Charak Samhita

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Piper nigrum L.
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|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Maricha, Piper nigrum, black pepper, Charak Samhita,Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==
'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[wikipedia:Black_pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''Piperaceae'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)
[[File:Maricha.jpg|thumb|'''Maricha (Piper nigrum)''']]


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Line 21: Line 44:
Black Pepper
Black Pepper


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Therapeutic uses==
Shwasa, shula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>


Maricha
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha
 
== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==
 
In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
! Pharmacological Attribute
|-
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 4/9(6) || Deepaniyamahakashay
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana 4/9(15) || Krimighnamahakashay
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
|-
| 6 || Sutra sthana 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 64: Line 104:
|-
|-
|}
|}
    
 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha  (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya  mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya  Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya  mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi  churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli  Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi  Taila
 
For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav 
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi  Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi  Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In  treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment  of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment  of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment  of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After  virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an  ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka  used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in  yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an  ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an  ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an  ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an  ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition  of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should  be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an  ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an  ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in  treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for  hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in  hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient  of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient  of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha  dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya  ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient  of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
 
|For sangya -sthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of  visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)   with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja  madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha  yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of  Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja  madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta  varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi  churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of  Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja  pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja  pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara  gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak  churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in  Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka  vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of  Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of  Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of  Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}
 
==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
 
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna
 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available  
India – western coast of india


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
  This article is under development ..
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>
 
* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as &beta;-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
 
== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>
 
<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>
 
Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
 
=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===
 
Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===
 
* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-&kappa;B'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-&alpha;'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>
 
<pre>
                Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
                          │
        ┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
        ▼                  ▼                  ▼
Inhibition of          Blockade of      Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5]    P-gp Efflux [2]    NF-κB Pathway [4]
        │                  │                  │
        ▼                  ▼                  ▼
  ↓ First-Pass      ↓ Intestinal        ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
  Metabolism          Expulsion          & COX-2
        │                  │                  │
        └─────────┬────────┘                  ▼
                  ▼                  Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
        Clinical: Enhanced          & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
        Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>
 
== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
 
Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />
 
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.
 
== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
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