Charak Samhita

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Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha]
 
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasa, Essential oil
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|title =  
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Aguru
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelacaceae
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
 
Eagle wood


==Therapeutic uses==
== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
Akshiroga (eye disease), swasa(dyspnea), karna roga(ear disease), kustha(skin disease), visa(poison)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
Aguru, Pravar(agaru is potent drug), Loha, Rajarha, Yogaja(the aromatic heartwood is formed by infestation), Vashik, Krumija(originated from fungus infestation)
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' &ndash; Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' &ndash; Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' &ndash; Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' &ndash; Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' &ndash; Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' &ndash; Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' &ndash; Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' &ndash; Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
== Varieties ==
Krumijagdha(the aromatic part is formed by fungus infestation) , anaaryaka (the plant grows commonly in the hilly region of north-eastern part of india)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21,22</ref>
=== Raja Nighantu ===
 
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
==Varieties==  
==Raja nighantu<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, chandanadi varga verse no- 85,87,89,91,92</ref>==
# Swadu
# Swadu
# Krushnagaru
# Krushnagaru
Line 40: Line 62:
# Daahaagaru
# Daahaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharpness (tikshna)  
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}
|}


== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37)
| Shwasahara mahakashaya(relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21
|Dhuma varti  dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26
|Vairechanika dhuma varti(ingredient of inhalation of smoke with unctuous substances for reducing dryness)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63
|Anu taila  dravya
|-
|-
|6
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16
|Vihara in  Hemanta Rutu
|-
|-
|7
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25
|Vihara in  Vasanta Rutu
|-
|-
|8
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|9
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|-
|10
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|11
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|12
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in ''Kaphaj  prameh''(diabetes)
|-
|-
|13
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|-
|14
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|15
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|16
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma.
|-
|-
|17
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'' (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|-
|-
|18
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of  Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|19
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|20
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54
|As an ingredient  of Vatsakadi Pralepa(external application)
|-
|-
|21
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanarth(for emesis)
|-
|-
|22
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|23
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28
|As a mood enhancing
|-
|-
|24
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of satyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in ''Punarnavadhyarisht''
|-
|-
|25
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth''
|-
|-
|26
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj  Shvayathu''(swelling)
|-
|-
|27
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148
|As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
|-
|28
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|29
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80
|Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|30
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|-
|31
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada.
|-
|-
|32
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with  poison.
|-
|-
|33
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|34
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|35
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma(mouth gargaling).
|-
|-
|36
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|37
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|38
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|39
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54
|As an ingredient  of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
|-
|40
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179
|Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>==
== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
* 1-3 gm
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visa'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)


==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>==
== Dosage & Administration ==
* Madhukasava
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* Mrudvikasava
* Karpuradyarka
* Chyavanprasa avaleha
* Anu taila
* Chandanadi taila
* Khadiradi gutika
* Swasahara kashaya churna
* Guduchyadi taila


== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasa avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''


== Current availability==  
== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.


Available  
=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
India – himalayan region , assama, manipur.
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
 
== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}


== Current researches ==
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
''This article is under development ..''
"""


This article is under development ..
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