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|title=Charak Samhita | |title=Charak Samhita | ||
|titlemode=append | |titlemode=append | ||
|keywords= | |keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | ||
|description= | |description= | ||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | ||
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|data3 = Ranunculaceae | |data3 = Ranunculaceae | ||
|label4 = Availability | |label4 = Availability | ||
|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = Contributors | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]] | |data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers ( | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
== English Name == | == English Name == | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
* Aconitum palmatum | * Aconitum palmatum | ||
* Aconitum kashmiricum | * Aconitum kashmiricum | ||
== Identification Characters == | == Identification Characters == | ||
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour. | * '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour. | ||
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped. | * '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" /> | ||
== Types == | == Types == | ||
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" | Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" /> | ||
* Rakta – Red tubers | * Rakta – Red tubers | ||
* Sweta – White tubers | * Sweta – White tubers | ||
| Line 54: | Line 55: | ||
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita == | == Synonyms in Charak Samhita == | ||
* Ativisha | * Ativisha | ||
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped. | * Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped. | ||
| Line 63: | Line 65: | ||
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu == | == Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu == | ||
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" /> | |||
* Visha – It assimilates quickly. | * Visha – It assimilates quickly. | ||
* Ativisha | * Ativisha | ||
| Line 72: | Line 75: | ||
* Upavisha | * Upavisha | ||
* Bhangura | * Bhangura | ||
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested. | * Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested. | ||
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties == | == Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties == | ||
| Line 177: | Line 180: | ||
== Purification (Shodhana) == | == Purification (Shodhana) == | ||
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" | Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" /> | ||
== Dose == | == Dose == | ||
| Line 195: | Line 198: | ||
== Current Availability == | == Current Availability == | ||
Available | Available | ||
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand | * '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand | ||
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal | * '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal | ||
Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" /> | |||
== Major Phytoconstituents == | == Major Phytoconstituents == | ||
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its | The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine, | * '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine, and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives <sup>[citation needed]</sup> | ||
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to | * '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions | ||
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research == | == Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research == | ||
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research | Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': | ||
=== 1. Anti-diarrheal | === 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') === | ||
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for | * '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' | * '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" /> | ||
=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') === | === 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') === | ||
* '''Traditional Use:''' | * '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' | * '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed. | ||
=== 3. | === 3. Antimicrobial Activity === | ||
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors. | * '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' | * '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" /> | ||
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | == Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | ||
|+ Therapeutic Applications of | |+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' | ||
! Indication | ! Indication | ||
! Active Biomolecules | ! Active Biomolecules | ||
! Primary Pharmacological Action | ! Primary Pharmacological Action | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery ( | | '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')''' | ||
| Diterpenoid alkaloids | | Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker) | ||
| Anti-motility, | | Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Fever & Inflammation ( | | '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')''' | ||
| | | Diterpenoid alkaloids | ||
| | | Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Microbial Infections | | '''Microbial Infections''' | ||
| | | Aconitine-standardised extract | ||
| | | Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" /> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | == Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | ||
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification ( | * '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" /> | ||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | * '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | ||
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0. | ** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. | <ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref> | ||
<ref name="RajaNighantu"> | |||
<ref name="Bhavaprakash"> | <ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref> | ||
<ref name="Shodhana"> | <ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref> | ||
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref> | |||
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref> | |||
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref> | |||
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