Charak Samhita

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Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Pashanabheda, Saxifraga ligulata Wall., Stone breaker, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Wall.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing renal calculi (Ashmari), dysuria (Mutrakriccha), and urinary disorders. It acts as a potent diuretic and lithotriptic agent.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|title = Pashanabheda
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]''', popularly known as '''Pashanabheda''' (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).
--
 
==English name ==
Stone breaker
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini


[[File:Saxifraga_ligulata.jpg|thumb|Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata)]]
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+ Properties  
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Taste  (rasa)
|Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|Actions (karma)
|-
|Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|-
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect (prabhava)
|Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|'''Activity'''
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)
|Mootravirechaniya mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as an ingredient of yavagu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46 || Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
|Used for Vataja  Mutrakruchhra.
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga.
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|}
|}


==Dose==
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 20–30 g<ref name="ref1"/>
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
==Current researches ==
* '''India –''' Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
 
  This article is under development ..
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' rhizomes and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Bergenin:''' A primary active C-glycoside known for its potent anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory properties.
* '''Flavonoids & Tannins:''' Catechin, gallic acid, and various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense.
* '''Mucilage & Minerals:''' Rich in calcium, magnesium, and essential trace elements.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic and Lithotriptic Effects ===
Pashanabheda is renowned for its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve, and expel urinary stones (*ashmari*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden, decrease calcium and oxalate excretion, and restore normal urine output.<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
 
=== Diuretic and Nephroprotective Actions ===
Its classic classification under *Mutravirechaniya* mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity.<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties ===
Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (*mutrakriccha*) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
* '''Mechanism:''' Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of common urinary tract pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones against bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs).<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Bergenin, Polyphenols
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic, Diuretic
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| Mucilage, Flavonoids
| Demulcent, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Tannins, Glycosides
| Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
}}
 
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