Charak Samhita

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Adhatoda vasica Nees.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *vasa, Adhatoda vasica Nees., Malabar nut* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Vasa
|title = Vasa
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|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|Label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2024
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
Malabar nut


==Therapeutic Uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders. Modern studies have focused mainly on its quinazoline alkaloids and on its antitussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and antitubercular effects, which are summarised below.
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta)
 
== English name ==
Malabar nut<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>


== Therapeutic Uses ==
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta).<ref name="API1986"/>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
Line 35: Line 46:
* Ecbolium adhatoda (L.) Kuntze
* Ecbolium adhatoda (L.) Kuntze
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.
==Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>3. Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p.306.</ref>== – 2
1. Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
2. Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya(flowers are resemble like mouth of a lion), Simhika, Bhishakmata, Tamra, Vrusha.  
In traditional medicine, Vasa is classified as a vital drug for pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas. Its bitter taste and cold potency make it exceptional for clearing respiratory obstructions, stopping internal bleeding, and alleviating inflammatory swellings.


==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p.308 - 309.</ref>==
== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white in colour as like that of teeth of horse), Simhaparna
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
# Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
# Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya (flowers resemble the mouth of a lion), Bhishakmata, Vrusha.
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white as teeth of a horse), Simhaparna.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Sutra  sthana 3/3
|Siddhatama  churna pradeha
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|Sutra Sthana 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Ch  Su 27/96
|Shaka Varga
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|Vimana  Sthana 8/143
|Tiktaskandha
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/1/64
|In formulation  of chyavanaprasha
|-
|-
|6
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/64 || In formulation of Chyavanaprasha
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222 || As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/247
|Used in niruha basti.
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247 || Used in niruha basti (enema)
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/65
|As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha.
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/65 || As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/88
|As an ingredient of Vasaghrita.
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/88 || As an ingredient of Vasaghrita
|Cha.Sa.Chi5/126
|Ingredient in Vasa Ghrit  for Pittaj Gulma
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/126 || Ingredient in Vasa Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/105
|Ghrit preparation in treatment of Daha
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105 || Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha (burning sensation)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for bahyaprayogartha
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/44
|Used in  avasechana in arsha roga
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in avasechana in arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/153
|As an  ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|-
|17
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153 || As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/214
|Used for  parisechana in rakta arsha
|-
|-
|18
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214 || Used for parisechana in rakta arsha
|Cha. Sa. Ch. 15/125
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrit
|-
|-
|19
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa. Chi.23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita.
|-
|-
|20
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/52 
|Used in Sarva  mutrakruchhra.
|-
|-
|21
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/52 || Used in Sarva mutrakruchhra
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/60
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi  churna.
|-
|-
|22
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|-
|23
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|-
|24
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239 || Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|-
|25
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170 || As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/152
|-
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|}
|}


== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml
* Kwatha (Decoction): 10–20 ml<ref name="API1986"/>


== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vasakavaleha


==Current availability ==
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
==Current researches ==
* In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.
 
== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Quinazoline alkaloids ===
Vasicine is the main alkaloid of the plant. A second alkaloid, vasicinone (C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), was isolated in crystalline form from the leaves and found to be a much weaker base than vasicine. It is identical to the quinazolone obtained by oxidising vasicine with hydrogen peroxide, and it was reported as a bronchodilator alkaloid.<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>
 
=== Volatile oil (leaves) ===
Hydrodistillation of the leaves gave 0.096% (v/w) essential oil. GC-MS identified eleven compounds, of which borneol (58.60%) was the most abundant.<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Vasa alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.
 
=== Bronchodilatory and anti-asthmatic activity (Svasa) ===
In a screening of traditional antiasthmatic plants, alkaloids from ''Adhatoda vasica'' that had not been described before gave pronounced protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs (10 mg/ml, by aerosol).<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>
 
=== Antitussive activity (Kasa) ===
The antitussive effect of an ''Adhatoda vasica'' extract was studied against coughing induced by mechanical or chemical stimulation in animals, which supports the traditional use of Vasa in cough.<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>
 
=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
Five alkaloids from the chloroform fraction (vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzylamine and vasicinolone) showed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Vasicine inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 59.51% at 20 mg/kg, and vasicinone inhibited CFA-induced paw oedema by 63.94% at 10 mg/kg.<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>
 
=== Antitubercular activity (Kshaya) ===
Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves, significantly inhibited ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', including a multi-drug-resistant strain, in vitro. The authors suggested they could be evaluated further as antitubercular drug leads.<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>
 
=== Other traditional uses ===
Experimental evidence for the traditional uses in internal bleeding (raktapitta), jaundice (kamala) and diabetes (prameha) was not verified during the preparation of this monograph, so no efficacy claim is made for them.
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Uterine effects:''' Several scientific reports in the last decades have described oxytocic (uterine-stimulating) and abortifacient effects of vasicine and of alkaloids derived from the plant. A critical review concluded that these reports raise questions about the safety of ''Adhatoda vasica'' as a herbal medicine, so it should be avoided in pregnancy and used only under qualified supervision.<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Adhatoda vasica'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Bronchial asthma (Svasa)''' || Protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction by alkaloids; vasicinone reported as bronchodilator || Guinea pig model
|-
| '''Cough (Kasa)''' || Antitussive effect against mechanically and chemically induced cough || Animal models
|-
| '''Inflammatory swelling''' || Vasicine and vasicinone reduced paw oedema || Rat models
|-
| '''Tuberculosis (Kshaya)''' || Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine inhibited ''M. tuberculosis'' || In vitro
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>
<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>
<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>
<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>
<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>
<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>
<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>
}}
 
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[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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