Charak Samhita

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Cyperus rotundus L
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Cyperus rotundus, Musta, nut grass, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass'''
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus Cyperus rotundus L]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cyperus rotundus L
|data2 = Cyperus rotundus L
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Cyperaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label6 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial sedge native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the rhizomes and tubers of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />


In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for gastrointestinal disorders, fevers, inflammatory conditions, and gynecological irregularities.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern pharmacological research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific dermatological applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Therapeutic uses==
[[File:Musta.jpg|thumb|'''Musta (''Cyperus rotundus'')''']]
Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
Volume 5:55</ref>


Musta
==Synonyms in Charak Samhitas==


Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam(musta grows near water resources),
Kuruvinda, Nalad
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu- gundra==
==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 140,143</ref>
# Musta
# Nagaramusta
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta),  Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


Line 31: Line 76:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
|1 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
|-
|-
|2 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || Vyoshadi Modaka
|2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)
| Lekhaniya(emaciating)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 3 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/52 || preparation of Trivrittadi Modak
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
| Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57 || Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14)
| Kandughna(anti-pruritic/itching)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 5 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/61 || Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
| Stanyashodhana (galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|}
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna  nigrahana (reducing thirst)mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/22
|Dhuma varti dravya(therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
|2.Anu taila  dravya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
|Management of  obesity
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani(medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32
|Garbha shalya  chikitsa
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/52
|preparation of Trivrittadi Modak
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57
|Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/61
|Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya Brahma rasayana
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145
|When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an  ingredient of Shadanga paniya, used as shruta sheeta jala
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/197,198
|Used as kwath(decoction) or  sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwara,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201,202
|Used as Satat, anyedyushka and  chaturthaka jwara
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi  kashaya
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used in Vibaddha Dosha (adhered to dhatus)
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|As an ingredient of Bruhtyadi  kashaya for Sannipata jwara
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi  Ghrita
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi  Ghrita for Jeerna jwara
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|As an ingredient of Baladi  Ghrita
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|Used as Kalka in formulation of  Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/246
|Used as kalka in formulation of  Aargvadhadi niruha basti
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used as Kalka niruha basti
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of  Chandanadya taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as  an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwatha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31
|When patient is suffering with trusha(excessive thirst)  as an  ingredient of hriberadi paniya
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
|In Yavagu Prayoga (Medicated gruels )
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/60
|As a vamana(emesis) dravya
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/71
|As an ingredient of lehya yoga
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/74
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya  Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja  prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja  prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/32
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja  prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/3
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvath
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46
|As Asthapan Basti dravya(enema)
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snana and Lepa


{| class="wikitable"
Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth
|+ Properties
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/142
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth 
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshina(ematiation)
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj  Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For Lepa(external application), Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa(external application) dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159
|In  formulation of pipplyadi lavana
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka of this  drug is used for aampachan( with usnodaka)
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,ativisa, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/60
|As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47
|As an ingredient of Katukadya Ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/70 
|As an ingredient of Navayasa Loha
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/73
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/94
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient  of dusparshadi leha
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69
|As an ingredient  of manahshiladi dhuma
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As an ingredient of leha in pittaja kasa
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
|As an ingredient  of katphaladi kwatha
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|As an ingredient  of pathadi kalka
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|As a pramathya dravya
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a ama pachaka dravya
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a pana dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88
|For pradeha(external application) prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.(acute spreading erysepalas)
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74
|As an ingredient  of Kaliyadi pralepa
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where  pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola,  Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/150      
|Used as sheeta kashaya in  Trushna
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/166
|Used for doshapachana in  kaphaja madatyaya
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/190
|As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201
|As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208
|As an ingredient ofKhadiradi gutika
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara  taila
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/235
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aashchotana karma
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||  ||  
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/113
|As an ingredient of Mustadi upanaha
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||  ||  
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151
|As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||  ||
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| ||  
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/51
|Used as Yoosha.
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || ||  
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/136
|Used as Upanaha dravya in Vataja vatarakta
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Dose==
* 3-6 gm powder
* 20-30 ml kwatha<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush,
Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
Volume 5:55</ref>
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush,
Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
Volume 5:55</ref>
* Mustakarista
* Mustakadi kwatha
* Ashokarishta
* Mustakadi churna
* Mustakadi lehya
* Dhanyapanchaka kwatha
* Piyusavalli rasa
* Mahalakshadi taila
* Sadangapaniya


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Line 66: Line 596:
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemistry ==
  This article is under development ..
 
Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct secondary metabolites from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
* '''Sesquiterpenes and essential oils:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including cyperene, cyperotundone, rotundone, alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific stilbenes, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its antioxidant profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />
* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield monoterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />
 
== Medical research and efficacy ==
 
=== Gastrointestinal effects ===
 
In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and carminative (''Pachana''). Modern ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''Giardia lamblia''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Shigella flexneri'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />
 
=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===
 
Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of carrageenan-induced paw edema, ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced pyrexia models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to aspirin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />
 
=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===
 
Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Thomas2015" />
 
=== Dermatological applications ===
 
Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
* '''Hair reduction:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing unwanted body hair.<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against Alexandrite laser epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />
* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and erythema (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% hydrocortisone cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />
 
== Toxicology and safety ==
 
Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic toxicity studies in animal models have shown no evidence of genotoxicity or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
 
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Peerzada2015">{{cite journal |last1=Peerzada |first1=A. M. |last2=Ali |first2=H. H. |last3=Naeem |first3=M. |date=2015 |title=Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=174 |pages=540–560 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012}}</ref>
<ref name="Xue2023">{{cite journal |last1=Xue |first1=B.-X. |last2=He |first2=R.-S. |last3=Lai |first3=J.-X. |date=2023 |title=Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1353–1398 |doi=10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3}}</ref>
<ref name="Kamala2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kamala |first1=A. |last2=Middha |first2=S. K. |last3=Karigar |first3=C. S. |date=2018 |title=Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review |journal=3 Biotech |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=257 |doi=10.1007/s13205-018-1328-6 |pmid=29740536 |pmc=5924404}}</ref>
<ref name="Birdi2011">{{cite journal |last1=Birdi |first1=T. J. |last2=Daswani |first2=P. G. |last3=Brijesh |first3=S. |last4=Tetali |first4=P. |date=2011 |title=Studies on the activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=340–344 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.81502 |pmid=21713042 |pmc=3113391}}</ref>
<ref name="Thomas2015">{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=D. |last2=Govindhan |first2=S. |last3=Baiju |first3=E. C. C. |date=2015 |title=Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress |journal=Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=485–490 |doi=10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0093 |pmid=25803212}}</ref>
<ref name="Mohammed2014">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=G. F. A. E.-K. |date=2014 |title=Topical Cyperus rotundus Oil: A new therapeutic modality with comparable efficacy to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation |journal=[[Aesthetic Surgery Journal]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=298–305 |doi=10.1177/1090820x13518801 |pmid=24488741}}</ref>
<ref name="Mohammed2021">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=G. F. |date=2021 |title=The effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus essential oil in reducing the side effects of laser hair removal |journal=[[Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=1501–1505 |doi=10.1111/jocd.14301 |pmid=34310860}}</ref>
}}
 
== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus IMPPAT database]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus
 
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