Charak Samhita

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==== Terminalia bellirica ====
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


--
Beleric myrobalan
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).
 
In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
[[File:Bibhitaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bibhitaka''']]
 
==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
 
Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Bibhitaki, Aksha
Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
 
Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35  p.9.</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 31: Line 78:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 ||  Vamanartha
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 2 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15  || Awaleha Yoga
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 4/9(24)  
|3
|Virechanopag mahakashay
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Ch Vi 6/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ch.Vi.8/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Virechana Dravyani
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Kashaya-skandha
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Ch.Sha.8/29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Ch Ka 1/16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|Vamanarth
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|-
|9
|9
|'''KalpaSthana  12/15'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Awaleha  Yoga
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
 
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
1/1/75
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.
 
Chi.3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara.
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.
 
Chi.3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala inVatsakadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|
|11
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
 
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
Chi.3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|
|12
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
 
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
Chi.3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka
 
Vatanulomana.
|-
|-
|
|13
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
 
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
Chi.3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|
|14
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
 
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
Chi.3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita.
|-
|-
|
|15
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
 
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
Chi.3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|
|16
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
 
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
Chi.3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara.
|-
|-
|
|17
|5/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|'''Ingredient in ''Trayushanaadi  ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|-
|
|18
|5/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|'''Ingredient of ''Nilinyadya  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|19
|5/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|'''Ingredient of ''Rohinyadya  Ghrit'' for ''Pittaj Gulma'''''
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|
|20
|5/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|'''Ingredient in Drakshadya ''Ghrit'' for ''Pittaj Gulma'''''
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|
|21
|5/149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|'''Ingredient of ''Mishrak Sneha'''''
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|
|22
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|'''''Prameh nashak Santarpan yog'''''
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|-
|
|23
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|'''''Sarva Prameh nashak yog'''''
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|
|24
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|'''Used for making decoction in ''Kaphaj  prameh'''''
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh(diabetes)
|-
|-
|
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|'''As ''Kapha-Pittaj  prameh nashak yog'''''
|As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|'''Ingredient  in ''Phalatrikadi Kvath'''''
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|-
|
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|'''Ingredient  in ''Madhvasav'''''
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|'''For  drinking water Boiled with it'''
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|-
|
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|'''As ''Virechan dravya'''''
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|-
|
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|'''Ingredient in ''Patoladi  Kwath'''''
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwatha
|-
|-
|
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|'''Ingredient in ''Mustadi  Churna'''''
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|-
|
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|'''Ingredient in ''Triphaladi  Churna'''''
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|-
|
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|'''Ingredient in ''Madhvasav'''''
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|'''Ingredient in ''Kanakabindurisht'''''
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|'''Ingredient in ''Triphalasav'''''
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|-
|
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|'''''Pathya'' diet in ''Kushth'''''
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|-
|
|37
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|'''Ingredient in ''Sidhdharthak  snan'' and ''Lepa'''''
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
 
Bahya-shodhanarth
'''''Abhyantar'' and ''Bahya-shodhanarth'''''
|-
|-
|
|38
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|'''Ingredient in ''Kushthaghna  Yog'''''
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|-
|
|39
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|'''''Kwath prayog'' in ''Kapha-Pittaj Kushth'''''
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|-
|
|40
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|'''''Abhyantar'' and ''Bahyaprayogarth'''''
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
 
'''''Pana, Snan, Lepa'''''
|-
|-
|
|41
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|'''Ingredient in ''Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|42
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|'''Ingredient in ''Tiktashatpala  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|43
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|'''Ingredient in ''Mahatikta  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|44
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|'''Ingredient in ''Mahakhadir  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|45
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|'''Ingredient in ''Avaleh'''''
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|
|46
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|'''Ingredient in ''Kalyanak  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|47
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|'''Ingredient in ''Apara  lasunadya Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|48
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|'''Ingredient in ''Siddharthakadi  Agad'''''
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|-
|
|49
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|'''Ingredient in ''Mahapanchagavya  Ghrit'''''
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|50
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|'''As a ''Nasya dravya'''''
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|
|51
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|'''Ingredient in ''Mustadi varti'''''
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|-
|
|52
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 11/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|'''Ingredient in ''Pancham  Sarpimodak'''''
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|-
|-
|
|53
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|'''In treatment of ''Kaphaj  Svayathu'''''
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|-
|
|54
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|'''Ingredient in ''Ashtashatorisht'''''
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|-
|
|55
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|'''Ingredient in ''Triphaladhyarisht'''''
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|-
|
|56
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|'''Ingredient in ''Kshar Gudika'''''
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|
|57
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|'''Ingredient in ''Shilajatu  prayog'''''
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayoga
|-
|-
|
|58
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|'''As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj  Shvayathu'''''
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|-
|
|59
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|'''As an ''Unmardan dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'''''
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|
|60
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthan
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
 
13/115
13/115
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrita
 
 


|-
|-
|
|61
|Cha. Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
 
Chikitsa
 
Sthana
 
13/119
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|-
|
|62
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
 
|As an  ingredient of Narayan churna
Sthana
 
13/125
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|
|63
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
 
|As an  ingredient of Hapushdya churna
Sthana
 
13/133
|As an  ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|
|64
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
 
|As anupana of  Hapushdya churna
Sthana
 
13/135
|As anupan of  hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|
|65
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
 
Sthana
 
13/149
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|-
|
|66
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
 
Sthana
 
13/158
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|-
|
|67
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
 
Sthana
 
13/163
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|-
|
|68
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
 
Sthan
 
14/45
 
 
 
 


|Used in  swedana kriya
|Used in  swedana kriya


|-
|-
|
|69
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
 
Sthan
 
14/66
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|-
|
|70
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
 
|As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
Sthan
 
14/144
|As an  ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|
|71
|
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
 
 
 
a
 
15/87
 
 
 
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
 
 


|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita


|-
|-
|72
|
|
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
 
 
 
a
 
15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|-
|73
|
|
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
 
 
 
a
 
15/177
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|-
|74
|
|
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
 
 
 
a
 
15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|
|75
|Cha.sa.chi.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56


18/92
|For kashaya  pana
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha.
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|85
|
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|
|86
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
 
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
Chi.21/56
 
 
|For kashaya  pana.
|-
|-
|
|87
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
 
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
Chi.21/124
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa.
|-
|-
|
|88
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
 
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
Chi.21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa.
|-
|-
|
|89
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
 
|Used for mukhadhavna
Chi.25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya.
|-
|-
|
|90
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
 
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
Chi.25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|
|91
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
 
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
Chi.25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana.
|-
|-
|
|92
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
 
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
Chi.25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana.
|-
|-
|
|93
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
 
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
Chi.26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna.
|-
|-
|
|94
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
 
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
Chi.26/87
|As an ingredient of
 
Trushnadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|
|95
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270,  273
 
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
Chi.26/163
|As an ingredient of
 
Mayur Ghrita.
|-
|-
|
|96
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
 
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
Chi.26/167
|As an ingredient of
 
Mahamayur Ghrita.
|-
|-
|
|97
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
 
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma
Chi.26/195
|As an ingredient of
 
Kalak churna.
|-
|-
|
|98
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
 
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
Chi.26/198
|As an ingredient of
 
Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|-
|
|99
|Cha.sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
 
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
Chi.26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna.
|-
|-
|
|}
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/209
==Dose==
|As an ingredient of
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>


Khadiradi gutika.
==Important formulations==
|-
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
|
* Triphala Churna
|Cha.sa.
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati


Chi.26/239
== Current availability==
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga.
|-
|
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/241
Available
|As an ingredient of
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra


Sumanakorkadi varti.
* Out of India –
|-
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
|
== Current researches ==
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/242
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
|As an ingredient of


Saindhavadi varti.
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
|-
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
|
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
|Cha.sa.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.


Chi.26/254
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
|As an ingredient of


Drustiprada varti.
=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
|-
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.  
|
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (&alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
|Cha.sa.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>


Chi.26/270,  273
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===
|As an ingredient of


Mahaneela Ghrita.
Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
|-
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
|
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/281
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
|Used in palitya
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
|-
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>&bull;&minus;</sup>, OH<sup>&bull;</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
|
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>
|Cha.Sa.


chi.29/85
=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma.
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
|-
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
|
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>
|Cha.Sa.


chi.29/86
=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta.
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
|-
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
|
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>
|Cha.Sa.


chi.29/152
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
|As an ingredient of
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.


Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
|
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
|
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
|
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
|-
|
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
|
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
|
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
|-
|
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
|
| Saponins, Tannins
|
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||  
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| 
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) ||
|-
|}


== Current availability==  
<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>


Available
<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>


== Current researches ==
<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}


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