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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax Linum usitatissimum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atasi''' (Alsi), is an erect annual herb, 0.6-1.2 m high, extensively cultivated throughout the plains of India up to an altitude of 800 m. The dried, ripe seeds are the part used medicinally.<ref name=" | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax Linum usitatissimum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atasi''' (Alsi), is an erect annual herb, 0.6-1.2 m high, extensively cultivated throughout the plains of India up to an altitude of 800 m. The dried, ripe seeds are the part used medicinally.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I, Monograph 12 (Atasi): 23-24</ref> In [[Ayurveda]] it is described both as a food grain (Shamidhanya) and as a source of Sthavara Sneha (plant-origin lipids), and it is widely used in external applications such as Upanaha and Sweda. It is a commonly used medicinal plant. | ||
==English name == | ==English name == | ||
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==Therapeutic Use== | ==Therapeutic Use== | ||
Krimiroga (worm infestation), Kushtha (diseases of skin), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Shiroroga (diseases of head)<ref name=" | Krimiroga (worm infestation), Kushtha (diseases of skin), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Shiroroga (diseases of head)<ref name="API1986" /> | ||
==Other Varieties== | ==Other Varieties== | ||
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==Dose== | ==Dose== | ||
3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref name=" | 3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref name="API1986" /> | ||
==Important Formulations== | ==Important Formulations== | ||
As per A.P.I.<ref name=" | As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986" /> | ||
* Sarshapadi Taila | * Sarshapadi Taila | ||
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==Constituents== | ==Constituents== | ||
Fixed oil, mucilage and protein.<ref name=" | Fixed oil, mucilage and protein.<ref name="API1986" /> | ||
==Phytoconstituents== | ==Phytoconstituents== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 1 || Fixed oil (fatty acids) || α-Linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3) is the major fatty acid (39.00–60.42 % of the oil), followed by oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Flaxseed is one of the richest plant sources of ALA.<ref name="Goyal2014">Goyal A | | 1 || Fixed oil (fatty acids) || α-Linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3) is the major fatty acid (39.00–60.42 % of the oil), followed by oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Flaxseed is one of the richest plant sources of ALA.<ref name="Goyal2014">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=V. |last3=Upadhyay |first3=N. |last4=Gill |first4=S. |last5=Sihag |first5=M. |year=2014 |title=Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=1633–1653}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || Lignans || Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the major lignan. After ingestion it is converted in the colon into the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone.<ref name="Toure2010">Touré A | | 2 || Lignans || Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the major lignan. After ingestion it is converted in the colon into the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone.<ref name="Toure2010">{{cite journal |last1=Touré |first1=A. |last2=Xueming |first2=X. |year=2010 |title=Flaxseed lignans: source, biosynthesis, metabolism, antioxidant activity, bio-active components, and health benefits |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=9 |pages=261–269}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || Cyanogenic glycosides and other anti-nutritive compounds || Linustatin, neolinustatin, linamarin and lotaustralin (cyanogenic glycosides); also linatine, phytic acid and protease inhibitors. Cyanogenic glycosides can release hydrogen cyanide on hydrolysis, so raw seed intake and processing need care.<ref name="Dzuvor2018">Dzuvor | | 3 || Cyanogenic glycosides and other anti-nutritive compounds || Linustatin, neolinustatin, linamarin and lotaustralin (cyanogenic glycosides); also linatine, phytic acid and protease inhibitors. Cyanogenic glycosides can release hydrogen cyanide on hydrolysis, so raw seed intake and processing need care.<ref name="Dzuvor2018">{{cite journal |last1=Dzuvor |first1=C. K. O. |last2=Taylor |first2=J. T. |last3=Acquah |first3=C. |last4=Pan |first4=S. |last5=Agyei |first5=D. |year=2018 |title=Bioprocessing of functional ingredients from flaxseed |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=2444}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Lipid-lowering effect=== | ===Lipid-lowering effect=== | ||
A meta-analysis of 28 randomized trials found that flaxseed interventions reduced total and LDL cholesterol (by 0.10 and 0.08 mmol/L, respectively). The reductions were significant with whole flaxseed and lignan supplements but not with flaxseed oil, and no significant change was seen in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. The effect depended on the type of intervention, sex and the initial lipid profile.<ref name="Pan2009">Pan A | A meta-analysis of 28 randomized trials found that flaxseed interventions reduced total and LDL cholesterol (by 0.10 and 0.08 mmol/L, respectively). The reductions were significant with whole flaxseed and lignan supplements but not with flaxseed oil, and no significant change was seen in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. The effect depended on the type of intervention, sex and the initial lipid profile.<ref name="Pan2009">{{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=A. |last2=Yu |first2=D. |last3=Demark-Wahnefried |first3=W. |last4=Franco |first4=O. H. |last5=Lin |first5=X. |year=2009 |title=Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=288–297}}</ref> | ||
===Effect on blood pressure=== | ===Effect on blood pressure=== | ||
A systematic review and meta-analysis (11 studies, 14 trials) reported that flaxseed supplementation lowered systolic blood pressure by 1.77 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.58 mm Hg. The authors concluded that flaxseed may lower blood pressure slightly, with a greater effect on diastolic pressure when whole seed was taken for 12 weeks or more.<ref name="Khalesi2015">Khalesi S | A systematic review and meta-analysis (11 studies, 14 trials) reported that flaxseed supplementation lowered systolic blood pressure by 1.77 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.58 mm Hg. The authors concluded that flaxseed may lower blood pressure slightly, with a greater effect on diastolic pressure when whole seed was taken for 12 weeks or more.<ref name="Khalesi2015">{{cite journal |last1=Khalesi |first1=S. |last2=Irwin |first2=C. |last3=Schubert |first3=M. |year=2015 |title=Flaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=758–765}}</ref> | ||
===Glycemic control (Prameha)=== | ===Glycemic control (Prameha)=== | ||
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials (30 treatment arms) found that flaxseed supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose (weighted mean difference −2.94 mg/dL) and insulin levels, whereas no significant effect on HbA1c was found. The benefit was seen only with whole flaxseed and not with flaxseed oil or lignan extract.<ref name="Mohammadi2018">Mohammadi-Sartang M | A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials (30 treatment arms) found that flaxseed supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose (weighted mean difference −2.94 mg/dL) and insulin levels, whereas no significant effect on HbA1c was found. The benefit was seen only with whole flaxseed and not with flaxseed oil or lignan extract.<ref name="Mohammadi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammadi-Sartang |first1=M. |last2=Sohrabi |first2=Z. |last3=Barati-Boldaji |first3=R. |last4=Raeisi-Dehkordi |first4=H. |last5=Mazloom |first5=Z. |year=2018 |title=Flaxseed supplementation on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=125–139}}</ref> | ||
===Constipation and bowel function=== | ===Constipation and bowel function=== | ||
In a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 53 constipated patients with type 2 diabetes received 10 g of flaxseed in cookies twice daily or placebo cookies for 12 weeks. Compared with placebo, the flaxseed group showed significantly greater improvement in constipation symptom scores, and also in body weight, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.<ref name="Soltanian2018">Soltanian N | In a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 53 constipated patients with type 2 diabetes received 10 g of flaxseed in cookies twice daily or placebo cookies for 12 weeks. Compared with placebo, the flaxseed group showed significantly greater improvement in constipation symptom scores, and also in body weight, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.<ref name="Soltanian2018">{{cite journal |last1=Soltanian |first1=N. |last2=Janghorbani |first2=M. |year=2018 |title=A randomized trial of the effects of flaxseed to manage constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids in constipated patients with type 2 diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=15 |pages=36}}</ref> | ||
===Skin condition (Kushtha)=== | ===Skin condition (Kushtha)=== | ||
In a 12-week study in healthy volunteers with sensitive skin, daily supplementation with flaxseed oil (compared with safflower seed oil) significantly decreased skin sensitivity (after nicotinate irritation), transepidermal water loss, roughness and scaling, and increased smoothness and hydration. The study was done on sensitive skin and not on Kushtha as described in Ayurveda.<ref name="Neukam2011">Neukam K | In a 12-week study in healthy volunteers with sensitive skin, daily supplementation with flaxseed oil (compared with safflower seed oil) significantly decreased skin sensitivity (after nicotinate irritation), transepidermal water loss, roughness and scaling, and increased smoothness and hydration. The study was done on sensitive skin and not on Kushtha as described in Ayurveda.<ref name="Neukam2011">{{cite journal |last1=Neukam |first1=K. |last2=De Spirt |first2=S. |last3=Stahl |first3=W. |last4=Bejot |first4=M. |last5=Maurette |first5=J. M. |last6=Tronnier |first6=H. |last7=Heinrich |first7=U. |year=2011 |title=Supplementation of flaxseed oil diminishes skin sensitivity and improves skin barrier function and condition |journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=67–74}}</ref> | ||
===Research gaps=== | ===Research gaps=== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
< | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I, Monograph 12 (Atasi): 23-24</ref> | |||
<ref name="Goyal2014">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=V. |last3=Upadhyay |first3=N. |last4=Gill |first4=S. |last5=Sihag |first5=M. |year=2014 |title=Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=1633–1653}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Toure2010">{{cite journal |last1=Touré |first1=A. |last2=Xueming |first2=X. |year=2010 |title=Flaxseed lignans: source, biosynthesis, metabolism, antioxidant activity, bio-active components, and health benefits |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=9 |pages=261–269}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Dzuvor2018">{{cite journal |last1=Dzuvor |first1=C. K. O. |last2=Taylor |first2=J. T. |last3=Acquah |first3=C. |last4=Pan |first4=S. |last5=Agyei |first5=D. |year=2018 |title=Bioprocessing of functional ingredients from flaxseed |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=2444}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Pan2009">{{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=A. |last2=Yu |first2=D. |last3=Demark-Wahnefried |first3=W. |last4=Franco |first4=O. H. |last5=Lin |first5=X. |year=2009 |title=Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=288–297}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Khalesi2015">{{cite journal |last1=Khalesi |first1=S. |last2=Irwin |first2=C. |last3=Schubert |first3=M. |year=2015 |title=Flaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=758–765}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Mohammadi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammadi-Sartang |first1=M. |last2=Sohrabi |first2=Z. |last3=Barati-Boldaji |first3=R. |last4=Raeisi-Dehkordi |first4=H. |last5=Mazloom |first5=Z. |year=2018 |title=Flaxseed supplementation on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=125–139}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Soltanian2018">{{cite journal |last1=Soltanian |first1=N. |last2=Janghorbani |first2=M. |year=2018 |title=A randomized trial of the effects of flaxseed to manage constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids in constipated patients with type 2 diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=15 |pages=36}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Neukam2011">{{cite journal |last1=Neukam |first1=K. |last2=De Spirt |first2=S. |last3=Stahl |first3=W. |last4=Bejot |first4=M. |last5=Maurette |first5=J. M. |last6=Tronnier |first6=H. |last7=Heinrich |first7=U. |year=2011 |title=Supplementation of flaxseed oil diminishes skin sensitivity and improves skin barrier function and condition |journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=67–74}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | [[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | ||