Charak Samhita

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Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.  
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Ativisha - Aconitum heterophyllum
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2021
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (*Jvara*), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as a powerful *Ama*-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14</ref>


== English Name ==
Indian Atees
Indian Atees


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
 
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomitting (Chhardi), Amatisara
 
==Other varieties / Other botanical names==


== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum
* Aconitum kashmiricum


==Identification Characters==
== Identification Characters ==
 
* '''Shuklakanda''' &ndash; Root tubers are white in colour.
'''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' &ndash; Root tubers are horn shaped.
'''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.
 
==Types==
Based on colours of root tubers: '''Raja Nighantu'''
 
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers
 


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
* Rakta &ndash; Red tubers
* Sweta &ndash; White tubers
* Krisna &ndash; Black tubers


Ativisha, Shrungi(Root tubers are horn shape), Virupa, Pittadivallabha(Ativisha is efficacious in pittaja roga), Shwetvaca, Visha, Maadri(Plant grows in maadra desh)
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Ativisha
* Shrungi &ndash; Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha &ndash; Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri &ndash; Plant grows in Maadra desh.


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Visha &ndash; It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi &ndash; Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda &ndash; Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha &ndash; Root tubers are quickly infested.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>


Visha(it assimilated quickly), Ativisha, Vishva, Shrungi(Root tubers are horn shape), Prativisha, Aruna, Shuklakanda(Root tubers are white in colour.), Upavisha, Bhangura, Dhunavallabha(Root tubers are quickly infested.)
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].  4/9(3)
|Lekhaniya mahakashaya(ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of ematiation)
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].  4/9(12)
|Arshoghna  mahakashay(ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]. 23/19
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(management of over nutrions disease)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]. 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]. 8/139
|Madhur skanda(group of sweet drug)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]].  8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drug)
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 12/44
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 13/159
|In  formulation of pipplyadi lavana
|-
|-
|14
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/187
|Used for  raktastambhana
|-
|-
|15
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/230
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|-
|16
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/236
|As an  ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|-
|17
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].
 
15/98
|Kalka of this drug is used for aampachan
 
(With  usnodaka)
|-
|-
|18
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/99
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|-
|-
|19
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/101
|Churna of  this drug with combination of hingu,abhaya, vaca etc is used in Sama and  Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
|-
|20
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/105
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|-
|21
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/129
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|-
|22
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].
 
15/134, 15/138
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|23
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/165
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|24
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/173
|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|-
|25
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].15/186
|Used in  preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
|-
|26
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 16/61
|As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
|-
|27
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].18/115
|As an ingredient  of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|-
|28
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|-
|-
|29
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/51
|As an ingredient of ativishadi yoga.
|-
|-
|30
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/105,
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
|31
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/108
|As an ingredient of rasanjanadi yoga.
|-
|-
|32
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna.
|-
|-
|33
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya.
|-
|-
|34
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/101
|Used in hrudshoola.
|-
|-
|35
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/201
|As an ingredient ofKatukadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|36
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/35
|As an ingredient  of Murvadi Choorna
|-
|-
|37
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/36
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
|-
|38
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].28/151
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|}
|}


==Purification==
== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>


Ativisha tuberous roots to be cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in Sunlight.
== Dose ==
 
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 &ndash; 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />
==Dose==
 
0.6 – 2 gm of the drug in the powder form.
 
==Important Formulations==


== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Rodhrasava
Line 264: Line 194:
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna


 
== Current Availability ==
== Current availability==  
Available
Available  
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal
Out of India – Northern Pakistan, Nepal
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its complex alkaloidal and active constituents concentrated in the root tubers:
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine, heterophylline, heterophylloidine, atidine, fischimine, and aconine derivatives.
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to its digestive and anti-inflammatory actions.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research validate several traditional therapeutic indications of *Aconitum heterophyllum*:
 
=== 1. Anti-diarrheal and Antidysenteric Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for *Amatisara* (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that root extracts exhibit significant anti-secretory and anti-motility effects. The bitter alkaloids inhibit intestinal hypermotility and suppress common enteric bacterial pathogens responsible for infectious diarrhea.<ref name="Atishara2010">Mehta, D. C., et al. "Evaluation of anti-diarrheal activity of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts in experimental models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Jvara* (fever) and chronic inflammatory conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations demonstrate that extracts of *A. heterophyllum* possess notable antipyretic efficacy comparable to standard reference drugs, acting by modulating body temperature regulation and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways.<ref name="Jvara2014">Sharma, R., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
 
=== 3. Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Alkaloidal constituents like atisine exhibit significant inhibitory activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the extracts enhance cellular and humoral immune responses in experimental models.<ref name="Immuno2011">Gupta, V., et al. "Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Aconitum heterophyllum roots." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.</ref>


== Current researches ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Aconitum heterophyllum*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (*Atisara*)'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids, Bitter principles
| Anti-motility, Anti-secretory, Enteric pathogen inhibition
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (*Jvara*)'''
| Atisine, Heterophylline
| Antipyretic, Pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression
|-
| '''Microbial Infections (*Krimiroga*)'''
| Alkaloidal fractions
| Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (*Shodhana*) processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="Atishara2010">Mehta, D. C., et al. "Evaluation of anti-diarrheal activity of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts in experimental models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Jvara2014">Sharma, R., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
<ref name="Immuno2011">Gupta, V., et al. "Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Aconitum heterophyllum roots." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..


==References==
''This article is under development ..''
# Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;
# Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
# Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
# Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;
# Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
# Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
#
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