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Terminalia bellirica

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]

{{Infobox

|title = Bibhitaki

Line 5:

|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Terminalia bellirica

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = Combretaceae

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|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = --

|data5 = Dravyaguna Team

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = ~~2024~~

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

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Beleric myrobalan

==~~Therapeutic Uses~~==

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

Vomiting (chardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful ~~foe~~ sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

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|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

== ~~Reference~~ in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"

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|25

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35

|As Kapha-~~Pittaj prameh~~(diabetes) nashak yoga

|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga

|-

|26

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|29

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44

|As ~~Virechan~~ dravya(purgation)

|As Virechana dravya(purgation)

|-

|30

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62

|Ingredient in Patoladi ~~Kwath~~

|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha

|-

|31

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|59

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72

|As an Unmardan dravya in ~~Kaphaj~~ Shvayathu

|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu

|-

|60

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|62

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125

|As an ingredient of ~~narayan~~ churna

|As an ingredient of Narayan churna

|-

|63

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133

|As an ingredient of ~~hapushdya~~ churna

|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna

|-

|64

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135

|As ~~anupan~~ of ~~hapushdya~~ churna

|As anupana of Hapushdya churna

|-

|65

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|70

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144

|As an ingredient of ~~dantyarista~~

|As an ingredient of dantyarishta

|-

|71

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|85

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163

|As an ingredient of ~~Mayur~~ Ghrita

|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita

|-

|86

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167

|As an ingredient of ~~Mahamayur~~ Ghrita

|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita

|-

|87

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195

|As an ingredient of ~~Kalak~~ churna

|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna

|-

|88

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== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.

* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.

* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.

* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.

* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===

Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.

* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.

* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===

The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).

* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===

Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===

Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.

* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.

* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.

** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''

| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid

| Xanthine oxidase inhibition

|-

| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''

| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids

| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation

|-

| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''

| Saponins, Tannins

| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator

|-

| '''Hepatic Damage'''

| Phenolic compounds

| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration

|}

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>

}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

~~This article is under development ..~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Terminalia bellirica
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
 {{Infobox
 |title = Bibhitaki
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
-|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
 |label3 = Family
 |data3 = Combretaceae
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 |data4 = Available
 |label5 = Contributors
-|data5 = --
+|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
 |label6 = Year of publication
-|data6 =  2024
+|data6 =  2026
 |label7 = Publisher
 |data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 Beleric myrobalan
-==Therapeutic Uses==
+== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
-Vomiting (chardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).
+In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
+==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
+Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
 == Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
-Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful foe sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
+Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
 ==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
 Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35  p.9.</ref>
 == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
@@ Line 55: / Line 61: @@
 |}
+== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
-== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 160: / Line 165: @@
 |25
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
-|As Kapha-Pittaj  prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
+|As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
 |-
 |26
@@ Line 176: / Line 181: @@
 |29
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
-|As Virechan dravya(purgation)
+|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
 |-
 |30
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
-|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwath
+|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwatha
 |-
 |31
@@ Line 297: / Line 302: @@
 |59
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
-|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
+|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
 |-
 |60
@@ Line 311: / Line 316: @@
 |62
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
-|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
+|As an  ingredient of Narayan churna
 |-
 |63
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
-|As an  ingredient of hapushdya churna
+|As an  ingredient of Hapushdya churna
 |-
 |64
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
-|As anupan of  hapushdya churna
+|As anupana of  Hapushdya churna
 |-
 |65
@@ Line 345: / Line 350: @@
 |70
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
-|As an  ingredient of dantyarista
+|As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
 |-
 |71
@@ Line 411: / Line 416: @@
 |85
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
-|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
+|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
 |-
 |86
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
-|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
+|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
 |-
 |87
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
-|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
+|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
 |-
 |88
@@ Line 491: / Line 496: @@
 == Current researches ==
+=== Phytochemical Composition ===
+The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
+* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
+* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
+* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
+* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.
+== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
+=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
+Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (&alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>
+=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===
+Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
+* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>
+=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
+The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
+* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>&bull;&minus;</sup>, OH<sup>&bull;</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>
+=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
+Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>
+=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
+Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
+* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
+* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
+* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
+** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
+** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
+|-
+| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
+| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
+| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
+|-
+| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
+| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
+| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
+|-
+| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
+| Saponins, Tannins
+| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
+|-
+| '''Hepatic Damage'''
+| Phenolic compounds
+| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
+|}
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>
+<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>
+<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>
+<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>
+<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
+}}
 [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
- This article is under development ..