Charak Samhita

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Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia arjuna
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Arjuna
|title = Arjuna
Line 6: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia arjuna
|data2 = Terminalia arjuna
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family Combretaceae), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'').<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Shridhar |last2=Chopra |first2=Deepti |year=2014 |title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug |journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=224–231 |doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 |pmid=25379361 |pmc=4220503}}</ref> Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal |last1=Mould |first1=M. A. |last2=Sridhar |first2=M. |year=2023 |title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review |journal=Pharmaceuticals |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=126 |doi=10.3390/ph16010126 |pmid=36678623 |pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane triterpenoids, triterpenoid glycosides, flavonoids, and hydrolyzable tannins that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection.<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pauzi |first1=Ahmad Naim |last2=Lim |first2=Soo Tein |last3=Jantan |first3=Ibrahim |year=2021 |title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=85 |pages=153540 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 |pmid=33789182}}</ref>
 
==Therapeutic Use==
[[File:Arjuna.jpg|thumb|'''Arjuna (''Terminalia arjuna'')''']]
Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>
 
==Other varieties / other botanical names==
 
* Terminalia paniculata
* Terminalia tomentosa
* Sterculia urens


--
==Identification Characters==
* '''Dhavala''' – Bark is white in colour.
* '''Shvetavaha''' - Bark is white in colour.
* '''Sarpana''' – Large tree with spreading barks.
* '''Madhugandhiprasunaka'''– Flowers are sweet scented.
* '''Kakubha''' – Large tree covers large area.
* '''Nadisarja''' – Commonly grows near river banks.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Arjuna, Dhava, Kakubha, Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Partha, Shweta Vaha
Arjuna(means the white one, clear), Dhava, Kakubha(a large tree covers large area), Indradru(tree which is a very potent medicine), Nadisarja(commonly grows on river banks), Dhavala(bark in white in colour), Partha, Shweta Vaha(it has whitish outer bark)
 
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Kakubha, Arjuna, Nadisarja, Indradu, Viravriksha, Vira, Dhavala<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 23 - 24, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''Arjuna'' is regarded as the primary ''Hridya'' (cardiotonic) herb, possessing cool and astringent characteristics that pacify ''[[Kapha]]'' and ''[[Pitta]]'' [[Dosha|doshas]]<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta,
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Cardiac tonic (hridya)
|-
| 7 || Therapeutic actions || Cardiac tonic (hridya) Hridya (Cardioprotective/Cardiotonic), Kshataksheedhara (Healer of tissue injury and hemorrhage), Sandhananiya (Tissue/bone joining promoter), Raktashodhaka (Blood purifier), Medohara (Hypolipidemic/Anti-obesity).
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 31: Line 89:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 3/5
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]  3/5
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha(local application in powder form)
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 4/9(43)
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(43)
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya(ingredient of group of herbs for pacifying cold)
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana  5/73  
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]  5/73  
| Danta pavana
| Danta pavana(recommended for use in teeth-cleansing)
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha
|Kashaya-skandha(ingredient of group of astringent drugs)
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ch Ka 1/8
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Deshavichara
|Deshavichara (jangal desha )(kakubh)
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Ch Ka 1/8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/4
|Deshavichara
|For Cows
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/4
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|For Cows
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja  prameha
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj  prameh
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/129
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh
|Ingredient in Atisara nashaka  Khad-yusha
|-
|-
|12
|12
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/95
|Ingredient in Atisar nashak  Khad-yush
|Used as Patra-aachhadana on vrana.
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113
|Used as Patra-aachhadana on vrana.
|Used for tvak janana.
|-
|-
|14
|14
|Cha.sa. Chi.25/113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|Used for tvak janana.
|As an ingredient of  Udumbaravleha.
|-
|-
|15
|15
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|16
|16
|Cha.sa. Chi.26/272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]29/141
|As an ingredient ofMahaneela taila.
|Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa.
|-
|-
|17
|17
|Cha.Sa. chi.29/141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa.
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa. Chi.30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Dose==
 
3 – 6 gm of the drug in powder form.<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>
 
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>
* Parthadyarishta
* Nagarjunabhra Rasa
* Arjuna Ghrita
 
== Current availability==
 
Available
 
* In India – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odissa, West Bengal
* Out of India – Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Africa, Australia, South America
 
== Current researches ==
 
=== Major Phytochemical Constituents ===
The pharmacological activities of ''Terminalia arjuna'' bark are attributed to four primary bioactive classes<ref name="Mould2023"/>:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Phytochemical Constituents of ''Terminalia arjuna'' Bark
|-
! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles
|-
| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' || Arjunolic acid, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid || Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=M. |last2=Manna |first2=P. |last3=Sil |first3=P. C. |year=2008 |title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential |journal=Natural Product Reports |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=543–552 |doi=10.1039/B713728P |pmid=18497899}}</ref>.
|-
| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' || Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II || Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' || Arjunone, Arjunolone, Baicalein, Luteolin, Quercetin || Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' || Punicalagin, Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C || Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.
|}
 
== Pharmacological Mechanisms & Scientific Evidence ==
 
=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===
''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:
* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (HSP-70) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.
 
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal |last1=Bharani |first1=A. |last2=Ganguly |first2=A. |last3=Bhargava |first3=K. D. |year=2002 |title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate |journal=Indian Heart Journal |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=170–175 |pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal |last1=Vaidya |first1=A. B. |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=F. |last3=Kale |first3=A. Q. |year=2010 |title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure |journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India |volume=58 |pages=411–416}}</ref>.
 
=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===
* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing vascular [[Nitric oxide|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.
* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.
 
=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via upregulation of PPAR-γ pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.
 
== Posology & Preparations ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Dosage Forms and Indications of ''Terminalia arjuna''
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
! Traditional / Modern Preparation !! Standardized Dosage !! Primary Clinical Applications
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| '''Arjuna Churna''' (Stem Bark Powder) || 3–6 g daily (with milk or warm water) || General cardiotonic, hyperlipidemia, mild hypertension.
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| '''Arjuna Kwath''' (Decoction) || 50–100 ml daily (1:4 reduced decoction) || Angina pectoris, heart failure support, fluid overload.
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
| '''Arjunarishta''' (Hydro-alcoholic Ferment) || 15–30 ml twice daily after meals || Post-myocardial recovery, palpitations, cardiac fatigue.
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Cardiac tonic (hridya)
| '''Standardized Dry Extract''' (Capsule/Tablet) || 250–500 mg twice or thrice daily || Ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease prophylaxis.
|}
|}
 
== Current availability==


Available
== Safety, Toxicology & Contraindications ==
* '''Toxicological Profile:''' Preclinical safety evaluations demonstrate high oral safety thresholds (<math>LD_{50} > 2000\text{ mg/kg}</math> in rodent models)<ref name="Mould2023"/>. Clinical studies confirm excellent tolerability across long-term administration<ref name="Bharani2002"/>.
* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.
* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''
** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like Warfarin, Aspirin, or Clopidogrel<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.
** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}


== Current researches ==
== External Links ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]


This article is under development
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]
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