Talk:Trivrut: Difference between revisions

|title=Charak Samhita

|keywords= *Trivrut, Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manson, Indian Jalap, Turpeth, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,

|description= Trivrut (Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO) is a major Virechana (purgative) drug in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for constipation, abdominal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic imbalances.

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]

|data4 = Available  

|label6 = Year of publication  

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher  

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI  

|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]''', popularly known as '''Trivrut''' (Indian Jalap or Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is widely acknowledged in [[Ayurveda]] as one of the premier *Virechana* (therapeutic purgative) agents, highly valued for its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

==English name ==  

Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>

Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>

Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>

Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>

Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>

[[File:Operculina_turpethum.jpg|thumb|Trivrut (Operculina turpethum)]]

 

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

* '''Shyama Trivrut:''' Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  

|+ Properties  

| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)

| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta  

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  

! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  

* 1–3 g of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>

As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>

== Current availability==  

== Phytochemical Composition ==

The therapeutic potential of ''Operculina turpethum'' root extracts is driven by a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:

* '''Glycosides & Resins:''' Turpethin, a complex glycoside resin responsible for its strong cathartic and purgative action.

* '''Coumarins & Flavonoids:''' Scopoletin and various flavonoid glycosides possessing antioxidant properties.

* '''Steroids & Triterpenes:''' Beta-sitosterol and related stigmasterol derivatives.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cathartic Effects ===

* '''Mechanism:''' The resinous glycosides stimulate peristaltic movements of the colon and increase intestinal fluid secretion, facilitating smooth evacuation.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological evaluations confirm significant increases in wet fecal output and intestinal transit speed following root extract administration without producing excessive mucosal irritation when properly administered.<ref name="Shukla1999"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Actions ===

Traditional indications for skin conditions (*kustha*) and inflammation are supported by modern investigations.

* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic and aqueous extracts suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways and inhibit neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies demonstrate marked inhibition of acute and sub-acute inflammation models, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests.<ref name="Sivaraman2010"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties ===

Trivrut exhibits protective capabilities against chemical-induced hepatic oxidative stress.

* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances hepatic glutathione reserves, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities while lowering lipid peroxidation markers.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental research indicates that root extracts normalize elevated serum liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT) and restore tissue architecture in hepatotoxicity models.<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' High doses can cause severe purging, abdominal griping, and electrolyte imbalance due to its sharp (*tikshna*) potency. It should be avoided in pregnancy, severe debility, or acute inflammatory bowel conditions.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda specialist<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Operculina turpethum''

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

| Turpethin (resinous glycosides)

| Purgative, Prokinetic stimulant

| '''Skin Diseases / Kustha'''

| Scopoletin, Flavonoids

| Anti-inflammatory, Blood purifier

| '''Abdominal Disorders / Udararoga'''

| Glycosides, Terpenoids

| Laxative, Carminative, Detoxifying

== References ==

<ref name="Shukla1999">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=V. J. |last2=Ravishankar |first2=B. |last3=Anand |first3=T. |year=1999 |title=Purgative property and safety profile of Operculina turpethum roots in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=45–51}}</ref>

<ref name="Sivaraman2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sivaraman |first1=D. |last2=Murugesan |first2=T. |last3=Pal |first3=M. |year=2010 |title=Anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of Operculina turpethum root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=721–726}}</ref>

<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005">{{cite journal |last1=Thongpraditchote |first1=S. |last2=Gritsanapan |first2=W. |last3=Bhunak |first3=S. |year=2005 |title=Hepatoprotective effect of Operculina turpethum extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=433–439}}</ref>