Charak Samhita

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Acorus calamus L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *vacha, Acorus calamus L., Sweet flag* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|title = Vacha
Line 8: Line 17:
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability  
|data4 = Available  
|data4 = Available  
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2024
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders. Its rhizome has been used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Chinese medicine for nervous disorders, colic, cough, fever, inflammation and digestive complaints, and modern studies have examined several of these uses.<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>
== English name ==
Sweet flag
Sweet flag


==Therapeutic Uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmade), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna Srava), Smrti daurbalya
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
Calamus aromaticus Garsault
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault
==Raja nighantu<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>==
 
== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).


Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (Rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
 
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p.42.</ref>==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter(tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9
| Virechana  (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
|Churna  pradeha(external application)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
| Lekhaniya (emaciating)mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
| Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashay
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|Arshoghna(anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashay
|-
|-
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashay
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48)
|Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(treatment of disease of Over-nutrition)
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38
|Sukha prasavarth
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47
|Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61
|Kshirajanan  karma
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|-
|17
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
|-
|18
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58
|Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|-
|19
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body  purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|-
|20
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|21
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|-
|22
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|23
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307
|In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana.
|-
|-
|24
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
|-
|-
|25
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80
|Ingredient of Hingvadi  churna
|-
|-
|26
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna
|-
|-
|27
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya  Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|-
|28
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|-
|29
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|-
|30
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|31
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|32
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|-
|33
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75
|As a Swedan (fomentation)dravya
|-
|-
|34
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45
|Ingredient in Mahapaishachik  Ghrit
|-
|-
|35
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|-
|36
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|-
|-
|37
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25
|Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrit
|-
|-
|38
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27
|Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrit
|-
|-
|39
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34
|Ingredient in Palankashadi  tail
|-
|-
|40
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|41
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh  nashak yog
|-
|-
|42
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
|In treatment  of Udara roga  (for parisheka)
|-
|-
|43
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|-
|44
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124
|As an  ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
|-
|45
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|46
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|47
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|-
|48
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
|-
|49
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41
 
|Used in  swedana kriya(fomentation therapy)
 
|-
|-
|50
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna
 
|-
|-
|51
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in  anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|52
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
 
|Churna of  this drug with combination of ativisa,musta,devdaru etc. is given in aam and  shoola yukta mala
 
|-
|-
|53
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101
|Churna of this drug with combination of hingu,ativisa, abhaya etc is used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
|-
|54
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|-
|55
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrit
|-
|-
|56
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134,
15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
|-
|57
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182
|As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
|-
|58
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|59
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrit
|-
|-
|60
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|-
|61
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53
|As an ingredient  of chitrakadi leha.
|-
|-
|62
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
 
|As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|-
|63
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|-
|64
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|As a pramathya dravya
|-
|-
|65
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|-
|-
|66
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|67|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|As a anuvasana dravya
|-
|-
|68|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|
As a kwath dravya  
|-
|-
|69|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|As piccha basti dravya.
|-
|-
|70|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
 
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|-
|71
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|-
|72
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212
|Used in the treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita  poison.
|-
|-
|73
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20
|As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|-
|74
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|-
|75
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|-
|76
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|-
|77
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|-
|78
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga(heart disease)
|-
|-
|79
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma.
|-
|-
|80
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya(rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya.
|-
|-
|81
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila.
|-
|-
|82
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|-
|-
|83
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola.
|-
|-
|84
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|-
|85
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
 
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
|-
|86
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36
 
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|-
|87
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|88
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|-
|89
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|-
|90
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|-
|91
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149
|Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta.
|-
|-
|92
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
|-
|-
|93
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga.
|-
|-
|94
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252
|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana.
|-
|-
|95
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273
|Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha.
|-
|-
|96
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>==
== Dose ==
Churna  
Churna
* 60 – 120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1 – 2 gm (for inducing vomiting)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
Line 470: Line 284:
* Hingu Vachadi Churna
* Hingu Vachadi Churna


== Current availability==  
== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.
 
== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Major classes of compounds ===
A comprehensive review reports that about 145 constituents have been isolated and identified from the plant. They belong mainly to the phenylpropanoids (including α-asarone and β-asarone), sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenes, with triterpenoid saponins and other compounds also described.<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>
 
=== Essential oil of the rhizome ===
GC/MS analysis of the rhizome essential oil showed β-asarone (79.54%) and α-asarone (8.47%) as the major constituents. The asarone content varies between plant chemotypes, so these figures apply only to the sample studied.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below comes from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of ''Acorus calamus'' was verified during the preparation of this monograph.
 
=== Nootropic activity (Medhya, Smrti daurbalya) ===
In an in vitro Ellman assay, the hydroalcoholic extract, the essential oil and the main constituents of the rhizome inhibited acetylcholinesterase. β-Asarone, the major constituent of the oil, showed the strongest inhibition. This offers a biochemical basis for the traditional use of Vacha to improve memory, although enzyme inhibition in vitro does not by itself prove a memory-enhancing effect in humans.<ref name="Mukherjee2007"/>
 
=== Neuroprotective activity ===
Acorus calamus extract was reported to have a neuroprotective effect against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rats.<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>
 
=== Central nervous system and sedative activity (Unmada) ===
An ethanol extract of the rhizome was screened for central nervous system activity in mice and rats. It produced a number of actions similar to those of α-asarone, though it differed from it in some respects.<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>
 
=== Anticonvulsant activity (Apasmara) ===
The effect of ''Acorus calamus'' on behavioural, electroencephalographic and antioxidant changes was studied in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rats. The authors concluded that the plant has potential to be developed as an antiepileptic agent.<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>
 
=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
In rats, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the rhizome (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Paw inflammation in the carrageenan model was significantly reduced.<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Asarone toxicity:''' The European Medicines Agency's herbal committee stated that α- and β-asarone are genotoxic and cause liver cancer in rodents. It advised caution with herbal products containing asarone, especially those from ''Acorus'' species.<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' High doses or prolonged use of crude, unstandardised preparations should be avoided, since asarone content varies between plant varieties. Pregnant women and young children should use Vacha only under qualified supervision.


Available
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
* In India –
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West bengal, bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Acorus calamus'' (preclinical evidence)
* Out of India
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
–
|-
China, Japan, Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania
| '''Memory and cognition (Medhya)''' || Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extract, oil and β-asarone || In vitro
|-
| '''Neurological injury''' || Neuroprotection against induced cerebral ischaemia || Rat model
|-
| '''Epilepsy (Apasmara)''' || Inhibition of ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis || Rat model
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever''' || Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects || Rat models
|-
| '''Colic, abdominal distress''' || Antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective effects || Rat model
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>
<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>
<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>
<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>


== Current researches ==
<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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