Talk:Dipyaka: Difference between revisions

Line 1:

~~[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]~~

{{#seo:

|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia

|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, and ~~therapeutic uses~~.

|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=Dipyaka - Carum copticum

|type=article

}}

</noinclude>

{{Infobox

|title =

|title = Dipyaka

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = ~~Umbeliferae~~

|data3 = Umbelliferae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

Line 30:

Line 31:

}}

'''Dipyaka''' ~~(Latin:~~ ''~~Carum copticum~~'' ~~Benth. & Hook.; family: Umbelliferae)~~ is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">~~{{cite book |title=~~The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India ~~|year=1986 |publisher=~~Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India ~~|volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=~~Part I}}</ref>

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

== English Name ==

Line 51:

Line 52:

* ''Brahmakusha''

* ''Kaaravi''

* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">~~{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=~~Bhavaprakash Nighantu ~~|year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=~~Haritakyadi ~~varga~~, verse no.- 77 ~~|edition=~~Reprint}}</ref>

* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==

Line 120:

Line 121:

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==

As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />

* ''Ajamodarka''

* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==

Available

== ~~Current Researches~~ ==

== Major Phytoconstituents ==

* ~~Under development~~.

The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==

Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''

| Thymol, Carvacrol

| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative

|-

| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''

| Essential Oils, Phenolics

| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

|-

| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''

| Thymol, p-cymene

| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation

|-

| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''

| Phenolic compounds

| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition

|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="API">~~{{cite book |title=~~The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India ~~|year=1986 |publisher=~~Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India ~~|volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=~~Part I}}</ref>

<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">~~{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=~~Bhavaprakash Nighantu ~~|year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=~~Haritakyadi ~~varga~~, verse no.- 77 ~~|edition~~=~~Reprint}}~~</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
+<noinclude>
 {{#seo:
 |title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
 |titlemode=append
 |keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
-|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic uses.
+|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
 |image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
 |image_alt=Dipyaka - Carum copticum
 |type=article
 }}
+</noinclude>
 {{Infobox
-|title =
+|title = Dipyaka
 |label1 = Section/Chapter
 |data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
-|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
 |label3 = Family
-|data3 = Umbeliferae
+|data3 = Umbelliferae
 |label4 = Availability
 |data4 = Available
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 }}
-'''Dipyaka''' (Latin: ''Carum copticum'' Benth. & Hook.; family: Umbelliferae) is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
 == English Name ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 * ''Brahmakusha''
 * ''Kaaravi''
-* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Haritakyadi varga, verse no.- 77 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
+* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
 == Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
@@ Line 120: / Line 121: @@
 * '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
+== Important Formulations ==
+As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
+* ''Ajamodarka''
+* ''Ajmodadi churna''
 == Current Availability ==
 Available
-== Current Researches ==
+== Major Phytoconstituents ==
-* Under development.
+The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
+== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
+Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
+=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
+=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
+=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
+=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
+|-
+| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
+| Thymol, Carvacrol
+| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
+|-
+| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
+| Essential Oils, Phenolics
+| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
+|-
+| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
+| Thymol, p-cymene
+| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
+|-
+| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
+| Phenolic compounds
+| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
+|}
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
+* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
+** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|refs=
-<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
+<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
-<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Haritakyadi varga, verse no.- 77 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
+<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
+<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
+<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
+<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
 }}
-[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
+[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
 ''This article is under development ..''