ''basti'' with blood, in ''pittaatisara basti'' with ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''tikta'' (bitter) substances and in ''kaphaatisara'' with ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''katu'' (pungent) and ''tikta'' (bitter) substances is to be administered. [25]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''shakrita-ama'' and ''vata'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''shakrita-ama'' and ''vata'' ===

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In the conditions where ''ama'' is associated with ''shakrita'' (stool) or ''vata'', or ''shakrita'' (stool) or ''vata'' is associated with ''ama'' a drink, prepared with ''vyosha'' (a group of three pungent drugs, commonly known as ''trikatu'', viz. rhizome of Zingiber officinalis Roxb.; fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longum Linn.), sour and salty substances, is recommended. [26]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta'' and ''ama'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta'' and ''ama'' ===

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If there is association of ''ama'' with ''pitta'' or ''rakta'' or of both separately with ''ama'' then a drink with ''trikaṭu'', sweet and bitter substances is indicated. [27]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea)mixed with ''kapha-ama'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea)mixed with ''kapha-ama'' ===

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If ''ama'' is associated with ''kapha'', a ''basti'' containing ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''trikatu'' and bitter substances and when ''kapha'' is associated with ''ama'', a ''basti'' containing ''trikatu, kashaya'' (astringent) and salty substances is recommended. [28]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-vata-shakrita'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-vata-shakrita'' ===

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When stool or ''pitta'' is associated with ''vata'' or ''vata'' is associated with stool and ''pitta'', a ''basti'' with sweet, sour and astringent substances, is excellent. [29]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta-shakrita'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta-shakrita'' ===

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In case of morbid mutual associations of ''pitta'' with stool and ''rakta'', as well as stool with ''rakta'' and ''pitta, basti'' with astringent, sweet and bitter ingredients. [30]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapa-rakta-pitta-shakrita'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapa-rakta-pitta-shakrita'' ===

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In case of similar associations of ''kapha'' with stool or ''pitta''; or of stool or ''pitta'' or ''rakta'' with ''kapha'', a ''basti'' with ''trikatu'', bitter and ''kashaya'' ingredients is to be recommended. [31]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''vata-kapha-shakrita'' and ''rakta-kapha'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''vata-kapha-shakrita'' and ''rakta-kapha'' ===

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In ''atisara'' where ''kapha'' is associated with ''vata, basti'' with ''trikatu'', bitter and sour ingredients, and if ''rakta'' is associated with ''kapha'' then with sweet, ''trikatu'' and bitter is recommended. [32]

==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapha- vata -shakrita'' and ''vata-pitta'' ====

=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapha- vata -shakrita'' and ''vata-pitta'' ===

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If ''vata'' is accompanied by ''kapha'', a ''basti'' with ''trikatu'', sour and salty ingredients; and when ''pitta'' is associated with ''vata, basti'' with sweet, sour and bitter substances is to be administered. [33]

==== Treatment for conditions due to ''samsarga'' (combination of ''dosha'') ====

=== Treatment for conditions due to ''samsarga'' (combination of ''dosha'') ===

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In ''atisara'', if all six pathological components are simultaneously involved, a ''pachana'' (causing or promoting digestion or transformation) medicine containing the drugs of all six tastes is useful, while in ''nirama'' (without ''ama'') condition, where other five are involved a ''basti'' consisting of all six ''rasas'' (tastes) is indicated. [35]

==== ''Sarvatisara nashaka ghrita'' (medicated ghee for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ====

=== ''Sarvatisara nashaka ghrita'' (medicated ghee for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ===

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A freshly prepared paste of ''udumbarashalaatu'' (unripe fruits of Ficus glomerata Roxb.), bark of ''jaambu'' (Syzygium cumini Skeels.), ''amra'' (Mangifera indica Linn.) and ''udumbara'' (Ficus glomerata Roxb.); ''sankha'' (conch shell), ''sarjarasa'' (resin of Vateria indica Linn.), ''laaksha'' (resinous secretion of Laccifera lacca Kerr.) and ''kardama'' (a type of rice), each one ''pala'' (about 50 grams) is to be cooked with one ''prastha'' (about 800 ml.) of ''ghrita'', and two ''prastha'' of milk. This (thus prepared ''ghrita'') is to be taken in all types of ''atisara'' according to ''bala'' (strength of the patient as well as disease). [36-37]

==== ''Sarvatisara nashaka yavagu'' (medicated gruel for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ====

=== ''Sarvatisara nashaka yavagu'' (medicated gruel for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ===

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Similar preparation can be made with unripe fruit of ''udumbara'', leaves of ''kathvanga'' (Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.) and ''samanga'' as well as ''plaksha'' (Ficus lacor Buch.), ''masura'' (Lens culinaris Medic.) and ''dhataki'' flowers. [38-39]

==== Treatment of all types of diarrhea ====

=== Treatment of all types of diarrhea ===

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Roots of ''kacchura'' (Mucuna pruriens Baker.) and rice of ''shali'' and other varieties cooked with ''dadhi'' (yogurt), ''takra'' (churned yogurt), ''aranala'' (sour fermented supernatant of cooked rice), ''ksheera'' (milk) or ''ikshurasa'' (sugarcane juice), and after being cooled added with sugar and honey, is able to treat all types of ''atisara''. The above-mentioned gruels are promising (anti-diarreal) when added with ''ghrita'', pepper and cumin (Cuminum cyminum Linn.), sweet substances and rock salt. [41-42]

==== Treatment principles ====

=== Treatment principles ===

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#''Atisara'' may also be in combination of two or more factors. In those conditions treatment is to be planned according to dominance of the ''doshas'' (and the factors involved). [43-45]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.

~~=== Glossary ===~~

==References==

~~#Abhiṣyanda (abhiShyanda; अभिष्यन्द): Oozing; The term signifies excessive oozing of body fluids.~~

#Ādhmāna (AdhmAna; आध्मान): Distention: The term signifies distention of a bodypart caused due to stagnation of the substances inside it; but generally, is taken for distention of the abdomen associated with pain due to various reasons like obstruction to the urine and feces, accumulation of blood in abdomen etc.

~~#Akṣa (akSha; अक्ष): A measurement equivalent to approximately 12gms.~~

~~#Āmātisāra (AmAtisAra; आमातिसार): a clinical condition in which frequency of defecation is associated with āma (undigested substance)~~

#Ānāha (AnAha; आनाह): Obstruction, constipation; Obstruction of the feces in the intestine is to be termed as constipation. The term also signifies obstruction to the flow or normal movements of any substance in nay part of the body

~~#Āranāla (AranAala; आरनाल): a fermented sour gruel.~~

~~#Arōchaka (arochaka; अरोचक): lack of interest; anorexia, A disease where in the person has dislikes towards all kinds of food and drink~~

#Aruchi (aruchi; अरुचि): The term signifies the complete or partial loss of the taste. Disapproval of food even after it has been taken in the mouth due to lack of perception of the taste in the mouth

~~#Asṛk (asruk; असृक्): blood, rakta dhātu~~

~~#Atisāra (atisAra; अतिसार): Diarrhoea; A disease of large intestine having cardinal feature as excessive and frequent defecation of atisāras~~

~~#Balavarṇakṛt (balavarNakRut; बलवर्णकृत्): Promoting bala (strength and immunity) and varṇa (complexion)~~

~~#Basti (basti; बस्ति): Urinary bladder, enema.~~

~~#Bhēdana (bhedana; भेदन): Breaking pain, breaking- reduction of the hard substances into small pieces.~~

~~#Dadhimaṇḍa (dadhimaNDa; दधिमण्ड): Whey, supernatant fluid in yogurt.~~

~~#Dāha (dAha; दाह): Burning sensation~~

~~#Dōshānulōmana (doShAnulomana; दोषानुलोमन): Bringing the movement of the dōsha(s) in right direction.~~

~~#Ghṛt: (ghRut; घृत्), ghee, clarified butter.~~

~~#khaja (khaja; खज): Churner.~~

~~#Aṣṭaprāsṛtika basti (aShTaprAsrRutika basti; अष्टप्रासृतिक बस्ति): A basti consisting of total amount of eight prāsṛtas~~

~~#Grāhī (grAhI; ग्राही): Substances which increase appetite, digestive power and absorb liquid from stool; e.g. dry ginger and piper longum~~

~~#Gudadāha (gudadAha; गुददाह): Burning in anal region.~~

~~#Tṛṣṇā (tRuShNA; तृष्णा): Polydipsia; the condition resembles to morbid thirst in which the person even after continuous water intake fails to quench his thirst.~~

~~#Kāñjī (kA~jI; काञ्जी): Prepared by using cereals (rice and horse gram) and pulses and fermented till it attains acidity~~

#Kapha (kapha; कफ): A synonym for śleṣhmā. One of the three body doṣhas responsible for stability, unctousness, lubrication, immunity, and cohesion. This is predominant of pṛthvī and jalamahābhūtas. The attributes of kapha are: guru (heavy), manda (dull), hima (cold), snigdha (unctuous), ślakṣṇa (smooth), mṛtsna (soft) and sthira (stable). Major seats of kapha are: thorax, throat, head, kloma, joints, stomach, rasa, meda, nose and tongue. This is of five types: avalaṃbaka, kledaka, bodhaka, sleṣhaka, and tarpaka.

~~#Kardama (kardama; कर्दम): a type of rice.~~

~~#Karṣa (karSha; कर्ष): A unit of measurement; Two kolas make one karṣa= 12 g of metric units~~

~~#Kaṣāya (kashAya; कषाय): Astringent; One among the six rasas; Boiled and filtered decoction of herbs, used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing~~

~~#Kōṣṇa (koShna; कोष्ण): moderately warm~~

~~#Kṛmi (kRmi; कृमि):Parasitic infestation; Diseases caused due to worm infestation.~~

~~#Kṣaudra (kShaudra; क्षौद्र): Honey~~

~~#Kṣīra (kShira; क्षीर):Milk; Synonym of Dugdha;Latex of plants; milky exudation~~

~~#Kulmāṣa (kulmASha; कुल्माष): Half cooked grains.~~

~~#Kuṇapa (kuNapa; कुणप): Deadbody~~

~~#Kuṣṭha(kuShTha; कुष्ठ): Multiple dermatological manifestations; Chronic Dermatological diseases characterized by disfiguring and discoloration chronic skin disorders~~

~~#Kvātha(kvAtha; क्वाथ): synonym of kaṣāya - boiled & filtered liquid of herbs for specific time used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing~~

~~#Mēha (meha; मेह): also known as prameha, a condition of polyuria with altered consistency and composition of urine.~~

#Mṛdu (mRudu; मृदु): Softness/mildness; One of the 20 gurvādiguṇas. Caused due activated akāśa &jala; denotes physiological & pharmacological softness & mildness; causes relaxation; relieves burning sensation

~~#Karmaṇā viplutānāṁ(karmaNAviplutAnAm; कर्मणाविप्लुतानाम्): suffered from complications by the consequences of the therapies.~~

~~#Mūrcchā (mUrcchA; मूर्च्छा): Syncope; A condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.~~

#Mūtrakṛcchra (mUtrakRucchra; मूत्रकृच्छ्र): Dysuria; A disease characterized by difficult and painful micturation without any structural abnormality in the genitourinary system

~~#Lavaṇa (lavaNa; लवण): Salty; one of the six rasa; Salt; e.g. Common table salt, rock salt~~

~~#Pācana (pAchana; पाचन): 1. Digestives; substances having capacity to digest but not necessarily increases the apetite; 2. Wound Suppuration~~

~~#Pala (pala; पल): A unit of Measurement; Four karṣas will make one pala i.e. 48 g of metric units~~

~~#Pallava (pallava; पल्लव): Tender leaves; Synonym of leaf~~

#Pañcakarma (panchakarma; पञ्चकर्म): A group of five therapies viz. Vamana(therapeutic emesis),virecana(therapeutic purgation), anuvāsana(oily enema), āsthāpana(enema with decoctions) and nasya( nasal administration).

#Pitta (pitta; पित्त): One of the three bodily doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: sasneha (slightly unctuous), tīkṣṇa (sharp), uṣṇa (hot), laghu (light), visra (of pungent odour), sara (flowing) and drava (liquid). pitta is of five types: pāchaka, ālochaka, raṅjaka, bhrājaka and sādhaka.

~~#Prasannā (prasannA; प्रसन्ना): supernatant part of surā (an alcoholic preparation)~~

~~#Prasṛta (prasRita; प्रसृत): An amount equal to about 100 milliliter.~~

~~#Prastha (prastha; प्रस्थ): An amount equal to about 800 milliliter.~~

~~#Pravāhik (pravAhik; प्रवाहिक्): dysentery, a condition characterized by frequency of defecation withtenesmus.~~

#Rakta (rakta; रक्त): The second dhātu among seven dhātus whose function is jīvana(to give life). It is formed in Yakṛt (liver) and Plīhā (spleen) with the help of Raṅjaka pitta and rakta dhātvagni. This is dominant in agni mahābhūta. Is named so because of its rakta i.e. red color.

~~#Raktaśālī (raktashAlI;रक्तशाली): A variety of rice having brown or reddish color.~~

~~#Raktātisāra (raktAtisAra; रक्तातिसार): Blood containing diarrhea~~

~~#Saindhava (saindhava; सैन्धव): Rock salt~~

~~#Śakṛd (shakRud; शकृद्): Feces, synonym of purīṣa~~

~~#Śālūta (shAlUta; शालूत): Unripe fruit.~~

~~#Sāma (sAma; साम): Associated with āma (an intermediate product during digestion and metabolism)~~

#Saṁsarga (saMsarga; संसर्ग): Association, Mixture, Adjoining; The term literally means association of two. Generally the term is used to signify association of two vitiated humors in the pathogenesis

~~#Śaṅkha (shaMkha; शंख): 1. Temples 2. Conch~~

~~#Siddhiḥ (siddhiH; सिध्धिः): Achievement, success.~~

~~#Snēhabasti (snehabasti; स्नेहबस्ति): A form of unctousenema; Medicated unctous enema having quantity four times less to that of decocotion enema.~~

~~#Śōṇita (shoNita; शोणित): 1. Synonym of rakta2. Synonym of ārtava pala (pala; पल): an amount equal to approximately 50gms.~~

~~#Sōpadrava (sopadrava; सोपद्रव): Associated with upadrava(complications)~~

~~#Śṛta (shruta; शृत): A form of decoction.~~

~~#Śukrakṛt (shukrakrut; शुक्रकृत्): Promoting śukra.~~

~~#Śūla (shUla; शूल): -The term indicates continuous pinning like pain arising in different parts of the body~~

~~#Śuṅga (shuMga; शुंग): Leaf bud of a tree.~~

#Surā (surA; सुरा): Indigenous beerbeverage prepared from fermented cereals. The cereals that are either cooked or ground are mixed with jaggery and other spices and are subjected to naturalfermentation. Beneficial for emaciated, suffering from obstruction in urine, piles, alleviates vāta and useful in anaemia

~~#Svādu (svAdu; स्वादु): Synonym of madhura, sweet.~~

#Tīkṣṇa (tIkShNa; तीक्ष्ण): The property of the substance which causes sharpness and quick penetration;sharpness/fast; one of the 20 gurvādi guṇas; caused due activated agni; denotes physiological & pharmacological quickening ofprocesses; instrumental for eliminative therapy; pacifies kapha &vāta , increases pitta; causes irritation, burning & excretion. An attribute of pitta.

#Uṣṇa (uShNa; उष्ण): Heat/hotness; one of the 20 gurvādi guṇas; caused due to activated agnimahābhūta; denotes physiological & pharmacological hotness; manifested by increasedagni, improved appetite & digestion, increased motion in channels, pacifies vāta, kapha, increases pitta. An attribute of Pitta

#Vāta (vAta; वात): A synonym of vāyu, one of the three bodily doṣas, that ispredominant of vāyu and ākāśa mahābhūtas. This is a vital biological force that performs the fuctions like all sensory perceptions, all motor activities, and higher mental activities. This is of five subtypes: prāṇa,vyāna, udāna, samāna and apāna. The major sites of distribution are: large intestine, pelvis, extremities, ears, bones and skin. The attributes of vāyu are: rūkṣa (dry), laghu (light), śīta (cold), khara(rough), sūkṣma(minute), cala (mobile).

~~#Vātaghna (vAtaghna; वातघ्न): Antagonizing vāta.~~

~~#Vātanut (vAtanut; वातनुत्): Synonym of vātaghna~~

~~#Viṭsaṅga (viTsaMga; विट्संग): Stagnation of stool.~~

~~#Vṛṣatva (vRuShatva; वृषत्व): Virility, manliness.~~

~~#Vyāpat (vyApat; व्यापत्): Complications; Complications caused in therapeutic procedures.~~

#Yavāgū (yavAgU; यवागू): Gruel; it is type of congenial preparation of cereals, like rice, wheat, barley etc. Is of three types: maṇḍa (is only the liquid portion of the prepared gruel), peyā and vilepī.

===References===

<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |titlemode=append
 |keywords=atisara, basti, doshanulomana, grahi, karsha, karmanaviplutanam, niruha, pachana, Panchakarma, prasrita, prastha, snehabasti, vyapat, enema in delicate persons, complication of Panchakarma
-|description=Siddhi Sthana Chapter 8. Standardized basti formulations in a dose of Prasrita Unit
+|description=Siddhi Sthana Chapter 8. Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit
 }}
-<big>'''[[Siddhi Sthana]] Chapter 8. Standardized ''basti'' formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit'''</big>
+<big>'''[[Siddhi Sthana]] Chapter 8. Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit'''</big>
 <big>''' Abstract </big>'''
-This chapter describes recipes of ''prasritayogiya bastis'' (enema formulation in which ingredients are measured in unit of ''prasrita''). ''Prasrita'' is a measurement, which is approximately equal to 100 milliliter.  Nine types of ''basti'' therapies for various clinical conditions including ''prameha'' (urinary disorders including diabetes), ''abhishyanda'' (oozing), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''krimi'' (worm infestation), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and alike are described. ''Atisara'', a clinical condition characterized by frequent defecation with altered composition and consistency of stool is described in detail. ''Atisara'' has various forms depending upon involvement of six morbid components in the pathogenesis viz. ''ama'' (stool with undigested material), ''shakrita'' (stool only), ''vata'' (with dominant flatulence), ''asrik'' (stool with blood), ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. Different recipes of ''basti'', oral medicaments and food preparations are described to treat these ''atisara'' conditions. These remedies are practically quite useful in several modern diseases like ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
+This chapter describes recipes of ''prasritayogiya bastis'' (enema formulation in which ingredients are measured in unit of ''prasrita''). ''Prasrita'' is a measurement, which is approximately equal to 100 millilitre.  Nine types of ''basti'' therapies for various clinical conditions including ''prameha'' (urinary disorders including diabetes), ''abhishyanda'' (oozing), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''krimi'' (worm infestation), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and alike are described. ''Atisara'', a clinical condition characterized by frequent defecation with altered composition and consistency of stool is described in detail. ''Atisara'' has various forms depending upon involvement of six morbid components in the pathogenesis viz. ''ama'' (stool with undigested material), ''shakrita'' (stool only), ''vata'' (with dominant flatulence), ''asrik'' (stool with blood), ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. Different recipes of ''basti'', oral medicaments and food preparations are described to treat these ''atisara'' conditions. These remedies are practically quite useful in several modern diseases like ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
 '''Keywords''':  ''atisara, basti, doshanulomana, grahi, karsha, karmanaviplutanam, niruha, pachana,'' [[Panchakarma]], ''prasrita, prastha,  snehabasti, vyapat,'' enema in delicate persons, complication of [[Panchakarma]].
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 </div></div>
-Now, we shall discuss the chapter [[Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi]] (the chapter of [[Siddhi Sthana]] which describes the ''basti'' procedures with recipes having ingredients measured in the unit ''prasrita''). Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
+Now we shall expound the chapter "Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi" (Standardized therapeutic enema formulations in a dose of ''Prasrita'' Unit). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
-==== Objective of ''prasrita basti'' ====
+Note: The chapter describes the formulations having ingredients measured in the unit ''prasrita''(approximately equal to 100 millilitre).
+=== Objective of ''prasrita basti'' ===
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@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 Now, I (Atreya) shall explain oleaginous and mild form of ''niruha bastis'', for the tender persons and the patients suffered from complications as a result of therapies. Composition of those will be in the unit of ''prasrita''. [3]
-==== ''Pancha prasritiki Basti''-I ====
+=== ''Pancha prasritiki Basti''-I ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 92: / Line 94: @@
 Two ''prasritas'' of milk and three ''prasritas'' of ''madhu'' (honey), ''taila'' (sesame oil) and ''ghrita'' (clarified butter) are taken together and churned with a churning stick. This ''basti'' eliminates ''vata'', and promotes strength as well as complexion. [4]
-==== ''Ashta-prasritiki basti'' ====
+=== ''Ashta-prasritiki basti'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 111: / Line 113: @@
 ''Basti'', composed of one ''prasrita'' each of ''taila'' (sesame oil), ''prasanna''(supernatant part of ''sura''- a type of alcoholic preparation), ''kshaudra'' (honey) and ''ghrita'' (clarified butter) and two ''prasritas'' each of the decoctions of roots of ''bilvadi'' (a group of plants that begins with ''bilva''-Aegle marmelos Carr.) as well as two ''prasritas'' of ''kulattha'' (Phaseolus biflorus Linn.), antagonizes ''vata''. [5]
-==== ''Nava--prasritiki basti'' ====
+=== ''Nava--prasritiki basti'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 130: / Line 132: @@
 ''Basti'' prepared with five ''prasritas'' of the decoction of ''panchamula'' (''bilva, shyonaka, gambhari, patala'' and ''agnimantha''), two ''prasritas'' of ''taila'' (sesame oil) and one ''prasrita'' each of ''kshaudra'' (honey) as well as ''sarpi'' (''ghrita''), oleates (the body) and expels ''vata''. [6]
-==== ''Chatu-prasritiki basti''-I ====
+=== ''Chatu-prasritiki basti''-I ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 149: / Line 151: @@
 ''Niruha basti'', prepared with half ''aksha'' (about 6 grams) of ''saindhava'' (rock salt) one ''prasrita'' each of honey, sesame oil, milk, and ''ghrita'', and one ''karsha'' (about 12 grams) of ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis Linn.), is an excellent promoter of ''shukra''. [7]
-==== ''Panchatikta niruha basti'' ====
+=== ''Panchatikta niruha basti'' ===
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@@ Line 176: / Line 178: @@
 '''Note''': The quantity of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Chakrapani on this verse, it may be decided.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/8-9 (Cakrapāṇi commentary); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref>In the ''niruha basti'' with an amount of twelve ''prasritas'', the amount of ''kalka'' is usually two ''palas'' (about 100 gms).  In present recipe, the amount is five ''prasritas'' and therefore the amount of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of ''kalka'' is not mentioned.
-==== ''Shat-prasritika basti'' ====
+=== ''Shat-prasritika basti'' ===
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@@ Line 201: / Line 203: @@
 Five ''prasritas'' of decoction of ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.), ''triphala'' (a combination of three fruits viz. Emblica officinalis Gaertn, terminalia chebula Retz. and terminalia belerica Roxb.), ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera Linn.), ''madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum Lam.), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and ''akhuparni'' (Merremia emarginata Burm.) and one ''prasrita'' of ''tila taila'' (sesame oil) churned together with a paste of ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.) is ''kriminashana niruha'' (''niruha'' acting against parasites) [9-10]
-==== ''Sapta-prasritika basti'' ====
+=== ''Sapta-prasritika basti'' ===
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@@ Line 220: / Line 222: @@
 ''Basti'' prepared with decoction of one ''prasrita'' of each of ''payasya'' (Fritillaria roylei Hook.), ''ikshu'' (Saccharum officinarum Linn.), ''sthira'' (Desmodium gangeticum DC.), ''rasna'' (Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern.) and ''vidari'' (Pueraria tuberosa DC.); one ''prasrita'' each of honey and ''ghrita'', and paste of ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.) is ''vrishya'' (enhancing libido and sexual vigour). [11]
-==== ''Chatu-prasritika basti''-II ====
+=== ''Chatu-prasritika basti''-II ===
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@@ Line 239: / Line 241: @@
 ''Basti'' prepared with a total of four ''prasritas'' of ''tila taila'' (sesame oil), cow’s urine, ''dadhimanda'' (whey) and ''amlakanji'' (fermented sour gruel) mixed with a paste of ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris Linn.) relieves the stagnation of stool and constipation. [12]
-==== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ====
+=== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 270: / Line 272: @@
 ''Basti'' prepared with five ''prasritas'' decoction of ''shvadamshtra'' (Tribulus terrestris Linn.), ''ashmabhida'' (Bergenia ligulata Wall.), ''eranda'' (Ricinus communis Linn.) together, ''taila'' and ''surasava'' (an alcoholic preparation) added with paste of ''yashti'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), ''kaunti'' (Piper aurantiacum Wall.), ''magadhika'' (Piper longum Linn.) and ''sitah'' (sugar candy) is useful in ''mutrakricchra'' (a condition characterized by difficult and painful micturition) and ''anaha'' (constipation). These nine ''prasrita bastis'' are given with salt and moderately warm. [13-14]
-==== Treatment of stagnated ''basti'' ====
+=== Treatment of stagnated ''basti'' ===
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@@ Line 289: / Line 291: @@
 If a ''mridubasti'' (mild acting ''basti'') gets stagnated, that needs another ''teekshna basti'' (strong and sharp acting ''basti''). One, who is emaciated because of strong ''bastis'', requires ''asthapana basti'' prepared with ''madhura'' (sweet) substances. [15]
-==== Treatment of ''guda-daha'' (burning sensation in anus) ====
+=== Treatment of ''guda-daha'' (burning sensation in anus) ===
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@@ Line 320: / Line 322: @@
 If a patient with ''vata'' disorder suffers from anorectal burning (and other similar ''pitta''-related symptoms) due to (administration of) hot ''bastis'', a mixture of ''drakshambu'' (grape juice or decoction of raisins) and ''trivritkalka'' (paste of Operculina turpethum Linn.), which is ''doshanulshmana'' (bringing the movement of ''dosha'' in right direction) is given. This relieves burning sensation and similar conditions by expelling the ''pitta'', stool and ''vata''. After the body is cleansed, the patient has to take cold ''yavagu'' added with sugar. [16-17]
-==== Treatment of ''mala kshaya'' (depletion of stool) ====
+=== Treatment of ''mala kshaya'' (depletion of stool) ===
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@@ Line 339: / Line 341: @@
 On the other hand, if a patient has excessive purgation and suffers from depletion of stool (and other essential body components e.g. fluids), he or she has to take ''kulmasha'' (half cooked grains) with ''mashayoosha'' (soup of Phaseolus mungo Linn.), or ''sura'' (an alcoholic preparation) or honey. [18]
-==== Treatment of ''amaja shula'' (abdominal pain due to improper digestion) ====
+=== Treatment of ''amaja shula'' (abdominal pain due to improper digestion) ===
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@@ Line 358: / Line 360: @@
 (A decoction of) ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn.), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum wall.), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke.), ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii DC.), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara Roxb.) and ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus Linn.) is recommended to a patient with loss of appetite, passing ''sama'' stool (i.e., stool containing ''ama'') smelling like a dead (decomposing) body and with abdominal pain. [19]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) ===
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@@ Line 377: / Line 379: @@
 When a patient has ''pakva atisara'' (without undigested material) passing ''shakrita'' (stool), ''vata, asrika'' (blood), ''pitta'' or ''kapha'', then ''basti'' prepared with a specific group of medicines acting against each of these pathologies is best measure. [20]
-==== Six types of ''atisara'' and its common complications ====
+=== Six types of ''atisara'' and its common complications ===
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@@ Line 408: / Line 410: @@
 These six types of ''atisara'' may have thirty variants as a result of mutual combination of two morbid factors. Together with basic six, they constitute thirty six types, which manifest along with their complications. ''Shoola'' (abdominal pain), ''pravahika'' (dysentery), ''adhmana'' (abdominal distension) ''parikarti'' (anal pain), ''aruchi'' (distaste for food), ''jwara'' (fever), ''tṛishna'' (thirst), ''ushnatva'' (feeling of heat), ''daha'' (burning sensation) and ''murccha''(syncope) are its complications (''upadrava''). [21-22]
-==== Treatment of ''ama-atisara'' ( diarrhea with improper digestion) ====
+=== Treatment of ''ama-atisara'' ( diarrhea with improper digestion) ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 427: / Line 429: @@
 In case of ''amatisara'', a drink having ''pachana'' action added with ''trikatu'' (a group of three pungent drugs viz. rhizome of Zingiber officinalis Roxb.; fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longum Linn.), ''amla'' (sour) and ''lavana'' (salty) substances is recommended. ''Bastis'' are contraindicated in ''ama'' condition. [23]
-==== Treatment of ''shakrita-atisara'' and ''vata atisara''( diarrhea with excess stools and ''vata'') ====
+=== Treatment of ''shakrita-atisara'' and ''vata atisara''( diarrhea with excess stools and ''vata'') ===
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@@ Line 446: / Line 448: @@
 In ''shakritatisara'' (''atisara'' in which only stool is passed), ''basti'' with ''vataghna'' and ''grahi'' category of medicines is recommended. In ''vata'' related ''atisara, snehabasti'' with ''svadu'' (sweet), ''amla'' (sour) and ''lavana'' (salty) substances is acclaimed. [24]
-==== Treatment of ''rakta atisara, pitta atisara'' and ''kapha atisara'' (diarrhea with blood, ''pitta'' and ''kapha'') ====
+=== Treatment of ''rakta atisara, pitta atisara'' and ''kapha atisara'' (diarrhea with blood, ''pitta'' and ''kapha'') ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 465: / Line 467: @@
 In ''raktaatisara'' (diarrhea with blood) ''basti'' with blood, in ''pittaatisara basti'' with ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''tikta'' (bitter) substances and in ''kaphaatisara'' with ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''katu'' (pungent) and ''tikta'' (bitter) substances is to be administered. [25]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''shakrita-ama'' and ''vata'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''shakrita-ama'' and ''vata'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 484: / Line 486: @@
 In the conditions where ''ama'' is associated with ''shakrita'' (stool) or ''vata'', or ''shakrita'' (stool) or ''vata'' is associated with ''ama'' a drink, prepared with ''vyosha'' (a group of three pungent drugs, commonly known as ''trikatu'', viz. rhizome of Zingiber officinalis Roxb.; fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longum Linn.), sour and salty substances, is recommended. [26]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta'' and ''ama'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta'' and ''ama'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 503: / Line 505: @@
 If there is association of ''ama'' with ''pitta'' or ''rakta'' or of both separately with ''ama'' then a drink with ''trikaṭu'', sweet and bitter substances is indicated. [27]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea)mixed with ''kapha-ama'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea)mixed with ''kapha-ama'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 522: / Line 524: @@
 If ''ama'' is associated with ''kapha'', a ''basti'' containing ''kashaya'' (astringent), ''trikatu'' and bitter substances and when ''kapha'' is associated with ''ama'', a ''basti'' containing ''trikatu, kashaya'' (astringent) and salty substances is recommended. [28]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-vata-shakrita'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-vata-shakrita'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 541: / Line 543: @@
 When stool or ''pitta'' is associated with ''vata'' or ''vata'' is associated with stool and ''pitta'', a ''basti'' with sweet, sour and astringent substances, is excellent. [29]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta-shakrita'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''pitta-rakta-shakrita'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 560: / Line 562: @@
 In case of morbid mutual associations of ''pitta'' with stool and ''rakta'', as well as stool with ''rakta'' and ''pitta, basti'' with astringent, sweet and bitter ingredients. [30]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapa-rakta-pitta-shakrita'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapa-rakta-pitta-shakrita'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 579: / Line 581: @@
 In case of similar associations of ''kapha'' with stool or ''pitta''; or of stool or ''pitta'' or ''rakta'' with ''kapha'', a ''basti'' with ''trikatu'', bitter and ''kashaya'' ingredients is to be recommended. [31]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''vata-kapha-shakrita'' and ''rakta-kapha'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''vata-kapha-shakrita'' and ''rakta-kapha'' ===
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 In ''atisara'' where ''kapha'' is associated with ''vata, basti'' with ''trikatu'', bitter and sour ingredients, and if ''rakta'' is associated with ''kapha'' then with sweet, ''trikatu'' and bitter is recommended. [32]
-==== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapha- vata -shakrita'' and ''vata-pitta'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''atisara'' (diarrhea) mixed with ''kapha- vata -shakrita'' and ''vata-pitta'' ===
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 If ''vata'' is accompanied by ''kapha'', a ''basti'' with ''trikatu'', sour and salty ingredients; and when ''pitta'' is associated with ''vata, basti'' with sweet, sour and bitter substances is to be administered. [33]
-==== Treatment for conditions due to ''samsarga'' (combination of ''dosha'') ====
+=== Treatment for conditions due to ''samsarga'' (combination of ''dosha'') ===
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 In ''atisara'', if all six pathological components are simultaneously involved, a ''pachana'' (causing or promoting digestion or transformation) medicine containing the drugs of all six tastes is useful, while in ''nirama'' (without ''ama'') condition, where other five are involved a ''basti'' consisting of all six ''rasas'' (tastes) is indicated. [35]
-==== ''Sarvatisara nashaka ghrita'' (medicated ghee for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ====
+=== ''Sarvatisara nashaka ghrita'' (medicated ghee for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ===
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 A freshly prepared paste of ''udumbarashalaatu'' (unripe fruits of Ficus glomerata Roxb.), bark of ''jaambu'' (Syzygium cumini Skeels.), ''amra''  (Mangifera indica Linn.) and ''udumbara'' (Ficus glomerata Roxb.); ''sankha'' (conch shell), ''sarjarasa'' (resin of Vateria indica Linn.), ''laaksha'' (resinous secretion of Laccifera lacca Kerr.) and ''kardama'' (a type of rice), each one ''pala'' (about 50 grams) is to be cooked with one ''prastha'' (about 800 ml.) of ''ghrita'', and two ''prastha'' of milk. This (thus prepared ''ghrita'') is to be taken in all types of ''atisara'' according to ''bala'' (strength of the patient as well as disease). [36-37]
-==== ''Sarvatisara nashaka yavagu'' (medicated gruel for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ====
+=== ''Sarvatisara nashaka yavagu'' (medicated gruel for treatment of all types of diarrhea) ===
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 Similar preparation can be made with unripe fruit of ''udumbara'', leaves of ''kathvanga'' (Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.) and ''samanga'' as well as ''plaksha'' (Ficus lacor Buch.), ''masura'' (Lens culinaris Medic.) and ''dhataki'' flowers. [38-39]
-==== Treatment of all types of diarrhea ====
+=== Treatment of all types of diarrhea ===
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 Roots of ''kacchura'' (Mucuna pruriens Baker.) and rice of ''shali'' and other varieties cooked with ''dadhi'' (yogurt), ''takra'' (churned yogurt), ''aranala'' (sour fermented supernatant of cooked rice), ''ksheera'' (milk) or ''ikshurasa'' (sugarcane juice), and after being cooled added with sugar and honey, is able to treat all types of ''atisara''. The above-mentioned gruels are promising (anti-diarreal) when added with ''ghrita'', pepper and cumin (Cuminum cyminum Linn.), sweet substances and rock salt. [41-42]
-==== Treatment principles ====
+=== Treatment principles ===
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 #''Atisara'' may also be in combination of two or more factors. In those conditions treatment is to be planned according to dominance of the ''doshas'' (and the factors involved). [43-45]
-==== Summary ====
+=== Summary ===
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 The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.
-=== Glossary ===
+==References==
-#Abhiṣyanda (abhiShyanda; अभिष्यन्द): Oozing; The term signifies excessive oozing of body fluids.
-#Ādhmāna (AdhmAna; आध्मान): Distention: The term signifies distention of a bodypart caused due to stagnation of the substances inside it; but generally, is taken for distention of the abdomen associated with pain due to various reasons like obstruction to the urine and feces, accumulation of blood in abdomen etc.
-#Akṣa (akSha; अक्ष): 	A measurement equivalent to approximately 12gms.
-#Āmātisāra (AmAtisAra; आमातिसार): a clinical condition in which frequency of defecation is associated with āma (undigested substance)
-#Ānāha (AnAha; आनाह): Obstruction, constipation; Obstruction of the feces in the intestine is to be termed as constipation. The term also signifies obstruction to the flow or normal movements of any substance in nay part of the body
-#Āranāla (AranAala; आरनाल): a fermented sour gruel.
-#Arōchaka (arochaka; अरोचक):  lack of interest; anorexia, A disease where in the person has dislikes towards all kinds of food and drink
-#Aruchi (aruchi; अरुचि): The term signifies the complete or partial loss of the taste. Disapproval of food even after it has been taken in the mouth due to lack of perception of the taste in the mouth
-#Asṛk (asruk; असृक्): blood, rakta dhātu
-#Atisāra (atisAra; अतिसार): Diarrhoea; A disease of large intestine having cardinal feature as excessive and frequent defecation of atisāras
-#Balavarṇakṛt (balavarNakRut; बलवर्णकृत्): Promoting bala (strength and immunity) and varṇa (complexion)
-#Basti (basti; बस्ति): Urinary bladder, enema.
-#Bhēdana (bhedana; भेदन): Breaking pain, breaking- reduction of the hard substances into small pieces.
-#Dadhimaṇḍa (dadhimaNDa; दधिमण्ड): Whey, supernatant fluid in yogurt.
-#Dāha (dAha; दाह): Burning sensation
-#Dōshānulōmana (doShAnulomana; दोषानुलोमन): Bringing the movement of the dōsha(s) in right direction.
-#Ghṛt: (ghRut; घृत्), ghee, clarified butter.
-#khaja (khaja; खज): Churner.
-#Aṣṭaprāsṛtika basti (aShTaprAsrRutika basti; अष्टप्रासृतिक बस्ति): A basti consisting of total amount of eight prāsṛtas
-#Grāhī (grAhI; ग्राही): Substances which increase appetite, digestive power and absorb liquid from stool; e.g. dry ginger and piper longum
-#Gudadāha (gudadAha; गुददाह): Burning in anal region.
-#Tṛṣṇā (tRuShNA; तृष्णा): Polydipsia; the condition resembles to morbid thirst in which the person even after continuous water intake fails to quench his thirst.
-#Kāñjī (kA~jI; काञ्जी): Prepared by using cereals (rice and horse gram) and pulses and fermented till it attains acidity
-#Kapha (kapha; कफ): A synonym for śleṣhmā. One of the three body doṣhas responsible for stability, unctousness, lubrication, immunity, and cohesion. This is predominant of pṛthvī and jalamahābhūtas. The attributes of kapha are: guru (heavy), manda (dull), hima (cold), snigdha (unctuous), ślakṣṇa (smooth), mṛtsna (soft) and sthira (stable). Major seats of kapha are: thorax, throat, head, kloma, joints, stomach, rasa, meda, nose and tongue. This is of five types: avalaṃbaka, kledaka, bodhaka, sleṣhaka, and tarpaka.
-#Kardama (kardama; कर्दम): a type of rice.
-#Karṣa (karSha; कर्ष): A unit of measurement; Two kolas  make one karṣa= 12 g of metric units
-#Kaṣāya (kashAya; कषाय): Astringent; One among the six rasas; Boiled and filtered decoction of herbs, used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing
-#Kōṣṇa (koShna; कोष्ण):  moderately warm
-#Kṛmi (kRmi; कृमि):Parasitic  infestation; Diseases caused due to worm infestation.
-#Kṣaudra (kShaudra; क्षौद्र): Honey
-#Kṣīra (kShira; क्षीर):Milk; Synonym of Dugdha;Latex of plants; milky exudation
-#Kulmāṣa (kulmASha; कुल्माष): Half cooked grains.
-#Kuṇapa (kuNapa; कुणप): Deadbody
-#Kuṣṭha(kuShTha; कुष्ठ): Multiple dermatological manifestations; Chronic Dermatological diseases characterized by disfiguring and discoloration chronic skin disorders
-#Kvātha(kvAtha; क्वाथ): synonym of kaṣāya - boiled & filtered liquid of herbs for specific time used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing
-#Mēha (meha; मेह):  also known as prameha, a condition of polyuria with altered consistency and composition of urine.
-#Mṛdu (mRudu; मृदु): Softness/mildness; One of the 20 gurvādiguṇas. Caused due activated akāśa &jala; denotes physiological & pharmacological softness & mildness; causes relaxation; relieves burning sensation
-#Karmaṇā viplutānāṁ(karmaNAviplutAnAm; कर्मणाविप्लुतानाम्): suffered from complications by the consequences of the therapies.
-#Mūrcchā (mUrcchA; मूर्च्छा): Syncope; A condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.
-#Mūtrakṛcchra (mUtrakRucchra; मूत्रकृच्छ्र): Dysuria; A disease characterized by difficult and painful micturation without any structural abnormality in the genitourinary system
-#Lavaṇa (lavaNa; लवण): Salty; one of the six rasa; Salt; e.g. Common table salt, rock salt
-#Pācana (pAchana; पाचन): 1. Digestives; substances having capacity to digest but not necessarily increases the apetite; 2. Wound Suppuration
-#Pala (pala; पल): A unit of Measurement; Four karṣas will make one pala i.e. 48 g of metric units
-#Pallava (pallava; पल्लव): Tender leaves; Synonym of leaf
-#Pañcakarma (panchakarma; पञ्चकर्म): A group of five therapies viz. Vamana(therapeutic emesis),virecana(therapeutic purgation), anuvāsana(oily enema), āsthāpana(enema with decoctions) and nasya( nasal administration).
-#Pitta (pitta; पित्त): One of the three bodily doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: sasneha (slightly unctuous), tīkṣṇa (sharp), uṣṇa (hot), laghu (light), visra (of pungent odour), sara (flowing) and drava (liquid). pitta is of five types: pāchaka, ālochaka, raṅjaka, bhrājaka and sādhaka.
-#Prasannā (prasannA; प्रसन्ना): supernatant part of surā (an alcoholic preparation)
-#Prasṛta (prasRita; प्रसृत): An amount equal to about 100 milliliter.
-#Prastha (prastha; प्रस्थ): An amount equal to about 800 milliliter.
-#Pravāhik (pravAhik; प्रवाहिक्): dysentery, a condition characterized by frequency of defecation withtenesmus.
-#Rakta (rakta; रक्त): The second dhātu among seven dhātus whose function is jīvana(to give life). It is formed in Yakṛt (liver) and Plīhā (spleen) with the help of Raṅjaka pitta and rakta dhātvagni. This is dominant in agni mahābhūta. Is named so because of its rakta i.e. red color.
-#Raktaśālī (raktashAlI;रक्तशाली): A variety of rice having brown or reddish color.
-#Raktātisāra (raktAtisAra; रक्तातिसार): Blood containing diarrhea
-#Saindhava (saindhava; सैन्धव): Rock salt
-#Śakṛd (shakRud; शकृद्): Feces, synonym of purīṣa
-#Śālūta (shAlUta; शालूत): Unripe fruit.
-#Sāma (sAma; साम):  Associated with āma (an intermediate product during digestion and metabolism)
-#Saṁsarga (saMsarga; संसर्ग): Association, Mixture, Adjoining; The term literally means association of two. Generally the term is used to signify association of two vitiated humors in the pathogenesis
-#Śaṅkha (shaMkha; शंख): 1. Temples 2. Conch
-#Siddhiḥ (siddhiH; सिध्धिः): Achievement, success.
-#Snēhabasti (snehabasti; स्नेहबस्ति): A form of unctousenema; Medicated unctous enema having quantity four times less to that of decocotion enema.
-#Śōṇita (shoNita; शोणित): 1. Synonym of rakta2. Synonym of ārtava pala (pala; पल): an amount equal to approximately 50gms.
-#Sōpadrava (sopadrava; सोपद्रव): Associated with upadrava(complications)
-#Śṛta (shruta; शृत): A form of decoction.
-#Śukrakṛt (shukrakrut; शुक्रकृत्):  Promoting śukra.
-#Śūla (shUla; शूल): -The term indicates continuous pinning like pain arising in different parts of the body
-#Śuṅga (shuMga; शुंग):  Leaf bud of a tree.
-#Surā (surA; सुरा): Indigenous beerbeverage prepared from fermented cereals. The cereals that are either cooked or ground are mixed with jaggery and other spices and are subjected to naturalfermentation. Beneficial for emaciated, suffering from obstruction in urine, piles, alleviates vāta and useful in anaemia
-#Svādu (svAdu; स्वादु):  Synonym of madhura, sweet.
-#Tīkṣṇa (tIkShNa; तीक्ष्ण): The property of the substance which causes sharpness and quick penetration;sharpness/fast; one of the 20 gurvādi guṇas; caused due activated agni; denotes physiological & pharmacological quickening ofprocesses; instrumental for eliminative therapy; pacifies kapha &vāta , increases pitta; causes irritation, burning & excretion. An attribute of pitta.
-#Uṣṇa (uShNa; उष्ण): Heat/hotness; one of the 20 gurvādi guṇas; caused due to activated agnimahābhūta; denotes physiological & pharmacological hotness; manifested by increasedagni, improved appetite & digestion, increased motion in channels, pacifies vāta, kapha, increases pitta. An attribute of Pitta
-#Vāta (vAta; वात): A synonym of vāyu, one of the three bodily doṣas, that ispredominant of vāyu and ākāśa mahābhūtas. This is a vital biological force that performs the fuctions like all sensory perceptions, all motor activities, and higher mental activities. This is of five subtypes: prāṇa,vyāna, udāna, samāna and apāna. The major sites of distribution are: large intestine, pelvis, extremities, ears, bones and skin. The attributes of vāyu are: rūkṣa (dry), laghu (light), śīta (cold), khara(rough), sūkṣma(minute), cala (mobile).
-#Vātaghna (vAtaghna; वातघ्न): Antagonizing vāta.
-#Vātanut (vAtanut; वातनुत्): Synonym of vātaghna
-#Viṭsaṅga (viTsaMga; विट्संग): Stagnation of stool.
-#Vṛṣatva (vRuShatva; वृषत्व): Virility, manliness.
-#Vyāpat (vyApat; व्यापत्): Complications; Complications caused in therapeutic procedures.
-#Yavāgū (yavAgU; यवागू): Gruel; it is type of congenial preparation of cereals, like rice, wheat, barley etc. Is of three types: maṇḍa (is only the liquid portion of the prepared gruel), peyā and vilepī.
-===References===
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