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{{#seo:
 
|title=Charak Samhita
Boswellia serrata Roxb
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shallaki, Boswellia serrata Roxb, Indian olibanum* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data1 = Herb database/Shallaki
|data1 = Herb database/Shallaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boswellia serrata Roxb
|data2 = Boswellia serrata Roxb.
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Burseraceae
|data3 = Burseraceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|labe55 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
<gallery>
Example.jpg|Caption1
Example.jpg|Caption2
</gallery>
==English name ==


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata Boswellia serrata Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Shallaki''', is a moderate-to-large branching tree native to dry deciduous forests of India, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its oleo-gum resin, which is prized as a premier anti-inflammatory and joint-supportive therapeutic agent.
== English name ==
Indian olibanum
Indian olibanum


==Therapeutic uses==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Jwara(fever), Pradara(discharge), Swasa(Dyspnea), Pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushna shoola(pain in scrotum)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
Jwara (fever), Pradara (discharge), Swasa (dyspnea), Pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushna shoola (pain in scrotum).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shallaki, Gajabhakshya, Suvaha, Surabhi, Rasa, Maheruna, Kunduru.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
 
Vallaki, Bahushrava (releases profuse quantity of exudates).<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>
Shallaki, Gajabhakshya, Suvaha, Surabhi, Rasa, Maheruna, Kunduru,
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Vallaki, bahushrava(release profuse quantity of exudates)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)  
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32)
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya (faecal depigmentors)
| Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya(faecal depigmentors)
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/23
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/23 || Dhuma varti dravya (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
| Dhuma varti dravya(therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144  
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
| Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8 || Deshavichara
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Deshavichara
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153
|As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 || Used in the treatment of Vipluta
|Cha.sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108
|Used in the treatment of Vipluta
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
* 1-3 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
* 1–3 g (Gum resin powder)<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulations==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Karpuradyarka
* Jirakadi modak
* Jirakadi modaka
* Bala taila
* Bala taila
* Bala guduchyadi taila
* Bala guduchyadi taila


 
== Current Availability ==
== Current availability==  
Available
* In India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, South India.
 
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Boswellia serrata* is primarily concentrated in its oleo-gum resin:
* '''Boswellic Acids:''' Includes beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), and 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (KBA).
* '''Essential Oils:''' Monoterpenes and diterpenes imparting characteristic aromatic properties.
* '''Polysaccharides:''' Comprising pentoses and hexoses aiding systemic absorption.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Boswellic acids act as specific, non-redox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), preventing the formation of leukotrienes responsible for inflammation, tissue degradation, and joint destruction.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-clinical trials demonstrate significant reduction in joint swelling, pain, and cartilage degradation in patients suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>
 
=== Gastrointestinal Protection and Anti-Colitic Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' By suppressing inflammatory pathways in the intestinal mucosa, resin extracts protect against mucosal injury and hypermotility states.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations validate its efficacy in managing chronic inflammatory bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.<ref name="Gupta2001">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Paranjpe |first2=V. |last3=Kalia |first3=P. |last4=Etzel |first4=R. |year=2001 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–42}}</ref>


Available
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
India: Maharashtra, madhyapradesh, rajasthan, south india
* '''Acute Toxicity:* *Boswellia serrata* extracts possess a high safety profile with minimal gastrointestinal side effects reported during long-term trials.
== Current researches ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use cautiously during early pregnancy or in individuals with known hypersensitivity to tree resins.


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boswellia%20serrata
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Boswellia serrata*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Osteoarthritis & Joint Pain'''
| AKBA, Beta-boswellic acid
| 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Inflammatory Bowel Conditions'''
| Boswellic acid fractions
| Mucosal cytoprotection, Anti-colitic
|-
| '''Respiratory Inflammation (Swasa)'''
| Oleo-gum resin extracts
| Bronchodilatory, Anti-asthmatic
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>
<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2001">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Paranjpe |first2=V. |last3=Kalia |first3=P. |last4=Etzel |first4=R. |year=2001 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–42}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development

Latest revision as of 17:14, 28 September 2026


Shallaki
Section/Chapter Herb database/Shallaki
Botanical name(s) Boswellia serrata Roxb.
Family Burseraceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Boswellia serrata Roxb., popularly known as Shallaki, is a moderate-to-large branching tree native to dry deciduous forests of India, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. It is widely revered in Ayurveda for its oleo-gum resin, which is prized as a premier anti-inflammatory and joint-supportive therapeutic agent.

English name

Indian olibanum

Therapeutic Uses

Jwara (fever), Pradara (discharge), Swasa (dyspnea), Pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushna shoola (pain in scrotum).[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Shallaki, Gajabhakshya, Suvaha, Surabhi, Rasa, Maheruna, Kunduru.

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Vallaki, Bahushrava (releases profuse quantity of exudates).[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(32) Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya (faecal depigmentors)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/23 Dhuma varti dravya (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
3 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/144 Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
4 Cha.Sa. Kalpa Sthana 1/8 Deshavichara
5 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
6 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/153 As an ingredient of Bala taila
7 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/161 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
8 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/108 Used in the treatment of Vipluta

Dose

  • 1–3 g (Gum resin powder)[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Karpuradyarka
  • Jirakadi modaka
  • Bala taila
  • Bala guduchyadi taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, South India.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of *Boswellia serrata* is primarily concentrated in its oleo-gum resin:

  • Boswellic Acids: Includes beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), and 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (KBA).
  • Essential Oils: Monoterpenes and diterpenes imparting characteristic aromatic properties.
  • Polysaccharides: Comprising pentoses and hexoses aiding systemic absorption.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions

  • Mechanism: Boswellic acids act as specific, non-redox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), preventing the formation of leukotrienes responsible for inflammation, tissue degradation, and joint destruction.
  • Scientific Evidence: Clinical and pre-clinical trials demonstrate significant reduction in joint swelling, pain, and cartilage degradation in patients suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.[3]

Gastrointestinal Protection and Anti-Colitic Effects

  • Mechanism: By suppressing inflammatory pathways in the intestinal mucosa, resin extracts protect against mucosal injury and hypermotility states.
  • Scientific Evidence: Laboratory evaluations validate its efficacy in managing chronic inflammatory bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.[4]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity:* *Boswellia serrata* extracts possess a high safety profile with minimal gastrointestinal side effects reported during long-term trials.
  • Precautions: Use cautiously during early pregnancy or in individuals with known hypersensitivity to tree resins.


Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Boswellia serrata*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Osteoarthritis & Joint Pain AKBA, Beta-boswellic acid 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
Inflammatory Bowel Conditions Boswellic acid fractions Mucosal cytoprotection, Anti-colitic
Respiratory Inflammation (Swasa) Oleo-gum resin extracts Bronchodilatory, Anti-asthmatic

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020
  3. ↑ Kimmatkar, N.; Thawani, V.; Hingorani, L.; Khiyani, R. (2003). "Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study". Phytomedicine. 10 (1): 3–7. 
  4. ↑ Gupta, I.; Paranjpe, V.; Kalia, P.; Etzel, R. (2001). "Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis". European Journal of Medical Research. 6 (1): 37–42. 
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