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|title=Charak Samhita | |||
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|keywords= Vidanga, Embelia ribes BURM.F., worm treatment, krimi, krimighna, obesity, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | |||
|description=''Embelia ribes'' Burm. f., commonly known as '''Vidanga''' or '''False Black Pepper''', is a large, dioecious, woody climbing liana belonging to the family Myrsinaceae. | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
Embelia ribes BURM.F. | Embelia ribes BURM.F. | ||
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|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = Contributors | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = | |data5 = Team Dravyaguna | ||
|label6 = Year of publication | |label6 = Year of publication | ||
|data6 = | |data6 = 2026 | ||
|label7 = Publisher | |label7 = Publisher | ||
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | |data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
== | == Botanical Profile & Overview == | ||
''Embelia ribes'' Burm. f., commonly known as '''Vidanga''' or '''False Black Pepper''', is a large, dioecious, woody climbing liana belonging to the family Myrsinaceae.{{cite journal |last1=G. |first1=R. S. |year=2021 |title=Economic Importance and Medicinal Strength of Vidanga (Embelia ribes) : An Endangered Medicinal Plant of Western Ghats of India |journal=International Journal on Agricultural Sciences |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.53390/ijas.v12i1.7}} It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly thriving in the Western Ghats.{{cite journal |last1=Raskar |first1=S. |last2=Purkar |first2=V. |last3=Sardesai |first3=M. |last4=Mitra |first4=S. |year=2022 |title=Assessing the Impact of Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity on Metabolic Profiles of a Medicinal Plant, Embelia ribes Burm. f. |journal=Plants |volume=11 |issue=21 |pages=2861 |doi=10.3390/plants11212861}} Due to its extensive commercial exploitation and high demand in traditional alternative medicine systems—such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha—''E. ribes'' is currently flagged as an endangered medicinal species requiring stringent conservation strategies. | |||
The dried fruits (berries) are globally sought after due to their significant concentration of unique bioactive benzoquinones, rendering them highly valued in pharmacological drug design. | |||
== Therapeutic Uses<ref> | == Therapeutic Uses== | ||
Colic pain (Sula), Worms (krimi roga), Abdominal diseases (udara roga), abdominal distension (adhmana)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref> | |||
==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ||
Embelia robusta C.B.Cl. | Embelia robusta C.B.Cl. | ||
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | == Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
Krimighna(kills the worms), Krimihara, Chitratandula(seed of vidang has white spots on its surface), Jantunashana(efficacious drug in case of worm infestation) | Krimighna(kills the worms), Krimihara, Chitratandula(seed of vidang has white spots on its surface), Jantunashana(efficacious drug in case of worm infestation) | ||
== Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 111, p.50.</ref> | == Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu== | ||
Tandul, vella(due to its delicate and flexible branches vidanga looks like a creeper), amodha<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 111, p.50.</ref> | |||
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | ||
| Line 68: | Line 82: | ||
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy) | | 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || | | 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighni yavagu(gruel worm infestation) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || | | 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anu | | 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anu taila dravya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || | | 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighn amahakashaya(anti-satiety) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || | | 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna mahakashaya(anti-dermatosis) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || | | 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || | | 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag mahakashaya(helping nasal errhine therapy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23 | |10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23 | ||
| Line 124: | Line 138: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|21 | |21 | ||
|Cha.Sa[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 | |Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 | ||
|Prajata stree paricharya | |Prajata stree paricharya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 161: | Line 175: | ||
|30 | |30 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144 | ||
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya | |Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma | ||
|- | |- | ||
|31 | |31 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 | ||
|Used for making decoction in | |Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh | ||
|- | |- | ||
|32 | |32 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 | ||
|Used for making decoction in | |Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh | ||
|- | |- | ||
|33 | |33 | ||
| Line 193: | Line 207: | ||
|38 | |38 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/105 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/105 | ||
|Ingredient in Sweta-karaviradhya | |Ingredient in Sweta-karaviradhya Taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|39 | |39 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106 | ||
|Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya | |Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|40 | |40 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109 | ||
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi | |Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila | ||
For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth | For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth | ||
| Line 207: | Line 221: | ||
|41 | |41 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 | ||
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri | |Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|42 | |42 | ||
| Line 215: | Line 229: | ||
|43 | |43 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 | ||
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir | |Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita | ||
|- | |- | ||
|44 | |44 | ||
| Line 227: | Line 241: | ||
|46 | |46 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/160 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/160 | ||
|Kushthahar | |Kushthahar Yoga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|47 | |47 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161 | ||
|Kushthahar | |Kushthahar Yoga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|48 | |48 | ||
| Line 239: | Line 253: | ||
|49 | |49 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37 | ||
|Ingredient in Kalyanak | |Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita | ||
|- | |- | ||
|50 | |50 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 | ||
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak | |Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita | ||
|- | |- | ||
|51 | |51 | ||
| Line 259: | Line 273: | ||
|54 | |54 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 | ||
|As an Unmardan dravya in | |As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|55 | |55 | ||
| Line 295: | Line 309: | ||
|63 | |63 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88 | ||
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya | |As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|64 | |64 | ||
| Line 351: | Line 365: | ||
|77 | |77 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52 | ||
|As an ingredient of vidangadi leha | |As an ingredient of vidangadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|78 | |78 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174 | ||
|As an ingredient of padmakadi leha | |As an ingredient of padmakadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|79 | |79 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 | ||
|As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha | |As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|80 | |80 | ||
| Line 367: | Line 381: | ||
|81 | |81 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52 | ||
|As an ingredient of vidangadi leha | |As an ingredient of vidangadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|82 | |82 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174 | ||
|As an ingredient of padmakadi leha | |As an ingredient of padmakadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|83 | |83 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 | ||
|As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha | |As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|84 | |84 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/182 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/182 | ||
|As an ingredient of yavagu | |As an ingredient of yavagu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|85 | |85 | ||
| Line 391: | Line 405: | ||
|87 | |87 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/37 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/37 | ||
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga | |As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|88 | |88 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 | ||
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | |As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|89 | |89 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57 | ||
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada | |As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada | ||
|- | |- | ||
|90 | |90 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 | ||
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | |As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|91 | |91 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13 | ||
|Used to make Udavarta varti | |Used to make Udavarta varti | ||
|- | |- | ||
|92 | |92 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 | ||
|As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna | |As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|93 | |93 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 | ||
|Used in Hrudshoola | |Used in Hrudshoola | ||
|- | |- | ||
|94 | |94 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 | ||
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana | |Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana | ||
|- | |- | ||
|95 | |95 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 | ||
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila | |As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
|96 | |96 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 | ||
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya | |Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|97 | |97 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252 | ||
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti | |As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti | ||
|- | |- | ||
|98 | |98 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254 | ||
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti | |As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti | ||
|- | |- | ||
|99 | |99 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 | ||
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola | |As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref> | ==Dose== | ||
Churna – 5 – 10 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref> | |||
==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref> | ==Important formulations== | ||
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref> | |||
* Vidangarishta | * Vidangarishta | ||
* Vidanga Lauha | * Vidanga Lauha | ||
| Line 452: | Line 467: | ||
== Current availability== | == Current availability== | ||
Available | |||
* India – | |||
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand | |||
* Out of India – | |||
Out of India – | |||
Sri lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Kenya, Uganda | Sri lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Kenya, Uganda | ||
== Current researches == | |||
== Phytochemical Composition == | |||
The therapeutic matrix of ''Embelia ribes'' stems from its rich reservoir of secondary metabolites. The primary biomarker and most biologically potent constituent isolated from its berries is '''embelin''' (chemically identified as ''2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone'').{{cite journal |last1=Kundap |first1=U. P. |last2=Bhuvanendran |first2=S. |last3=Kumari |first3=Y. |last4=Othman |first4=I. |last5=Shaikh |first5=M. F. |year=2017 |title=Plant Derived Phytocompound, Embelin in CNS Disorders: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |pages=76 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00076}} | |||
Beyond embelin, metabolomic profiling has revealed several secondary phytoconstituents that contribute synergistically to its efficacy: | |||
== | * '''Benzoquinones & Derivatives:''' Vilangin, 5-O-methylembelin, and embeliol. | ||
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Present in high quantities in ethanolic extracts, dictating major radical scavenging pathways. | |||
* '''Alkaloids, Tannins, and Resins:''' Found distributed across the fruits, leaves, and roots, providing defenses against exogenous microbial stress. | |||
--- | |||
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | |||
=== Anthelmintic & Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krimighna'' Action) === | |||
In classical Ayurvedic texts, Vidanga is heralded as the premier ''Krimighna dravya'' (anti-parasitic/anti-worm herb).{{cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=U. |year=2013 |title=OA02.14. Krimigna action of vidanga against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria, importance of correct identification |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=32 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S20 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.123834}} | |||
* '''Anthelmintic Action:''' Crudely crushed seeds and isolated embelin fractions demonstrate a high structural clearance rate against intestinal parasites like ''Ascariasis'' at concentrations spanning 10–200 µg/mL.{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=V. |last2=Gautam |first2=D. N. S. |last3=Radu |first3=A.-F. |last4=Behl |first4=T. |last5=Bungau |first5=S. G. |last6=Vesa |first6=C. M. |year=2022 |title=Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm |journal=Antioxidants |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1359 |doi=10.3390/antiox11071359}} | |||
* '''Antimicrobial Limits:''' While historical data strongly endorses its role as an intestinal purifier, modern testing against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (e.g., ''Klebsiella spp.'', ''E. coli'', ''Salmonella spp.'') exhibits moderate to variable baseline clearance. This variability emphasizes the extreme necessity of using authentic, non-adulterated ''E. ribes'' over standard commercial substitutions. | |||
=== Neuroprotective & Central Nervous System (CNS) Actions === | |||
Embelin possesses the molecular characteristics required to successfully cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it highly valuable in managing age-related cognitive decline and neurological dysfunction. | |||
* '''Anticonvulsant Properties:''' In animal models subjected to Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) protocols, isolated embelin exhibits dose-dependent seizure prevention. It suppresses high-frequency action potentials and delays the onset of clonic-tonic phases, likely by modulating chloride conductance via \text{GABA}_\text{A} receptor pathways. | |||
* '''Neuroprotective Mechanisms:''' Embelin works as a structural adjunct therapy in cerebral strokes by reducing cerebral infarction areas and protecting normal glial density through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B} and p53. | |||
=== Antidiabetic & Pancreatic β-Cell Protection === | |||
''Embelia ribes'' extracts show significant therapeutic activity against the metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus. | |||
* '''Islet Regeneration:''' Long-term administration (40 days) of ethanolic ''E. ribes'' fruit extracts (100–200 mg/kg) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models leads to a visible expansion and repair of shrunken pancreatic islets.{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=U. |last2=Jain |first2=N. |last3=Pillai |first3=K. K. |year=2007 |title=Further Studies on Antioxidant Potential and Protection of Pancreatic β‐Cells by Embelia ribes in Experimental Diabetes |journal=Journal of Diabetes Research |volume=2007 |pages=15803 |doi=10.1155/2007/15803}} | |||
* '''Biochemical Regulation:''' Research demonstrates a sharp decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lactate dehydrogenase, and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Concurrently, it restores depleted endogenous cellular defenses like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione, rivaling standard glycemic agents like gliclazide. | |||
=== Tissue Regeneration & Wound Healing === | |||
Topical application of isolated embelin (4 mg/mL) and crude ethanolic leaf extracts (30 mg/mL) accelerates cellular regeneration. Studies demonstrate significantly faster epithelialization rates, elevated wound contraction values, enhanced tensile strength, and improved cross-linking of structural collagen fibers compared to reference pharmaceutical skin ointments like framycetin. | |||
--- | |||
== Key Pharmacological Reference Matrix == | |||
The validated biological pathways of ''E. ribes'' can be summarized as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Therapeutic Target !! Bioactive Component !! Primary Scientific Mechanism !! Key Outcome | |||
|- | |||
| '''Metabolic Control''' || Ethanolic Fruit Extract || Upregulates SOD/Catalase; lowers pancreatic tissue TBARS. || Pancreatic β-cell protection and reduction of diabetic oxidative stress. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Neurological Health''' || Isolated Embelin || Suppresses \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B}/p53; modulates \text{GABA}*\text{A} receptors. || Anticonvulsant action and preservation of glial density. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dermal Repair''' || Leaf Extract / Embelin || Promotes collagen fiber cross-linking; controls monocyte aggregation. || Rapid epithelialization and enhanced wound contraction. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Antioxidant Defense''' || Polar Ethanolic Fraction || High radical scavenging capacity (\text{IC}*{50} down to 6.21 µg/mL in ALP assays).{{cite journal |last1=Jagtap |first1=K. |last2=Mulik |first2=A. |last3=A. Singh |first3=E. |last4=Jagtap |first4=S. |year=2022 |title=Comparative Study to Evaluate Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Different 'Vidanga' Species for Antioxidant Efficacy and Phyto-Constituents Screening |journal=Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=165-177 |doi=10.13005/bpj/2352}} || Protection against systemic lipid peroxidation. | |||
|} | |||
--- | |||
== Quality Control, Adulteration, and Geographic Variation == | |||
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) demonstrates that ''E. ribes'' samples display up to 94% compound diversity based strictly on their microclimate and geographic location in the Western Ghats. Consequently, standardized extraction methods and genetic marker validation are vital to ensuring reproducible therapeutic efficacy in clinical practice. | |||
--- | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:21, 14 July 2026
Embelia ribes BURM.F.
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Vidanga |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Embelia ribes BURM.F. |
| Family | Myrsinaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Botanical Profile & Overview
Embelia ribes Burm. f., commonly known as Vidanga or False Black Pepper, is a large, dioecious, woody climbing liana belonging to the family Myrsinaceae.G., R. S. (2021). "Economic Importance and Medicinal Strength of Vidanga (Embelia ribes) : An Endangered Medicinal Plant of Western Ghats of India". International Journal on Agricultural Sciences. 12 (1): 29–33. doi:10.53390/ijas.v12i1.7. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly thriving in the Western Ghats.Raskar, S.; Purkar, V.; Sardesai, M.; Mitra, S. (2022). "Assessing the Impact of Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity on Metabolic Profiles of a Medicinal Plant, Embelia ribes Burm. f.". Plants. 11 (21): 2861. doi:10.3390/plants11212861. Due to its extensive commercial exploitation and high demand in traditional alternative medicine systems—such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha—E. ribes is currently flagged as an endangered medicinal species requiring stringent conservation strategies.
The dried fruits (berries) are globally sought after due to their significant concentration of unique bioactive benzoquinones, rendering them highly valued in pharmacological drug design.
Therapeutic Uses
Colic pain (Sula), Worms (krimi roga), Abdominal diseases (udara roga), abdominal distension (adhmana)[1]
Other varieties / Other botanical names
Embelia robusta C.B.Cl.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Krimighna(kills the worms), Krimihara, Chitratandula(seed of vidang has white spots on its surface), Jantunashana(efficacious drug in case of worm infestation)
Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu
Tandul, vella(due to its delicate and flexible branches vidanga looks like a creeper), amodha[2]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify kapha and vata |
| 6 | Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) | Vermicide (krimigna) |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/81 | Phalini (Virechana) (Therapeutic Purgation) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/3 | Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/23 | Krimighni yavagu(gruel worm infestation) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/3 | Siddhatama churna pradeha |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/64 | Anu taila dravya |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(11) | Truptighn amahakashaya(anti-satiety) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(13) | Kushthaghna mahakashaya(anti-dermatosis) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(15) | Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics) |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(27) | Shirovirechanopag mahakashaya(helping nasal errhine therapy) |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/23 | Management of obesity |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/18 | Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder ) |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/19 | Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder ) |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions) |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/17 | Abhyantar Krimi(worms) Chikitsa |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/21 | Abhyantar Krimi(worms) Chikitsa |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/22 | Abhyantar Krimi(worms) Chikitsa |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/24 | Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/25 | Abhyantar Krimi(worms) Chikitsa |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/142 | Katuskandha(group of pungent drugs) |
| 20 | Cha.SaSharira Sthana 8/34 | Garbhasya pratimasik karma |
| 21 | Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/41 | Prajata stree paricharya |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/37 | Preparations of Trivrit awaleha |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/40 | Kalyanaka Guda |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/46 | Vyoshadi Modaka |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/25 | Body purification before rasayana treatment |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/2/9 | In formulation of vidangavaleha |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 | Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 | Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/106 | Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/144 | Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 | Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 | Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 | Ingredient in Madhvasav |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/48 | As Nashya in Kushth |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/77 | Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/84 | Kushthaghna lepa |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/103 | Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(external application) |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/105 | Ingredient in Sweta-karaviradhya Taila |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/106 | Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Taila |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/109 | Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila
For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/111 | Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/126 | Lepa in Mandal and Dadru Kushth |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/153 | Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/157 | Snan, Pana and Pradeh in Galit-Kushth |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/159 | As Krimihar dravya in treatment |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/160 | Kushthahar Yoga |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/161 | Kushthahar Yoga |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/167 | Shvitra nashak Lepa |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/37 | Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 | Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/29 | Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/39 | Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 | Ingredient in Kshar Gudika |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/72 | As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/80 | In preparation of vidangadi kshara (for pleehodara) |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/119 | As an ingredient of patoladi churna |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 | As an ingredient of narayan churna |
| 58 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/148 | Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer |
| 59 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/50 | Dhupan yoga in arsha roga |
| 60 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 | As an ingredient of traushnadi churna |
| 61 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/138 | As an ingredient of abhayarista |
| 62 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/158 | As an ingredient of kanakarista |
| 63 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna |
| 64 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/146 | As an ingredient of madhookasava |
| 65 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/154 | As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani ) |
| 66 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/158 | As an ingredient of Mulasava |
| 67 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/164 | As an ingredient of Madhvarista |
| 68 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/189 | Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara |
| 69 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/7 | As an ingredient of Navayas Loha |
| 70 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/73 | As an ingredient of Mandur Vataka |
| 71 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/78 | As an ingredient of Suvarna Makshika Yoga |
| 72 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/93 | As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandur |
| 73 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/97 | As an ingredient of Darvyadi Leha |
| 74 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/103 | As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka |
| 75 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/103 | As an ingredient of As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrit |
| 76 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/47 | As a yoga dravya |
| 77 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/52 | As an ingredient of vidangadi leha |
| 78 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/174 | As an ingredient of padmakadi leha |
| 79 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/178 | As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha |
| 80 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/47 | As a yoga dravya |
| 81 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/52 | As an ingredient of vidangadi leha |
| 82 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/174 | As an ingredient of padmakadi leha |
| 83 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/178 | As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha |
| 84 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/182 | As an ingredient of yavagu |
| 85 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 | As a kwatha dravya |
| 86 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/111 | As a yoga dravya |
| 87 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/37 | As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga |
| 88 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/137 | As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila |
| 89 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/57 | As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada |
| 90 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/90 | As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila |
| 91 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/13 | Used to make Udavarta varti |
| 92 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/20 | As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna |
| 93 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/101 | Used in Hrudshoola |
| 94 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/152 | Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana |
| 95 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 | As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila |
| 96 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 | Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya |
| 97 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/252 | As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti |
| 98 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/254 | As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti |
| 99 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/152 | As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola |
Dose
Churna – 5 – 10 gm[3]
Important formulations
As per A.P.I.[4]
- Vidangarishta
- Vidanga Lauha
- Vidangadi Lauha
Current availability
Available
- India –
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
- Out of India –
Sri lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Kenya, Uganda
Current researches
Phytochemical Composition
The therapeutic matrix of Embelia ribes stems from its rich reservoir of secondary metabolites. The primary biomarker and most biologically potent constituent isolated from its berries is embelin (chemically identified as 2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone).Kundap, U. P.; Bhuvanendran, S.; Kumari, Y.; Othman, I.; Shaikh, M. F. (2017). "Plant Derived Phytocompound, Embelin in CNS Disorders: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 76. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00076.
Beyond embelin, metabolomic profiling has revealed several secondary phytoconstituents that contribute synergistically to its efficacy:
- Benzoquinones & Derivatives: Vilangin, 5-O-methylembelin, and embeliol.
- Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids: Present in high quantities in ethanolic extracts, dictating major radical scavenging pathways.
- Alkaloids, Tannins, and Resins: Found distributed across the fruits, leaves, and roots, providing defenses against exogenous microbial stress.
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Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy
Anthelmintic & Antimicrobial Efficacy (Krimighna Action)
In classical Ayurvedic texts, Vidanga is heralded as the premier Krimighna dravya (anti-parasitic/anti-worm herb).Patil, U. (2013). "OA02.14. Krimigna action of vidanga against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria, importance of correct identification". Ancient Science of Life. 32 (Suppl 2): S20. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.123834.
- Anthelmintic Action: Crudely crushed seeds and isolated embelin fractions demonstrate a high structural clearance rate against intestinal parasites like Ascariasis at concentrations spanning 10–200 µg/mL.Sharma, V.; Gautam, D. N. S.; Radu, A.-F.; Behl, T.; Bungau, S. G.; Vesa, C. M. (2022). "Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm". Antioxidants. 11 (7): 1359. doi:10.3390/antiox11071359.
- Antimicrobial Limits: While historical data strongly endorses its role as an intestinal purifier, modern testing against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (e.g., Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp.) exhibits moderate to variable baseline clearance. This variability emphasizes the extreme necessity of using authentic, non-adulterated E. ribes over standard commercial substitutions.
Neuroprotective & Central Nervous System (CNS) Actions
Embelin possesses the molecular characteristics required to successfully cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it highly valuable in managing age-related cognitive decline and neurological dysfunction.
- Anticonvulsant Properties: In animal models subjected to Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) protocols, isolated embelin exhibits dose-dependent seizure prevention. It suppresses high-frequency action potentials and delays the onset of clonic-tonic phases, likely by modulating chloride conductance via \text{GABA}_\text{A} receptor pathways.
- Neuroprotective Mechanisms: Embelin works as a structural adjunct therapy in cerebral strokes by reducing cerebral infarction areas and protecting normal glial density through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B} and p53.
Antidiabetic & Pancreatic β-Cell Protection
Embelia ribes extracts show significant therapeutic activity against the metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus.
- Islet Regeneration: Long-term administration (40 days) of ethanolic E. ribes fruit extracts (100–200 mg/kg) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models leads to a visible expansion and repair of shrunken pancreatic islets.Bhandari, U.; Jain, N.; Pillai, K. K. (2007). "Further Studies on Antioxidant Potential and Protection of Pancreatic β‐Cells by Embelia ribes in Experimental Diabetes". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2007: 15803. doi:10.1155/2007/15803.
- Biochemical Regulation: Research demonstrates a sharp decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lactate dehydrogenase, and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Concurrently, it restores depleted endogenous cellular defenses like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione, rivaling standard glycemic agents like gliclazide.
Tissue Regeneration & Wound Healing
Topical application of isolated embelin (4 mg/mL) and crude ethanolic leaf extracts (30 mg/mL) accelerates cellular regeneration. Studies demonstrate significantly faster epithelialization rates, elevated wound contraction values, enhanced tensile strength, and improved cross-linking of structural collagen fibers compared to reference pharmaceutical skin ointments like framycetin.
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Key Pharmacological Reference Matrix
The validated biological pathways of E. ribes can be summarized as follows:
| Therapeutic Target | Bioactive Component | Primary Scientific Mechanism | Key Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Control | Ethanolic Fruit Extract | Upregulates SOD/Catalase; lowers pancreatic tissue TBARS. | Pancreatic β-cell protection and reduction of diabetic oxidative stress. |
| Neurological Health | Isolated Embelin | Suppresses \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B}/p53; modulates \text{GABA}*\text{A} receptors. | Anticonvulsant action and preservation of glial density. |
| Dermal Repair | Leaf Extract / Embelin | Promotes collagen fiber cross-linking; controls monocyte aggregation. | Rapid epithelialization and enhanced wound contraction. |
| Antioxidant Defense | Polar Ethanolic Fraction | High radical scavenging capacity (\text{IC}*{50} down to 6.21 µg/mL in ALP assays).Jagtap, K.; Mulik, A.; A. Singh, E.; Jagtap, S. (2022). "Comparative Study to Evaluate Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Different 'Vidanga' Species for Antioxidant Efficacy and Phyto-Constituents Screening". Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 15 (1): 165–177. doi:10.13005/bpj/2352. | Protection against systemic lipid peroxidation. |
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Quality Control, Adulteration, and Geographic Variation
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) demonstrates that E. ribes samples display up to 94% compound diversity based strictly on their microclimate and geographic location in the Western Ghats. Consequently, standardized extraction methods and genetic marker validation are vital to ensuring reproducible therapeutic efficacy in clinical practice.
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References
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.
- ↑ Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 111, p.50.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.