Ashtodariya Adhyaya: Difference between revisions

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=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

Important principles of diseases in this section of the ''Roga Chatushka'' (tetrad on diseases) have been described. The preceding chapter provided a broader explanation for the cause of innumerable diseases due to ''dosha'' vitiation as well as variations in characteristics like pain, sign, etiology, site of origin, site of manifestation, symptoms and nomenclature. However, only the most important diseases, probably prevalent at that time, have been classified in view of prescribing treatment. Classification of these known diseases, based on characteristics provided above, and coupled with a few more variables such as prognosis, chronicity, treatment etc. have been done at various places within the [[Charak Samhita]]. On critically analyzing, we find that the diseases have been classified into groups having as few as one to as many as eight diseases each.Three disease groups of twenty types each have been classified at the end. It has been observed that the listing of groups by diseases has been done in a descending order - from those having eight diseases to one - because there are no other groups that have greater than eight types of diseases within them, except for the three groups with twenty types. Hence, these outliers (with twenty types) have been enumerated at the end rather than in the beginning of the chapter. Even though there are eighteen types of obstinate skin diseases, only the seven most obstinate ones have been enumerated here.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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We shall now expound the chapter on “Eight abdominal diseases. Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

==== Numerical classification of diseases ====

=== Numerical classification of diseases ===

अष्टावुदराणीति, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता: अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा:, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा: ,सप्त कुष्ठानीति,सप्त पिडका:,

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==== Types of diseases ====

=== Types of diseases ===

===== Diseases of Eight Types =====

==== Diseases of Eight Types ====

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===== Diseases of Seven Types =====

==== Diseases of Seven Types ====

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*Seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions) are vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, agni, kardama and granthi. (2)

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===== Diseases of Six Types =====

==== Diseases of Six Types ====

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*Six types of ''Udavartas'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges) are ''vataja'' (due to suppression of flatus), ''mutraja'' (due to suppression of urine), ''purishaja'' (due to suppression of feces), ''shukraja'' (Due to suppression of ejaculation of semen), ''chhardija'' (due to suppression of vomiting) and ''kshavathuja'' (due to suppression of sneezing). (3)

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===== Diseases of Five Types =====

==== Diseases of Five Types ====

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*Five types of ''unmada'' (insanity) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''aagantuja'' (due to exogenous causes). (4)

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===== Diseases of Four Types =====

==== Diseases of Four Types ====

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*Four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility) are ''beejopaghataja'' (affliction of sperm), ''dhwajabhangaja'' (atonia of genital organs/erectile dysfunction), ''jaraaja'' (senility) and ''shukrakshayaja'' (decreased production of sperm) (5)

===== Diseases of Three Types =====

==== Diseases of Three Types ====

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*Three types of ''lohitatapittas'' (coagulopathies) are ''urdhabhagam'' (involving upper channels), ''adhobhagam'' (involving lower channels and ''ubhayabhagam'' (involving both channels). (6)

===== Diseases of Two Types =====

==== Diseases of Two Types ====

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*Two types of ''arsha'' (piles) are ''shushka'' (non bleeding masses) and ''aardra'' (bleeding masses). (7)

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===== Diseases of One Type =====

==== Diseases of One Type ====

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*''Mahagada'' (major disease) is one and is due to ''atattvabhinivesha'' (mental and moral perversion). (8)

===== Diseases of Twenty Types =====

==== Diseases of Twenty Types ====

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==== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ====

=== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ===

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==== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ====

=== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ===

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Disturbance in equilibrium of ''dhatus'' results in number of diseases and these are only due to ''pitta, kapha'' and ''vata'' i.e. they cannot be produced without involvement of these three ''doshas''. Exogenous diseases are exception to this. (6)

==== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ====

=== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ===

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Exogenous diseases may occur as secondary development after endogenous and similarly endogenous diseases may further progress as exogenous diseases. One should carefully analyze primary causes and secondary complications before starting treatment. (7)

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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==~~= ''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Fundamental Principles ===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

*Numerical classification of diseases is important in practice for differential diagnosis and planning treatment.

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*In due course of time, endogenous diseases make the patient vulnerable to exogenous diseases and vice versa.

==~~= ''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Applied Inferences ===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

*Classification of diseases, including abdominal ones, have been discussed in this chapter. Since diseases are innumerable, the classification is only restricted to diseases prevalent at that time. [Verse no. 1-2]

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*With the advancement of scientific knowledge and technology mode of disease classification has changed a lot but the basic principles remain the same. At present, disease classification is based upon etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features etc. So, basis remains the same but due to enhancement in knowledge nomenclature has changed. [Verse no.3]

==== ''Udara roga'' ====

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1, Ch.Su.18/31]

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

==== ''Mutraghata'' ====

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1, Dalhana on S.U.58/1, Chakrapaani on C.Chi.26/43-44]

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*''shonitaja'' refers to blood clot and so it can be taken as hematuria due to tuberculosis, tumor, thrombosis, stone and trauma.

==== ''Ksheera dosha'' ====

=== ''Ksheera dosha'' ===

''Ksheera'' literally means milk, and ''ksheera dosha'' means disorders in which breast milk is vitiated. Eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (pathological lactation) are mentioned according to change in physical characteristics of breast milk like color, smell, consistency etc.

==== ''Reto dosha'' ====

=== ''Reto dosha'' ===

''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]

==== ''Kushtha'' ====

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[ A.H.Ni. 14/3, A.H.Ni. 14/4]

==== ''Pidaka'' ====

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.

==== ''Visarpa'' ====

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[ Cha.Chi. 21/11, Chakrapani on C.Chi. 21/11, Dalhana on S.Ni.10/3, Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

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It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

==== ''Atisara'' ====

=== ''Atisara'' ===

All diarrheal diseases including acute, chronic, psychogenic, drug and diet induced, inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases.

==== ''Udavarta'' ====

=== ''Udavarta'' ===

''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

==== ''Gulma'' ====

=== ''Gulma'' ===

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha. Ni. 3/7, Cha. Chi. 5/7]

==== ''Kasa'' ====

=== ''Kasa'' ===

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [ Cha.Chi.18/8, Su.Utt.52/5]

==== ''Shvasa'' ====

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]

==== ''Hikka'' ====

=== ''Hikka'' ===

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [ Su.U. 50/6, Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

==== ''Trishna'' ====

=== ''Trishna'' ===

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [ A. U. 48/3 ]

==== ''Chhardi'' ====

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

In ''chhardi'' (vomiting), food and ''dosha'' are forcefully expelled out through mouth.

==== ''Arochaka'' ====

=== ''Arochaka'' ===

''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>

==== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ====

=== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ===

''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>

==== ''Pandu'' ====

=== ''Pandu'' ===

''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref> and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.

==== ''Unmada'' ====

=== ''Unmada'' ===

''Unmada'' is a syndrome with multiple manifestations and heterogeneous causes, including psychosis and mood disorders. It is characterized by perturbation / confusion (''vibhrama'') of mind (''manas''), intellect (''buddhi''), consciousness (''sangyaa''), knowledge (''jnana''), memory (''smriti''), desire (''bhakti''), manner (''sheela''), behaviour (''cheshta''), conduct (''aachaara''). This is cardinal sign of ''unmada''.

==== ''Apasmara'' ====

=== ''Apasmara'' ===

''Apasmara'' is a clinical condition with impaired memory, intellect and cognition, characterized by seizures and impaired consciousness, resembling epilepsy.

==== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ====

=== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ===

''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.

==== ''Grahani'' ====

=== ''Grahani'' ===

''Grahani'' is a group of diseases involving small intestine as in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and all types of disorders of digestion and absorption.

==== ''Mada/Murchha'' ====

=== ''Mada/Murchha'' ===

''Mada'' is acute state of confusion and delirium and ''murchcha'' is deep loss of consciousness (syncope).

==== ''Shosha'' ====

=== ''Shosha'' ===

''Shosha'' refers to phthisis, a progressive wasting or consumptive condition such as tuberculosis. It generally refers to depletion of ''dhatu'' and hence strength.

==== ''Klaibya'' ====

=== ''Klaibya'' ===

''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>

==== ''Shotha'' ====

=== ''Shotha'' ===

''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1091 </ref>

==== ''Kilasa'' ====

=== ''Kilasa'' ===

''Kilasa'' refers to depigmentation of skin as in leukoderma, vitiligo.

==== ''Raktapitta'' ====

=== ''Raktapitta'' ===

''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 861 </ref>/coagulopathies.

==== ''Jwara'' ====

=== ''Jwara'' ===

''Jwara'' refers to fever.<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 428 </ref>

==== ''Vrana'' ====

=== ''Vrana'' ===

''Vrana'' (wound) is defined as any lesion in the body causing damage or destruction of the tissue which on healing may leave behind a scar permanently.

==== ''Aayama'' ====

=== ''Aayama'' ===

''Aayama'' refers to abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm or dysotnia.

==== ''Gridhrasi'' ====

=== ''Gridhrasi'' ===

''Gridhrasi'' refers to sciatica lumbosacral radiculopathy and lumbosacral plexopathy.

==== Miscellaneous diseases ====

=== Miscellaneous diseases ===

'''''Kamala''''': Jaundice

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=== References ===

== References ==

~~=== Glossary ===~~

*udara (udara, उदर) - Generalized abdominal enlargement.

*Mūtrāghātaat(mUtrAghAtAH ,मूत्राघात) - Anuria / Oliguria A disease characterized by anuria or oligouria due to obstruction to the flow of urine.

*kṣīradōṣa (kShIradoSha ,क्षीरदोष ) - Vitiation of breast milk, they are classified into eight varieties.

*rētōdōṣa (retodoSha ,रेतोदोष) - Seminal abnormalities The term signifies all kinds of seminal anomalies including its qualitative and quantitative disturbances.

*kuṣṭha (kuShTha , कुष्ठ) - Multiple dermatological manifestation Chronic Dermatological diseases characterized by disfiguring and discoloration chronic non- suppurative skin disorders.

*piḍakā (piDakA ,पिडका) - Mass, postules.

*Visarpa (vIsarpa ,विसर्प) - The disease in which multiple and generalized eruptions over the skin are produced and having acute, fast spreading and lethal nature.

*atīsāra (atIsAra,अतीसार) - Diarrhea A disease of large intestine having cardinal feature as excessive and frequent defecation of liquid or unformed stools.

*udāvarta (udAvarta,उदावर्त) - Retention of feces, urine and flatus. Abnormal condition characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

*gulma (gulma,गुल्म) - Lump in abdomen. A lump like formation occurring in the abdomen either mobile or static in nature, circular in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size.

*plīha (plIha,प्लीह) - Spleen

*kāsā (kAsa,कास) - Cough A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous.

*śvāsa (shvAsa,श्वास) - Dyspnoea due to respiratory disease. It is a respiratory disease marked by recurrent paroxysmal attacks of Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, with or without wheezing due to obstruction in the respiratory airways.

*hikkā (hikkA,हिक्का) – Hiccoughs. A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth.

*tr̥ṣṇā (tRuShNA,तृष्णा) - Polydypsia The condition resembles to morbid thirst in which the person even after continuous water intake fails to quench his thirst.

*chhardi (chhardi,छर्दि) - Vomiting A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom.

*śirōrōga (shiroroga,शिरोरोग) - Headache and diseases of scalp. Disease conditions wherein headache is prominent feature. Totally there are eleven such conditions. In literature there are again mention of nine conditions affecting the scalp which are also considers among the diseases affecting the head.

*hr̥drōga (hRudroga ,हृद्रोग) - Heart diseases. The functional and structural diseases of heart. E.g. Coronary heart disease, Cardiomyopathy etc.

*pāṇḍurōga (pANDuroga ,पाण्डुरोग) - Pallor of body, Anemia The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues.

*unmāda ( ,उन्माद) - Psychosis Pscycointellectual disorder in which cognition, memory and behavior gets altered.

*(apasmAra,अपस्मार) - Seizures A neurological condition comprising episodes of fearful paroxysmal movements of the body which are produced by perversion of memory, intelligence and other mental functions along with loss of memory during the episode.

*grahaṇī (grahaNI,ग्रहणी) - Chronic mal absorption syndrome A disease of small intestines which affects the digestive capacity of a person and thus leading to periodically alternative passage of unformed and formed stools often associated with undigested food particles.

*mada ( mada,मद) - Slight intoxication The term signifies an abnormal condition where in the persons becomes out of his senses personified by uncanny activities or behavior.

*mūrcchā (mUrcchA,मूर्च्छा) - Syncope A fatal condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.

*śōṣa (shoSha,शोष) - A disease characterized by generalized emaciation.

*klaibya (klaibya,क्लैब्य) - Erectile dysfunction, impotent A person’s persistent inability to perform sexual intercourse with the beloved, willing and submissive partner, though having persistent desire due to the lack of erection and if at all attempted ends into failure without ejaculation due to flaccidity of penis associated with breathlessness and perspiration.

*śōtha (shotha,शोथ) – It is used synonymous to edema.

*lōhitapitta (lohitapittaM,लोहितपित्त) - Hemorrhagic disorder A hemorrhagic disorder in which bleeding occurs through orifices of the body without any direct injury to the body tissues.

*jvara ( jvara,ज्वर) - Pyrexia / fever A sense of non well being in senses, mind and body along with raised body temperature and associated by obstruction to the skin.

*vraṇa (vraNa,व्रण) - Wound Lesions occurring due to loss of tissue.

*āyāma (ayAma,आयाम) – It refers to a state of severe hyper extension or flexion resembling arch and in which there is spasticity in individual's head, neck and body.

*gr̥dhrasī (gRudhrasI,गृध्रसी) - Sciatica A disease in which the person experiences radiating pain from low back to the toe leading to pain and difficulty to move the lower limbs, vulture like gait and restricted movements.

*kāmalā (kAmalA,कामला) - Jaundice A disease originating due to increased pitta dosha , which may be a resultant of pittaja Paandu; wherein there is generalized yellowish discoloration of the body, and passing orange colored red urine and normal colored stools.

*āma (Ama,आम) - Form of Toxins It is used as a technical word for anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. It is mentioned in various contexts like

**In particular, it can refer to a toxic byproduct generated due to improper or incomplete digestion.

**Toxins that were produced at any stage of metabolism and that are circulating through the channels are also sometimes.

**The first stage of any disease is also frequently.

**Any substance which is present in its abnormal state and is unwanted in the body. It represents, in a gross sense, mere indigestion which begins in the stomach, to, in a finer sense, even a faulty enzymatic pathway that prevents or hampers a metabolic cycle or chain. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is also important in determining the prognosis, drug selection and all other stages of therapy.

*vātarakta (vAtarakta ,वातरक्त) - Gouty arthritis A disease manifested due to vitiation of väta and rakta and showing symptoms over small joints of hand and feet along with some dermatological manifestations and chronic in nature.

*arśa (arsha,अर्श) - Hemorrhoids A disease characterized by formation of stake like muscular sprouts of various shapes in the anal region.

*urustambha (Urustambha,उरुस्तम्भ) - Stiffness of thigh A disease characterized by partial loss of motor and sensory function of thigh region.

*sanyāsa (sannyAsa,सन्यास) - Coma A state of profound unconsciousness where the person becomes like a log of wood which leads to death unless untreated; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease.

*krimi (krimi,क्रिमि) - : Worm infestations. Diseases caused due to worm infestation.

*prameha (prameha,प्रमेह) - : Diabetes The disease characterized by symptoms of frequent excessive and turbid urination.

*yōnivyāpada (yonivyApada,र्योनिव्यापद) - Abnormalities of female reproductive organs. Disorders of female reproductive system with functional and structural abnormalities.

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-=== Introduction ===
+== Introduction ==
 <div style="text-align:justify;">
 Important principles of diseases in this section of the ''Roga Chatushka'' (tetrad on diseases) have been described. The preceding chapter provided a broader explanation for the cause of innumerable diseases due to ''dosha'' vitiation as well as variations in characteristics like pain, sign, etiology, site of origin, site of manifestation, symptoms and nomenclature. However, only the most important diseases, probably prevalent at that time, have been classified in view of prescribing treatment. Classification of these known diseases, based on characteristics provided above, and coupled with a few more variables such as prognosis, chronicity, treatment etc. have been done at various places within the [[Charak Samhita]]. On critically analyzing, we find that the diseases have been classified into groups having as few as one to as many as eight diseases each.Three disease groups of twenty types each have been classified at the end. It has been observed that the listing of groups by diseases has been done in a descending order - from those having eight diseases to one  - because there are no other groups that have greater than eight types of diseases within them, except for the three groups with twenty types. Hence, these outliers (with twenty types) have been enumerated at the end rather than in the beginning of the chapter. Even though there are eighteen types of obstinate skin diseases, only the seven most obstinate ones have been enumerated here.
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+==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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 We shall now expound the chapter on “Eight abdominal diseases. Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]
-==== Numerical classification of diseases ====
+=== Numerical classification of diseases ===
 अष्टावुदराणीति, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता:  अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा:, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा: ,सप्त कुष्ठानीति,सप्त पिडका:,
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-==== Types of diseases ====
+=== Types of diseases ===
-===== Diseases of Eight Types =====
+==== Diseases of Eight Types ====
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-===== Diseases of Seven Types =====
+==== Diseases of Seven Types ====
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 *Seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions) are vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, agni, kardama and granthi. (2)
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-===== Diseases of Six Types =====
+==== Diseases of Six Types ====
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@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 *Six types of ''Udavartas'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges) are ''vataja'' (due to suppression of flatus), ''mutraja'' (due to suppression of urine), ''purishaja'' (due to suppression of feces), ''shukraja'' (Due to suppression of ejaculation of semen), ''chhardija'' (due to suppression of vomiting) and ''kshavathuja'' (due to suppression of sneezing). (3)
 </div>
-===== Diseases of Five Types =====
+==== Diseases of Five Types ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 *Five types of ''unmada'' (insanity) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''aagantuja'' (due to exogenous causes). (4)
 </div>
-===== Diseases of Four Types =====
+==== Diseases of Four Types ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 *Four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility) are ''beejopaghataja'' (affliction of sperm), ''dhwajabhangaja'' (atonia of genital organs/erectile dysfunction), ''jaraaja'' (senility) and ''shukrakshayaja'' (decreased production of sperm) (5)
-===== Diseases of Three Types =====
+==== Diseases of Three Types ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 201: / Line 201: @@
 *Three types of ''lohitatapittas'' (coagulopathies) are ''urdhabhagam'' (involving upper channels), ''adhobhagam'' (involving lower channels and ''ubhayabhagam'' (involving both channels). (6)
-===== Diseases of Two Types =====
+==== Diseases of Two Types ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 222: / Line 222: @@
 *Two types of ''arsha'' (piles) are ''shushka'' (non bleeding masses) and ''aardra'' (bleeding masses). (7)
 </div>
-===== Diseases of One Type =====
+==== Diseases of One Type ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 *''Mahagada'' (major disease) is one and is due to ''atattvabhinivesha'' (mental and moral perversion). (8)
-===== Diseases of Twenty Types =====
+==== Diseases of Twenty Types ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 263: / Line 263: @@
 </div>
-==== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ====
+=== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 281: / Line 281: @@
 </div>
-==== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ====
+=== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 300: / Line 300: @@
 Disturbance in equilibrium of ''dhatus'' results in number of diseases and these are only due to ''pitta, kapha'' and ''vata'' i.e. they cannot be produced without involvement of these three ''doshas''. Exogenous diseases are exception to this. (6)
-==== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ====
+=== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 316: / Line 316: @@
 Exogenous diseases may occur as secondary development after endogenous and similarly endogenous diseases may further progress as exogenous diseases. One should carefully analyze primary causes and secondary complications before starting treatment. (7)
-==== Summary ====
+=== Summary ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 346: / Line 346: @@
 </div>
-=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles ===
+== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
 *Numerical classification of diseases is important in practice for differential diagnosis and planning treatment.
@@ Line 353: / Line 353: @@
 *In due course of time, endogenous diseases make the patient vulnerable to exogenous diseases and vice versa.
-=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences ===
+== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
 <div style="text-align:justify;">
 *Classification of diseases, including abdominal ones, have been discussed in this chapter. Since diseases are innumerable, the classification is only restricted to diseases prevalent at that time. [Verse no. 1-2]
@@ Line 370: / Line 370: @@
 *With the advancement of scientific knowledge and technology mode of disease classification has changed a lot but the basic principles remain the same. At present, disease classification is based upon etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features etc. So, basis remains the same but due to enhancement in knowledge nomenclature has changed. [Verse no.3]
-==== ''Udara roga'' ====
+=== ''Udara roga'' ===
 Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1, Ch.Su.18/31]
 So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.
-==== ''Mutraghata'' ====
+=== ''Mutraghata'' ===
 In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1, Dalhana on S.U.58/1, Chakrapaani on C.Chi.26/43-44]
@@ Line 385: / Line 385: @@
 *''shonitaja'' refers to blood clot and so it can be taken as hematuria due to tuberculosis, tumor, thrombosis, stone and trauma.
-==== ''Ksheera dosha'' ====
+=== ''Ksheera dosha'' ===
 ''Ksheera'' literally means milk, and ''ksheera dosha'' means disorders in which breast milk is vitiated. Eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (pathological lactation) are mentioned according to change in physical characteristics of breast milk like color, smell, consistency etc.
-==== ''Reto dosha'' ====
+=== ''Reto dosha'' ===
 ''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]
-==== ''Kushtha'' ====
+=== ''Kushtha'' ===
 The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[ A.H.Ni. 14/3, A.H.Ni. 14/4]
-==== ''Pidaka'' ====
+=== ''Pidaka'' ===
 ''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.
-==== ''Visarpa'' ====
+=== ''Visarpa'' ===
 ''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[ Cha.Chi. 21/11, Chakrapani on C.Chi. 21/11, Dalhana on S.Ni.10/3, Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]
@@ Line 407: / Line 407: @@
 It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]
-==== ''Atisara'' ====
+=== ''Atisara'' ===
 All diarrheal diseases including acute, chronic, psychogenic, drug and diet induced, inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases.
-==== ''Udavarta'' ====
+=== ''Udavarta'' ===
 ''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.
-==== ''Gulma'' ====
+=== ''Gulma'' ===
 ''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha. Ni. 3/7, Cha. Chi. 5/7]
-==== ''Kasa'' ====
+=== ''Kasa'' ===
 ''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [ Cha.Chi.18/8, Su.Utt.52/5]
-==== ''Shvasa'' ====
+=== ''Shvasa'' ===
 ''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]
-==== ''Hikka'' ====
+=== ''Hikka'' ===
 ''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [ Su.U. 50/6, Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]
-==== ''Trishna'' ====
+=== ''Trishna'' ===
 ''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [ A. U. 48/3 ]
-==== ''Chhardi'' ====
+=== ''Chhardi'' ===
 In ''chhardi'' (vomiting), food and ''dosha'' are forcefully expelled out through mouth.
-==== ''Arochaka'' ====
+=== ''Arochaka'' ===
 ''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>
-==== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ====
+=== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ===
 ''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>
-==== ''Pandu'' ====
+=== ''Pandu'' ===
 ''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref>  and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.
-==== ''Unmada'' ====
+=== ''Unmada'' ===
 ''Unmada'' is a syndrome with multiple manifestations and heterogeneous causes, including psychosis and mood disorders. It is characterized by perturbation / confusion (''vibhrama'') of mind (''manas''), intellect (''buddhi''), consciousness (''sangyaa''), knowledge (''jnana''), memory (''smriti''), desire (''bhakti''), manner (''sheela''), behaviour (''cheshta''), conduct (''aachaara''). This is cardinal sign of ''unmada''.
-==== ''Apasmara'' ====
+=== ''Apasmara'' ===
 ''Apasmara'' is a clinical condition with impaired memory, intellect and cognition, characterized by seizures and impaired consciousness, resembling epilepsy.
-==== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ====
+=== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ===
 ''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.
-==== ''Grahani'' ====
+=== ''Grahani'' ===
 ''Grahani'' is a group of diseases involving small intestine as in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and all types of disorders of digestion and absorption.
-==== ''Mada/Murchha'' ====
+=== ''Mada/Murchha'' ===
 ''Mada'' is acute state of confusion and delirium and ''murchcha'' is deep loss of consciousness (syncope).
-==== ''Shosha'' ====
+=== ''Shosha'' ===
 ''Shosha'' refers to phthisis, a progressive wasting or consumptive condition such as tuberculosis. It generally refers to depletion of ''dhatu'' and hence strength.
-==== ''Klaibya'' ====
+=== ''Klaibya'' ===
 ''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>
-==== ''Shotha'' ====
+=== ''Shotha'' ===
 ''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1091 </ref>
-==== ''Kilasa'' ====
+=== ''Kilasa'' ===
 ''Kilasa'' refers to depigmentation of skin as in leukoderma, vitiligo.
-==== ''Raktapitta'' ====
+=== ''Raktapitta'' ===
 ''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 861 </ref>/coagulopathies.
-==== ''Jwara'' ====
+=== ''Jwara'' ===
 ''Jwara'' refers to fever.<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 428 </ref>
-==== ''Vrana'' ====
+=== ''Vrana'' ===
 ''Vrana'' (wound) is defined as any lesion in the body causing damage or destruction of the tissue which on healing may leave behind a scar permanently.
-==== ''Aayama'' ====
+=== ''Aayama'' ===
 ''Aayama'' refers to abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm or dysotnia.
-==== ''Gridhrasi'' ====
+=== ''Gridhrasi'' ===
 ''Gridhrasi'' refers to sciatica lumbosacral radiculopathy and lumbosacral plexopathy.
-==== Miscellaneous diseases ====
+=== Miscellaneous diseases ===
 '''''Kamala''''': Jaundice
@@ Line 539: / Line 539: @@
 </div>
-=== References ===
+== References ==
 <references/>
-=== Glossary ===
-*udara (udara, उदर) -  Generalized abdominal enlargement.
-*Mūtrāghātaat(mUtrAghAtAH ,मूत्राघात) - Anuria / Oliguria A disease characterized by anuria or oligouria due to obstruction to the flow of urine.
-*kṣīradōṣa (kShIradoSha ,क्षीरदोष ) -  Vitiation of breast milk, they are classified into eight varieties.
-*rētōdōṣa (retodoSha ,रेतोदोष) - Seminal abnormalities The term signifies all kinds of seminal anomalies including its qualitative and quantitative disturbances.
-*kuṣṭha (kuShTha , कुष्ठ) - Multiple dermatological manifestation Chronic Dermatological diseases characterized by disfiguring and discoloration chronic non- suppurative skin disorders.
-*piḍakā (piDakA ,पिडका)  - Mass, postules.
-*Visarpa (vIsarpa ,विसर्प) - The disease in which multiple and generalized eruptions over the skin are produced and having acute, fast spreading and lethal nature.
-*atīsāra (atIsAra,अतीसार) - Diarrhea A disease of large intestine having cardinal feature as excessive and frequent defecation of liquid or unformed stools.
-*udāvarta (udAvarta,उदावर्त) - Retention of feces, urine and flatus. Abnormal condition characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.
-*gulma (gulma,गुल्म) - Lump in abdomen. A lump like formation occurring in the abdomen either mobile or static in nature, circular in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size.
-*plīha (plIha,प्लीह) - Spleen
-*kāsā (kAsa,कास) -  Cough A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous.
-*śvāsa (shvAsa,श्वास) -  Dyspnoea due to respiratory disease. It is a respiratory disease marked by recurrent paroxysmal attacks of Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, with or without wheezing due to obstruction in the respiratory airways.
-*hikkā (hikkA,हिक्का) – Hiccoughs. A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth.
-*tr̥ṣṇā  (tRuShNA,तृष्णा) - Polydypsia The condition resembles to morbid thirst in which the person even after continuous water intake fails to quench his thirst.
-*chhardi (chhardi,छर्दि) - Vomiting A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom.
-*śirōrōga (shiroroga,शिरोरोग) - Headache and diseases of scalp. Disease conditions wherein headache is prominent feature. Totally there are eleven such conditions. In literature there are again mention of nine conditions affecting the scalp which are also considers among the diseases affecting the head.
-*hr̥drōga (hRudroga ,हृद्रोग) - Heart diseases. The functional and structural diseases of heart. E.g. Coronary heart disease, Cardiomyopathy etc.
-*pāṇḍurōga (pANDuroga ,पाण्डुरोग) - Pallor of body, Anemia The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues.
-*unmāda ( ,उन्माद) - Psychosis Pscycointellectual disorder in which cognition, memory and behavior gets altered.
-*(apasmAra,अपस्मार) -  Seizures A neurological condition comprising episodes of fearful paroxysmal movements of the body which are produced by perversion of memory, intelligence and other mental functions along with loss of memory during the episode.
-*grahaṇī (grahaNI,ग्रहणी) -  Chronic mal absorption syndrome A disease of small intestines which affects the digestive capacity of a person and thus leading to periodically alternative passage of unformed and formed stools often associated with undigested food particles.
-*mada ( mada,मद) - Slight intoxication The term signifies an abnormal condition where in the persons becomes out of his senses personified by uncanny activities or behavior.
-*mūrcchā (mUrcchA,मूर्च्छा) - Syncope A fatal condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.
-*śōṣa (shoSha,शोष) - A disease characterized by generalized emaciation.
-*klaibya (klaibya,क्लैब्य) - Erectile dysfunction, impotent A person’s persistent inability to perform sexual intercourse with the beloved, willing and submissive partner, though having persistent desire due to the lack of erection and if at all attempted ends into failure without ejaculation due to flaccidity of penis associated with breathlessness and perspiration.
-*śōtha (shotha,शोथ) – It is used synonymous to edema.
-*lōhitapitta (lohitapittaM,लोहितपित्त) - Hemorrhagic disorder A hemorrhagic disorder in which bleeding occurs through orifices of the body without any direct injury to the body tissues.
-*jvara ( jvara,ज्वर) - Pyrexia / fever A sense of non well being in senses, mind and body along with raised body temperature and associated by obstruction to the skin.
-*vraṇa (vraNa,व्रण) - Wound Lesions occurring due to loss of tissue.
-*āyāma (ayAma,आयाम) – It refers to a state of severe hyper extension or flexion resembling arch and in which there is spasticity in individual's head, neck and body.
-*gr̥dhrasī (gRudhrasI,गृध्रसी) - Sciatica A disease in which the person experiences radiating pain from low back to the toe leading to pain and difficulty to move the lower limbs, vulture like gait and restricted movements.
-*kāmalā (kAmalA,कामला) - Jaundice A disease originating due to increased pitta dosha , which may be a resultant of pittaja Paandu; wherein there is generalized yellowish discoloration of the body, and passing orange colored red urine and normal colored stools.
-*āma (Ama,आम) -  Form of Toxins It is used as a technical word for anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. It is mentioned in various contexts like
-**In particular, it can refer to a toxic byproduct generated due to improper or incomplete digestion.
-**Toxins that were produced at any stage of metabolism and that are circulating through the channels are also sometimes.
-**The first stage of any disease is also frequently.
-**Any substance which is present in its abnormal state and is unwanted in the body. It represents, in a gross sense, mere indigestion which begins in the stomach, to, in a finer sense, even a faulty enzymatic pathway that prevents or hampers a metabolic cycle or chain. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is also important in determining the prognosis, drug selection and all other stages of therapy.
-*vātarakta (vAtarakta ,वातरक्त) - Gouty arthritis A disease manifested due to vitiation of väta and rakta and showing symptoms over small joints of hand and feet along with some dermatological manifestations and chronic in nature.
-*arśa (arsha,अर्श) -  Hemorrhoids A disease characterized by formation of stake like muscular sprouts of various shapes in the anal region.
-*urustambha (Urustambha,उरुस्तम्भ) - Stiffness of thigh A disease characterized by partial loss of motor and sensory function of thigh region.
-*sanyāsa (sannyAsa,सन्यास) - Coma A state of profound unconsciousness where the person becomes like a log of wood which leads to death unless untreated; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease.
-*krimi (krimi,क्रिमि) - : Worm infestations. Diseases caused due to worm infestation.
-*prameha (prameha,प्रमेह) - : Diabetes The disease characterized by symptoms of frequent excessive and turbid urination.
-*yōnivyāpada (yonivyApada,र्योनिव्यापद) - Abnormalities of female reproductive organs. Disorders of female reproductive system with functional and structural abnormalities.
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