Charak Samhita

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Cuminum cyminum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jeeraka, Cuminum cyminum L., Cuminum seeds, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. It acts as a carminative, digestive aid, and pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Jeeraka
|title = Jeeraka
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|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cuminum cyminum L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|data3 = Apiaceae
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]''', popularly known as '''Jeeraka''' (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda]] for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Cumin seeds


Cuminum seeds
==Therapeutic Uses==
 
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
==Therapeutic uses==
Agnimandya, atisara(diarrhoea),krumiroga(worms)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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==Varieties==
==Varieties==
==Bhavprakasa nighantu==
===Bhavprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
# Jiraka  
# Jiraka  
# Krshina jirak
# Krishnajeeraka
# Kalajaji
# Kalajaji


==Dhanvantari nighantu==
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types of varieties
# Jiraka
# Jiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Krishnajirak
# Krishnajirak
# bruhatpali
# Bruhatpali
 


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni).


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
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| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
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|-
|-
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


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|6
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|-
|-
|7
|7
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|13
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna  
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|-
|14
|14
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|-
|-
|18
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22  
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|-
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==Dose==
==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hingvadi churna
* Hingvadi churna
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadi modak
* Jirakadi modak
* Hingvadi churna
*


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available
* In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab.
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Cuminum cyminum'' is attributed to its rich volatile oil and bioactive secondary metabolite profile, which includes:
* '''Volatile Oils:''' Cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, and β-pinene.
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Apigenin, luteolin, and various glycosides.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils, proteins, and essential minerals.
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal and Carminative Effects ===
Jeeraka is traditionally and scientifically validated for its powerful carminative and digestive properties.
* '''Mechanism:''' It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile acids, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving abdominal distension.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that cumin extracts significantly reduce gastric acidity and protect against mucosal damage<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref>
=== Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties ===
Modern pharmacological studies show that cumin helps manage blood glucose and lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' Its active constituents improve insulin sensitivity and exhibit antioxidant activity that protects pancreatic beta cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research indicates that oral administration of cumin seed powder lowers fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels in diabetic models<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref>
=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Actions ===
Cumin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial and fungal strains.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like cuminaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membranes, inhibiting pathogen growth.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations confirm significant inhibitory zones against foodborne pathogens and multi-drug resistant strains<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref>


Available
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
India- All over india but more in Rajasthan , Punjab
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Cumin is safe for culinary and therapeutic consumption with a high safety profile.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Current researches ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cuminum%20cyminum
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cuminum cyminum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Indigestion / Agnimandya'''
| Cuminaldehyde, Terpenes
| Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Tannins, Volatile oils
| Astringent, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Insulin sensitization, Antioxidant
|}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref>
}}


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