Charak Samhita

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Gmelina arborea L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
 


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 15:
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Gmelina arborea L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 =  
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2021
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies ([[Rasayana]]), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree


--
==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.


Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni, Shriparni, Madhuparnika.  
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


Line 60: Line 82:
| 2  
| 2  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashay
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
|-
| 3  
| 3  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
|-
| 4  
| 4  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
|5
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
|Management of obesity
| Management of obesity
|-
|-
|6
| 6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|7
| 7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
|Phala Varga
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
|-
|8
| 8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
|-
|9
| 9
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
|Preparations of Trivritta
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|-
|10
| 10
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of TrivrittaAwaleha
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
|-
|11
| 11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya.
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|12
| 12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti.
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
|-
|13
| 13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila.
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
|-
|14
| 14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|15
| 15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
|As pathya ahara.
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
|-
|16
| 16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrit
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|17
| 17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|18
| 18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
| 19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|-
|20
| 20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
|Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrit
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|21
| 21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrit
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
|-
|22
| 22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
| Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
|-
|-
|23
| 23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|-
|24
| 24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
|-
|25
| 25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|26
| 26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
|As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
|-
|27
| 27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
|As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
|-
|-
|28
| 28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
|-
|29
| 29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|30
| 30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
|-
|31
| 31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|-
|32
| 32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|-
|33
| 33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
|As an ingredient of Mulasava
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|34
| 34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|35
| 35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
|Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
|-
|36
| 36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrit
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|-
|37
| 37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
|Use as a mrudu sodhana.
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
|-
|38
| 38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
|As a ghrita dravya
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
|-
|39
| 39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
|Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa.
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|40
| 40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita.
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|41
| 41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
|Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha.
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
|-
|42
| 42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
|-
|43
| 43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
| 44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|45
| 45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|-
|46
| 46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
|Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya– gata vata.
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
|-
|47
| 47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
|-
|48
| 48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
|Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita.
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|49
| 49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
| 50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
|51
| 51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma.
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|-
|52
| 52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97, 98
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila.
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|-
|53
| 53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
|-
|54
| 54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
|As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila.
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
|-
|55
| 55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila.
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
|-
|56
| 56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|-
|57
| 57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
|Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni.
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}
|}


==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita


 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available  
Available  
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
== Phytochemical Composition ==
Modern phytochemical evaluations of ''Gmelina arborea'' reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:
* '''Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides:''' Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds:''' Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
* '''Terpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy ===
''Gmelina arborea'' exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins<ref name="Agrawal2007"/>.
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of ''G. arborea'' extracts<ref name="Billore1995"/>.
=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions ===
Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls<ref name="Goel2002"/>.
=== Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential ===
Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters<ref name="Elango2009"/>.
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Kwatha (Decoction):'' 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation<ref name="API1986"/>.
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| Lignans, Flavonoids
| Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition
|-
| '''Inflammation & Edema (Sotha)'''
| Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics
| COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Ulcers'''
| Tannins, Terpenoids
| Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action
|-
| '''Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes'''
| Glycosides, Sterols
| Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
<ref name="Agrawal2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=S. S. |last2=Naqvi |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=323–327}}</ref>
<ref name="Billore1995">{{cite journal |last1=Billore |first1=K. V. |last2=Yadav |first2=B. G. |last3=Prajapati |first3=P. K. |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=28–33}}</ref>
<ref name="Goel2002">{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=V. K. |last2=Garg |first2=S. C. |year=2002 |title=Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=512–515}}</ref>
<ref name="Elango2009">{{cite journal |last1=Elango |first1=V. |last2=Kumar |first2=B. |last3=Edison |first3=S. J. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=194–198}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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