Charak Samhita

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Piper longum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Pippali,Piper longum L.,Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20pepper Piper longum L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==
 
'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha. Belonging to the family Piperaceae, it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.
 
Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').
 
=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' Plantae
* '''Order:''' Piperales
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Genus:''' ''Piper''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''
[[File:Pippali.jpg|thumb|'''Pippali (''Piper longum'')''']]
 
=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>


Long Pepper
==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Pippali
Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
 
== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==
 
In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta)  || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 32: Line 114:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha  Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha  (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural  qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya  padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of  List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of  Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In  formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]]  Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of  Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of  Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara  Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but  kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated  with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna  jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Asthapana basti|Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja  Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in  treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi  Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi  Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi  Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi  Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha 
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava 
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi  Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar  Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara  Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak  Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar  nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya  dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshin 
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu  Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya  Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara  roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja  Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja  Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja  Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi  Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in  treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in  treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment  of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In  formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment  of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment  of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment  of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment  of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an  ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In  formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After  virechana  (balavruddhi arthe) mixed  with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an  ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an  ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an  ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an  ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an  ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka  used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa  over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an  ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola  churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an  ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya,  khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in  yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with  phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata  and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an  ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in  anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an  ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an  ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an  ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an  ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for  vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola  sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an  ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya  padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an  ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in  treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of  Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in  hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for  hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of  hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation  of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is  used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of  dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of  Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita  dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient  of  yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient  of  leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an  ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an  ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an  ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an  ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an  ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an  ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an  ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an  ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an  ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an  ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an  ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an  ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an  ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a  kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an  ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an  ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an  ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an  ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an  ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga  dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana  2/7 || Vamana dravya
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghniyavagu
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient of lehya  prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana 2/23 || Pipasaghniyavagu
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|-
| 6 || Sutra sthana  2/31 || Kantha Roghniyavagu
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga  in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
| 9 || Sutra sthana 4/9(6) || Deepaniyamahakashay
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana  karma(for emesis)
|-
|-
| 10 || Sutra sthana 4/9(9)|| Kanthyamahakashay
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi  visarpa
|-
|-
| 11 || Sutra sthana 4/9(11)|| Truptighnamahakashay
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|-
| 12 || Sutra sthana 4/9(15)|| Krimighnamahakashay
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|-
| 13 || Sutra sthana 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopagmahakashay
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|-
| 14 || Sutra sthana 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as  anjana prayoga
|-
|-
| 15 || Sutra sthana 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahanamahakashay
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|-
| 16 || Sutra sthana 4/9(36)|| Kasaharamahakashaya
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a  pratisarana prayoga
|-
|-
| 17 || Sutra sthana 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamanmahakashaya
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|-
| 18 || Sutra sthana 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya
|263
|}
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta  varti
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for  pradhamana
|-
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for  pradhamana
|-
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of  Vachadi churna
|-
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi  churna
|-
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of  Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva  peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja  pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara  gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka  churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in  Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of  Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of  Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of  Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of  Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of  Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28


 
|As Urustambha  Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|-
 
|292
{| class="wikitable"
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|+ Properties
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient  of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the  treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the  treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta)  || Cold (sheeta)
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an  ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]] || Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha  dushta shukra dosha
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali 
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available  
* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemical Composition ==
  This article is under development ..
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.
 
* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''&beta;-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.
 
<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>
 
== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==
 
=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />
 
=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-&kappa;B), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />
 
=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&alpha;, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />
 
=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />
 
=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.
 
== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==
 
=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.
 
=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''[[Trikatu]] Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''[[Maricha]]'', and ''[[Shunthi]]''), ''Pippali [[Rasayana]]'', ''Pippaliasava''.
 
=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.
 
However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.
 
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>
 
<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>
 
<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>
 
<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>
 
<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}
 
== External links==
 
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum IMPPAT Database]
 
 
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
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