Charak Samhita

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Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Dipyaka - Carum copticum
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|title = Dipyaka
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
|label3 = Family  
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbeliferae
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


The word panchamahabhuta is made up of three words: ‘pancha’, ‘maha’ and ‘bhuta’. ‘Pancha’ means five, ‘maha’ means great and ‘bhuta’ means that which exists. All the living and non-living objects in the universe are made up of panchamahabhuta.[Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/10].Therefore, panchamahabhuta are the five fundamental elements responsible for creation of the universe, including humans. Each individual has a unique panchabhautik constitution. This constitution remains in state of equilibrium in health and any imbalance results in disease. It is crucial for healthcare provider to identify panchabhautik imbalance and should have the capability to restore equilibrium.The word panchamahabhuta is made up of three words: ‘pancha’, ‘maha’ and ‘bhuta’. ‘Pancha’ means five, ‘maha’ means great and ‘bhuta’ means that which exists. All the living and non-living objects in the universe are made up of panchamahabhuta.[Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/10].Therefore, panchamahabhuta are the five fundamental elements responsible for creation of the universe, including humans. Each individual has a unique panchabhautik constitution. This constitution remains in state of equilibrium in health and any imbalance results in disease. It is crucial for healthcare provider to identify panchabhautik imbalance and should have the capability to restore equilibrium.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>


==English name==
== English Name ==
Ajowan
Ajowan


==Therapeutic use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma(abdominal lump), Aruchi(anorexia), Adhmana(abdominal distention),Hikka, Chardi(vomiting), krumi roga(worms), sula(pain)
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' &ndash; Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
Dipyaka(it increase appetite), Yavani, Bhutik, Dipya, Ajamodika
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' &ndash; Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-77</ref>==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Ajamoda, kharashva(fruits of ajamoda has got similar odour to donkey), maayuro, brahmakusha,kaaravi, lochamastaka
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ '''Herbs and their activities'''
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
| '''Sr.no.'''
|-
| '''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
| '''Activity'''
|-
|-
| 1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(management of over nutrition disorder)
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170
| Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
|-
|-
| 3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307
| Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)
|-
|-
| 4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
| Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
|-
|-
| 5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
| Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrit
|-
|-
| 6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
| Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna
|-
|-
| 7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
| Pathya Diet in Gulma(wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
|-
| 8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168
| Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
| 10
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
| 11
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)  
|-
|-
| 12
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
| Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
|-
| 13
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
| 14
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
| 15
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
| Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|-
| 16
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|-
| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|}
 
== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
 
=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
 
=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
 
=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| 17
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
|-
| 18
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| In treatment  of Kaphaja  uadara roga
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
|-
| 19
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
| Thymol, p-cymene
| As an  ingredient of narayan churna
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
|-
| 20
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63
| Phenolic compounds
| As an ingredient  of traushnadi churna
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* 1-3 gm powder
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
* Ajamodarka
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
* Ajmodadi churna


== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}


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