Charak Samhita

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Adhatoda vasica Nees.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *vasa, Adhatoda vasica Nees., Malabar nut* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Vasa
|title = Vasa
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|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|Label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2024
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
Malabar nut


==Therapeutic Uses<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders.
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta)


== English name ==
Malabar nut<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta).<ref name="API1986"/>
 
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
Line 36: Line 47:
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.


==Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p.306.</ref>== 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Vasa is classified as a vital drug for pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas. Its bitter taste and cold potency make it exceptional for clearing respiratory obstructions, stopping internal bleeding, and alleviating inflammatory swellings.
 
== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
# Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
# Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
# Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.
# Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya(flowers are resemble like mouth of a lion), Simhika, Bhishakmata, Tamra, Vrusha.  
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya (flowers resemble the mouth of a lion), Bhishakmata, Vrusha.


==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p.308 - 309.</ref>==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white in colour as like that of teeth of horse), Simhaparna
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white as teeth of a horse), Simhaparna.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3
|Siddhatama churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/64
|In formulation  of chyavanaprasha
|-
|-
|6
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/64 || In formulation of Chyavanaprasha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222 || As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247
|Used in niruha basti.(enema)
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247 || Used in niruha basti (enema)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/65
|As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha.
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/65 || As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/88
|As an ingredient of Vasaghrita.
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/88 || As an ingredient of Vasaghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/126
|Ingredient in Vasa Ghrit  for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/126 || Ingredient in Vasa Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105
|Ghrit preparation in treatment of Daha(burning sensation)
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105 || Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha (burning sensation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for bahyaprayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44
|Used in  avasechana in arsha roga(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in avasechana in arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an  ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|-
|17
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153 || As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214
|Used for  parisechana in rakta arsha
|-
|-
|18
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214 || Used for parisechana in rakta arsha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrit
|-
|-
|19
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita.
|-
|-
|20
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/52 
|Used in Sarva  mutrakruchhra.
|-
|-
|21
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/52 || Used in Sarva mutrakruchhra
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi  churna.
|-
|-
|22
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|-
|23
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|-
|24
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239 || Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|-
|25
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170 || As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|-
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|}
|}


== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml
* Kwatha (Decoction): 10–20 ml<ref name="API1986"/>


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
== Important Formulations ==
* Swarasa – 10 – 20 ml
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Kwatha – 10 – 20 gm
 
==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>==
* Vasakavaleha
* Vasakavaleha


==Current availability ==
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
* India
* In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam.
Kerala, karnataka, Tamil nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bengal, Assam
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.
* Out of India –
 
Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania  
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Adhatoda vasica* is derived from its diverse active secondary metabolites:
* '''Quinazoline Alkaloids:''' Vasicine, vasicinone, and adhatodine.
* '''Essential Oils and Phenolics:''' Active principles responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial effects.
* '''Flavonoids and Tannins:''' Kaempferol, quercetin, and abundant polyphenols.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Bronchodilatory and Expectorant Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Vasicine and related alkaloids act as potent bronchodilators by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles and liquefying thick respiratory mucus, facilitating easy expectoration.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-clinical evaluations demonstrate significant relief in bronchospasm, cough frequency, and asthmatic symptoms.<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Bleeding and Hemostatic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' It helps manage internal hemorrhages (*raktapitta*) by promoting capillary integrity and supporting coagulation parameters through its astringent and cold potency properties.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies confirm its utility in reducing bleeding time and mitigating inflammatory hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its uterotonic properties (vasicine can stimulate uterine contractions), high doses should be avoided during pregnancy unless prescribed by a qualified specialist.
 
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Adhatoda vasica*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Bronchial Asthma & Cough'''
| Vasicine, Vasicinone
| Bronchodilator, Expectorant
|-
| '''Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)'''
| Tannins, Quinazoline alkaloids
| Hemostatic, Astringent
|-
| '''Respiratory Infections'''
| Essential oils, Flavonoids
| Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>
<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>
}}


==Current researches ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..
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