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| {{#seo:
| | #REDIRECT [[Yashtimadhu]] |
| |title=Charak Samhita
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| |titlemode=append
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| |keywords= Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Liquorice, jethimadh, jyeshthamadha, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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| |description= Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae) is a widely recognized medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] and modern phytotherapy, valued for its gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties.
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| |image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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| |image_alt=charak samhita
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| |type=article
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| }}
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| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L.]
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| {{Infobox
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| |title = Yasthimadhu
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| |label1 = Section/Chapter
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| |data1 = Herb database/Yasthimadhu
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| |label2 = Botanical name(s)
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| |data2 = Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
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| |label3 = Contributors
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| |data3 = Team Dravyaguna
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| |label4 = Year of publication
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| |data4 = 2026
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| |label5 = Publisher
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| |data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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| |label6 = DOI
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| |data6 = Awaited
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| }}
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| Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Liquorice, Fabaceae) is a widely recognized medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] and modern phytotherapy, valued for its gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties. Its bioactivity is primarily mediated by triterpenoid saponins, notably [[glycyrrhizin]], and prenylated flavonoids like [[glabridin]]. | |
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| == Botanical & Phytochemical Profile ==
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| * '''Scientific Name:''' ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'' L. (Family: [[Fabaceae]])
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| * '''Ayurvedic Name:''' ''Yashtimadhu'', ''Madhuka''
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| * '''Triterpenoid Saponins:''' [[Glycyrrhizin]] (glycyrrhizic acid), 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid
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| * '''Flavonoids & Isoflavonoids:''' [[Glabridin]], [[liquiritin]], [[isoliquiritigenin]], [[licochalcone A]], [[glabrene]]
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| == Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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| Madhuka, Klitaka
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| == Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Herbs and their activities
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| |-
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| ! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
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| |-
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| | 1 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 1/81 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic purgation)
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| |-
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| | 2 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 2/7 || [[Vamana]] (Therapeutic emesis)
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| |-
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| | 3 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9 (1) || Jeevaniya mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 4 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(5)|| Sandhaniya mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 5 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(8) || Varnya mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 6 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 7 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 8 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(21) || Snehopaga mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 9 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(23) || Vamanopaga mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 10 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 11 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(34) || Mootravirajaniya mahakashayaa
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| |-
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| | 12 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 13 ||Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(46) || Shonitasthapana mahakashaya
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| |-
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| | 14 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 5/21 || Dhumavarti dravya
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| |-
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| | 15 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Properties
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| |-
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| ! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
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| |-
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| | 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura)
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| |-
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| | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
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| |-
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| | 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
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| |-
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| | 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
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| |-
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| | 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[pitta]]
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| == Current availability==
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| Available
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| == Current researches ==
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| == Pharmacological Actions & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
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| === Gastroprotective & Anti-Ulcer Activity ===
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| * '''Mucosal Defense:''' Enhances gastric mucosal secretion, increases regional blood flow, and suppresses lipid peroxidation, accelerating the healing of peptic ulcers.<ref name="Asl2008" />
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| * '''Enzyme Regulation:''' Inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, preserving protective mucosal prostaglandin levels (PGE<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="Kwon2020" />
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| * '''Anti-''H. pylori'':''' Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) preparations inhibit ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' mucosal adherence without causing mineralocorticoid-related side effects.<ref name="Kwon2020" />
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| === Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Effects ===
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| * '''Pathways:''' Glabridin and glycyrrhizin suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways.<ref name="Bisht2022" /><ref name="Zhang2023" />
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| * '''Cytokine Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in systemic inflammatory models.<ref name="Bisht2022" />
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| === Antiviral Properties ===
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| * '''Protease Inhibition:''' Glycyrrhizic acid directly binds to and inhibits viral replication through inhibition of the viral main protease (M<sup>pro</sup>) and disruption of viral attachment to host cells.<ref name="vandeSand2021" />
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| * '''Host Response:''' Dampens hyper-inflammatory pulmonary damage by inhibiting extracellular High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) cytokine release.<ref name="Bisht2022" />
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| === Hepatoprotective & Antioxidant Activity ===
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| * '''Oxidative Stress Reduction:''' Glabridin scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathways to mitigate liver fibrosis and tissue injury.<ref name="Simmler2013" /><ref name="Zhang2023" />
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| * '''Clinical Findings:''' Standardized licorice extracts lower serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in metabolic and viral liver disorders.<ref name="Kwon2020" />
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| == Phytochemical & Pharmacological Summary ==
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| {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| |+ Key Bioactive Compounds of ''Glycyrrhiza glabra''
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| |-
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| ! Bioactive Constituent !! Phytochemical Class !! Molecular Targets !! Primary Therapeutic Efficacy
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| |-
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| | '''[[Glycyrrhizin]]''' || Triterpenoid Saponin || M<sup>pro</sup> protease, HMGB1, 11β-HSD || Gastroprotective, Antiviral, Anti-ulcer
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| |-
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| | '''[[Glabridin]]''' || Isoflavane || COX-2, iNOS, ROS, PPAR-γ || Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-atherogenic
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| |-
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| | '''[[Isoliquiritigenin]]''' || Chalcone || NF-κB, Nrf2 pathway || Spasmolytic, Immunomodulatory, Anti-tumor
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| |-
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| | '''[[Liquiritin]]''' || Flavanone || TRPV1 / Capsaicin receptors || Antitussive, Expectorant, Neuroprotective
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| |}
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| == Safety & Toxicology ==
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| Prolonged, high-dose administration of intact glycyrrhizin (≥ 500 mg/day) can cause pseudohyperaldosteronism via renal 11β-HSD2 inhibition, resulting in sodium retention, hypokalemia, and hypertension.<ref name="Asl2008" /><ref name="Kwon2020" /> Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) or standardized daily glycyrrhizin intakes capped under 100–200 mg demonstrate an optimal clinical safety profile.<ref name="Kwon2020" />
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|refs=
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| <ref name="Asl2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H |title=Review of Pharmacological Effects of ''Glycyrrhiza'' sp. and its Bioactive Compounds |journal=Phytotherapy Research |date=2008 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=709–724 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2362}}</ref>
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| <ref name="Bisht2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bisht D, Rashid M, Arya RKK, et al. |title=Revisiting liquorice (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' L.) as anti-inflammatory, antivirals and immunomodulators: Potential pharmacological applications with mechanistic insight |journal=Phytomedicine Plus |date=2022 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=100206 |doi=10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100206}}</ref>
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| <ref name="Kwon2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kwon YJ, Son DH, Chung TH, Lee YJ |title=A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–20 |doi=10.1089/jmf.2019.4459}}</ref>
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| <ref name="Simmler2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simmler C, Pauli GF, Chen SN |title=Phytochemistry and biological properties of glabridin |journal=Fitoterapia |date=2013 |volume=90 |pages=160–184 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.003}}</ref>
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| <ref name="vandeSand2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=van de Sand L, Bormann M, Alt M, et al. |title=Glycyrrhizin Effectively Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Inhibiting the Viral Main Protease |journal=Viruses |date=2021 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=609 |doi=10.3390/v13040609}}</ref>
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| <ref name="Zhang2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Wu X, Zhong B, et al. |title=Review on the Diverse Biological Effects of Glabridin |journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy |date=2023 |volume=17 |pages=15–37 |doi=10.2147/dddt.s385981}}</ref>
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| }}
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| [[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]
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