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Gmelina arborea L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
 


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 15:
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Gmelina arborea L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 =  
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2021
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies ([[Rasayana]]), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree


--
==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.


Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni, Shriparni, Madhuparnika.  
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


Line 60: Line 82:
| 2  
| 2  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashay
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
|-
| 3  
| 3  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
|-
| 4  
| 4  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
|5
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
|Management of obesity
| Management of obesity
|-
|-
|6
| 6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|7
| 7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
|Phala Varga
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
|-
|8
| 8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
|-
|9
| 9
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
|Preparations of Trivritta
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|-
|10
| 10
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of TrivrittaAwaleha
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
|-
|11
| 11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya.
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|12
| 12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti.
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
|-
|13
| 13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila.
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
|-
|14
| 14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|15
| 15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
|As pathya ahara.
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
|-
|16
| 16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrit
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|17
| 17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|18
| 18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
| 19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|-
|20
| 20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
|Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrit
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|21
| 21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrit
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
|-
|22
| 22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
| Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
|-
|-
|23
| 23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|-
|24
| 24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
|-
|25
| 25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|26
| 26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
|As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
|-
|27
| 27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
|As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
|-
|-
|28
| 28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
|-
|29
| 29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|30
| 30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
|-
|31
| 31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|-
|32
| 32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|-
|33
| 33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
|As an ingredient of Mulasava
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|34
| 34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|35
| 35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
|Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
|-
|36
| 36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrit
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|-
|37
| 37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
|Use as a mrudu sodhana.
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
|-
|38
| 38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
|As a ghrita dravya
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
|-
|39
| 39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
|Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa.
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|40
| 40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita.
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|41
| 41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
|Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha.
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
|-
|42
| 42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
|-
|43
| 43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
| 44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|45
| 45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|-
|46
| 46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
|Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya– gata vata.
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
|-
|47
| 47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
|-
|48
| 48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
|Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita.
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|49
| 49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
| 50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
|51
| 51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma.
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|-
|52
| 52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97, 98
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila.
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|-
|53
| 53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
|-
|54
| 54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
|As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila.
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
|-
|55
| 55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila.
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
|-
|56
| 56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|-
|57
| 57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
|Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni.
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}
|}


==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita


 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available  
Available  
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
== Phytochemical Composition ==
Modern phytochemical evaluations of ''Gmelina arborea'' reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:
* '''Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides:''' Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds:''' Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
* '''Terpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy ===
''Gmelina arborea'' exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins<ref name="Agrawal2007"/>.
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of ''G. arborea'' extracts<ref name="Billore1995"/>.
=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions ===
Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls<ref name="Goel2002"/>.
=== Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential ===
Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters<ref name="Elango2009"/>.
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Kwatha (Decoction):'' 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation<ref name="API1986"/>.
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| Lignans, Flavonoids
| Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition
|-
| '''Inflammation & Edema (Sotha)'''
| Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics
| COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Ulcers'''
| Tannins, Terpenoids
| Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action
|-
| '''Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes'''
| Glycosides, Sterols
| Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
<ref name="Agrawal2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=S. S. |last2=Naqvi |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=323–327}}</ref>
<ref name="Billore1995">{{cite journal |last1=Billore |first1=K. V. |last2=Yadav |first2=B. G. |last3=Prajapati |first3=P. K. |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=28–33}}</ref>
<ref name="Goel2002">{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=V. K. |last2=Garg |first2=S. C. |year=2002 |title=Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=512–515}}</ref>
<ref name="Elango2009">{{cite journal |last1=Elango |first1=V. |last2=Kumar |first2=B. |last3=Edison |first3=S. J. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=194–198}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 04:46, 15 September 2026

Gmelina arborea L.


Kashmarya
Section/Chapter Herb database/Kashmarya
Botanical name(s) Gmelina arborea L.
Family Verbenaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI --

Gmelina arborea L. (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in Ayurveda for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies (Rasayana), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.

English name

Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Gmelina asiatica L.
  • Premna arborea Roxb.

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 Asthapana
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/135 Phala Varga (class of fruits)
8 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
9 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/20 Preparations of Trivritta
10 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/30 Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/253 As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/39 As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/29 Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/44 Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/67 As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of dantyarista
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/202 Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 Use as a mrudu sodhana
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/39 As a ghrita dravya
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/83 Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/197 Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/96 Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/120 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/59 Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/97,98 As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/105 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/112 As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/115 As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/52 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/100 Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni

Dose

  • 20-30 gm of drug for decoction[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Dashamularishta
  • Dashamulaharitaki
  • Dashamula ghrita

Current availability

Available

  • India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

Current researches

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

Phytochemical Composition

Modern phytochemical evaluations of Gmelina arborea reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:

  • Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides: Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
  • Lignans and Neolignans: Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
  • Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds: Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
  • Terpenoids and Sterols: Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy

Gmelina arborea exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.

  • Mechanism: Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins[3].

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties

Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.

  • Mechanism: Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of G. arborea extracts[4].

Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions

Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.

  • Mechanism: Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
  • Scientific Evidence: Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls[5].

Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential

Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.

  • Mechanism: Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
  • Scientific Evidence: Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters[6].

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
  • Precautions: Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation[1].

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Gmelina arborea
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress Lignans, Flavonoids Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition
Inflammation & Edema (Sotha) Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression
Wound Healing & Ulcers Tannins, Terpenoids Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action
Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes Glycosides, Sterols Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24
  2. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15
  3. ↑ Agrawal, S. S.; Naqvi, S.; Gupta, S. (2007). "Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 112 (2): 323–327. 
  4. ↑ Billore, K. V.; Yadav, B. G.; Prajapati, P. K. (1995). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts". Ancient Science of Life. 15 (1): 28–33. 
  5. ↑ Goel, V. K.; Garg, S. C. (2002). "Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats". Fitoterapia. 73 (6): 512–515. 
  6. ↑ Elango, V.; Kumar, B.; Edison, S. J. (2009). "Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". International Journal of Pharmacology. 5 (3): 194–198. 
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