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Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

{{#seo:

|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia

|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=Dipyaka - Carum copticum

|type=article

}}

</noinclude>

{{Infobox

|title = Dipyaka

Line 5:

Line 16:

|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = ~~Umbeliferae~~

|data3 = Umbelliferae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = --

|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = ~~2025~~

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

==English ~~name~~==

== English Name ==

Ajowan

==Therapeutic ~~use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>~~==

== Therapeutic Use ==

Gulma(abdominal lump), Aruchi(anorexia), Adhmana(abdominal distention),Hikka, Chardi(vomiting), ~~krumi~~ roga(worms), ~~sula~~(pain)

Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.

* ''Yavani''

* ''Bhutik''

* ''Dipya''

* ''Ajamodika''

==Synonyms in ~~Charak Samhita~~==

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==

~~Dipyaka(it increase appetite)~~, ~~Yavani~~, ~~Bhutik~~, ~~Dipya~~, ~~Ajamodika~~

* ''Ajamoda''

* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.

* ''Maayuro''

* ''Brahmakusha''

* ''Kaaravi''

* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

==~~Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-77</ref>~~==

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==

~~Ajamoda, kharashva~~(~~fruits of ajamoda has got similar odour to donkey~~), ~~maayuro, brahmakusha,kaaravi, lochamastaka~~

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

~~== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==~~

! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)

~~{| class~~="~~wikitable~~"

~~|+'''Properties'''~~

~~|'''~~Sr.no.~~'''~~

~~|'''~~Pharmacological ~~criteria'''~~

~~|'''~~Properties~~'''~~

|-

|1

| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')

|Taste (~~rasa~~)

|Pungent (~~katu~~)

|-

|2

| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')

|Potency (~~veerya~~)

|Hot (~~ushna~~)

|-

|3

| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')

|Post digestion ~~effect~~ (~~vipaka~~)

|Pungent (~~katu~~)

|-

|4

| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')

|Qualities (~~guna~~)

|Light (~~laghu~~), Rough (~~ruksha~~), Sharp (~~tikshna~~)

|-

|5

| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata

|~~Actions~~ (~~karma~~)

|~~Pacify~~ Kapha and Vata

|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its ~~actions~~ ==

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==

Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

~~|+ '''Herbs and their activities'''~~

! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use

~~| '''~~Sr.no.~~'''~~

|-

~~| '''~~Reference in Charak Samhita~~'''~~

| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)

| ~~'''Activity'''~~

|-

| 1

| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20

| ~~Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa~~(~~management~~ of ~~over nutrition disorder~~)

|-

| 2

| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/~~170~~

| ~~Harita~~ Varga(Class ~~of green herbs~~)

|-

| 3

| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[~~Sutra~~ Sthana]] 27/~~307~~

| ~~Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)~~

|-

| 4

| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69

| Ingredient of ~~Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit~~

|-

| 5

| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71

| Ingredient of ~~Hapushadya ghrit~~

|-

| 6

| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86

| ~~Ingredient~~ of ~~Shatyadi Churna~~

|-

| 7

| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/~~165~~

| ~~Pathya Diet in Gulma(wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)~~

|-

| 8

| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168~~

~~| Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth~~

|-

~~| 9~~

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27

| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)

|-

| 10

| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29

| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)

|-

| 11

| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38

| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)

|-

| 12

| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41

| Ingredient in Madhvasava

|-

| 13

| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54

| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

|-

| 14

| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55

| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

|-

| 15

| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39

| Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta

|-

| 16

| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43

|-

| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika

| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita

|-

| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga

|-

| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna

|-

| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna

|}

== Dose ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==

As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />

* ''Ajamodarka''

* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==

Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==

The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==

Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===

* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| 17

| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55~~

| Thymol, Carvacrol

| ~~Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita~~

| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative

|-

| 18

| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103~~

| Essential Oils, Phenolics

| ~~In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga~~

| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

|-

| 19

| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125~~

| Thymol, p-cymene

| ~~As an ingredient of narayan churna~~

| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation

|-

| 20

| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63~~

| Phenolic compounds

| ~~As an ingredient of traushnadi churna~~

| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition

|}

==~~Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush~~, ~~Ministry of Health~~ and ~~Family welfare~~, ~~Govt~~. ~~of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1~~ :~~02</ref>==~~

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* 1-3 ~~gm powder~~

* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.

~~==Important formulation~~<ref~~>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02<~~/~~ref~~>==

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

* Ajamodarka

** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

* Ajmodadi churna

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

~~==Current availability ==~~

''This article is under development ..''

~~Available~~

~~==Current researches ==~~

~~[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]~~

This article is under development ..

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
+<noinclude>
+{{#seo:
+|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
+|titlemode=append
+|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
+|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=Dipyaka - Carum copticum
+|type=article
+}}
+</noinclude>
 {{Infobox
 |title = Dipyaka
@@ Line 5: / Line 16: @@
 |data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
-|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
 |label3 = Family
-|data3 = Umbeliferae
+|data3 = Umbelliferae
 |label4 = Availability
 |data4 = Available
 |label5 = Contributors
-|data5 = --
+|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
 |label6 = Year of publication
-|data6 =  2025
+|data6 =  2026
 |label7 = Publisher
-|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
 |label8 = DOI
 |data8  = Awaited
 }}
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
-==English name==
+== English Name ==
 Ajowan
-==Therapeutic use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+== Therapeutic Use ==
-Gulma(abdominal lump), Aruchi(anorexia), Adhmana(abdominal distention),Hikka, Chardi(vomiting), krumi roga(worms), sula(pain)
+Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />
+== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
+* ''Dipyaka'' &ndash; Increases appetite.
+* ''Yavani''
+* ''Bhutik''
+* ''Dipya''
+* ''Ajamodika''
-==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
+== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
-Dipyaka(it increase appetite), Yavani, Bhutik, Dipya, Ajamodika
+* ''Ajamoda''
+* ''Kharashva'' &ndash; Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
+* ''Maayuro''
+* ''Brahmakusha''
+* ''Kaaravi''
+* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
-==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref>	Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-77</ref>==
+== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
-Ajamoda, kharashva(fruits of ajamoda has got similar odour to donkey), maayuro, brahmakusha,kaaravi, lochamastaka
+According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
-== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
+! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Properties'''
-|'''Sr.no.'''
-|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
-|'''Properties'''
 |-
-|1
+| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
-|Taste  (rasa)
-|Pungent (katu)
 |-
-|2
+| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
-|Potency  (veerya)
-|Hot (ushna)
 |-
-|3
+| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
-|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
-|Pungent (katu)
 |-
-|4
+| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
-|Qualities  (guna)
-|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
 |-
-|5
+| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
-|Actions  (karma)
-|Pacify Kapha and Vata
 |}
-==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
+== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
+Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
-|+ '''Herbs and their activities'''
+! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
-| '''Sr.no.'''
+|-
-| '''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
+| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
-| '''Activity'''
 |-
-| 1
+| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20
-| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(management of over nutrition disorder)
 |-
-| 2
+| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170
-| Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
 |-
-| 3
+| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307
-| Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)
 |-
-| 4
+| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
-| Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
 |-
-| 5
+| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
-| Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrit
 |-
-| 6
+| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
-| Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna
 |-
-| 7
+| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
-| Pathya Diet in Gulma(wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
 |-
-| 8
+| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168
-| Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
-|-
-| 9
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
-| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 10
+| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
-| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 11
+| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
-| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 12
+| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
-| Ingredient  in Madhvasava
 |-
-| 13
+| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
-| Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
 |-
-| 14
+| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55
-| Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
 |-
-| 15
+| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
-| Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
 |-
-| 16
+| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
+|-
-| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
+| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
+|-
+| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
+|-
+| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
+|-
+| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
+|}
+== Dose ==
+* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
+== Important Formulations ==
+As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
+* ''Ajamodarka''
+* ''Ajmodadi churna''
+== Current Availability ==
+Available
+== Major Phytoconstituents ==
+The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
+== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
+Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
+=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
+=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
+=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
+=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
+* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
 |-
-| 17
+| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
+| Thymol, Carvacrol
-| Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
+| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
 |-
-| 18
+| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
+| Essential Oils, Phenolics
-| In treatment  of Kaphaja  uadara roga
+| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
 |-
-| 19
+| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
+| Thymol, p-cymene
-| As an  ingredient of narayan churna
+| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
 |-
-| 20
+| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63
+| Phenolic compounds
-| As an ingredient  of traushnadi churna
+| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
 |}
-==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
-* 1-3 gm powder
+* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
-==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
-* Ajamodarka
+** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
-* Ajmodadi churna
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
+<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
+<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
+<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
+<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
+<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
+}}
+[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
-==Current availability ==
+''This article is under development ..''
-Available
-==Current researches ==
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
-  This article is under development ..