Lashuna: Difference between revisions

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Allium sativum L.

{{#seo:

|title=Charak Samhita

|titlemode=append

|keywords= Lashuna, Rasona, Lasuna, Garlic, Allium sativum L.Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,

|description='''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic Allium sativum L.]

{{Infobox

Line 7:

Line 17:

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Allium sativum L.

|label3 = ~~Contributors~~

|label3 = Family

|data3 = --

|data3 = Liliaceae

|label4 = Year of publication

|label4 = Availability

|~~data4~~ = ~~2021~~

|data4 = Available

|~~label5~~ = Publisher

|label5 = Contributors

|~~data5~~ = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|data5 = Team Dravyaguna

|~~label6~~ = DOI

|label6 = Year of publication

|~~data6~~ = Awaited

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

==~~English name~~ ==

'''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.

== General Overview ==

* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.

* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")

* [[File:Lashuna.jpg|thumb|'''Lashuna (Allium sativum)''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Alliin, Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS), Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), Ajoene, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)

~~Garlic~~

==Therapeutic uses==

Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), Gulma(abdominal lumps), Kushtha(skin disease),Arsha (haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough), Shwasa(breathlessness), Pinasa(running nose), Shula(pain), Karnashoola (earache), Vata vyadhi, Hikka, Medoroga, Yoni vyapada (diseases of vagina),visuchika, Plihavruddhi (spleenomegaly), Kshaya, Vishamajwara, Unmada, Apasmara, Shopha(swelling), Hridroga (heart disease), Vrana(wound), Trikashool<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Other varieties==

* Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. 1830 not L. 1753

* Allium controversum Schrad. ex Wild.

* Allium longicuspis Regel

* Allium ophioscorodon Link

* Allium pekinense Prokh.

* Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.

* Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. 1830 not (L.) Mill. 1768

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Lashuna, Rasona, Ugragandha, Arishta

==Synonyms in bhavaprakash nighantu==

Mahaushadha(because it use in many disease), Mlecchakanda(liked by mlecha as it is used to prepared dishes), Yavaneshta(liked by foreigners)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga,verse no.217</ref>

==Types==

===Dhanvantari nighantu===

Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. zarkhande oza , dr.umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakasana,karaviradi varga verse no. 62,63</ref>

# Rasona

# Mahakanda

===Raja nighantu===

Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, mulakadi varga verse no- 50,51,53,54</ref>

# Rasona

# Shweta rasona

# Grunjana

# Rakta rasona

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Properties

|-

! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties

|-

| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)

|-

| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)

|-

| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)

|-

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),

|-

| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]], increases [[pitta]]

|-

|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

Line 32:

Line 95:

! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity

|-

| 1 || Sutra ~~sthana~~ 2/5 || ~~Sirovirechana~~ (Errhine therapy)

| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)

|-

| 2 || Sutra ~~sthana~~ 3/4 || ~~Siddhatamachurnapradeha~~

| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(external application)

|-

|3

|~~Ch Su~~ 27/176

|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/176

|Harita Varga

|Harita Varga(class of green herbs)

|-

|4

|~~Ch Su~~ 26/84

|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84

|Viruddha ~~ahar~~

|Viruddha ahara (incompatible substances)

|-

|5

|Ch.N.2/4

|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4

|Nidana of Raktapitta

|Nidana of Raktapitta (cause of bleeding disorder)

|-

|6

|~~Ch Vi~~ 6/17

|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17

|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa

|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worm)

|-

|7

|Ch.~~Sha~~.8/34

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34

|Garbhasya ~~pratimasik~~ karma

|Garbhasya pratimasika karma

|-

|8

|Ch.~~Sha~~.8/47

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47

|Jatamatra ~~balak~~ paricharya

|Jatamatra balaka paricharya

|-

|9

|Ch.~~Sha~~.8/56

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56

|Kshira ~~vishodhan~~ dravya

|Kshira vishodhana dravya(treatment of vitiated breast milk)

|-

|10

|Cha. Sa. ~~Chi.~~ 5/94

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/94

|Ingredient of ~~Lasuna~~ Kshirpaka

|Ingredient of Lashuna Kshirpaka

|-

|11

|Cha. Sa. ~~Chi.~~ 5/177

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/177

|Vilayan of Rakta Gulma

|-

|12

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/111

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111

|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri ~~Tail~~

|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila

|-

|13

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/49

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49

|Ingredient in ~~Lasunadya~~ Ghrita

|Ingredient in Lashunadya Ghrita

|-

|14

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/52

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52

|Ingredient in Apara ~~lasunadya Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Apara Lashunadya Ghrita

|-

|15

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/53

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53

|Ingredient in Apara ~~lasunadya~~ Ghrita

|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita

|-

|16

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/64

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64

|Used as ~~Nashya~~ and ~~Anjan~~ prayogarth

|Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth

|-

|17

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/35

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35

|Ingredient in Palankashadi ~~tail~~

|Ingredient in Palankashadi taila

|-

|18

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/64

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64

|Ingredient in ~~Atattvabhinivesh~~ nashak ~~yog~~

|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha nashak yoga

|-

|19

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/9

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/9

|As ~~nidan~~ of arsha roga

|As nidana of arsha roga(cause of hemorrhoids)

|-

|20

|Cha.Sa.~~Chi.~~23/70

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70

|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.

|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada

|-

|21

|Cha.~~sa.Chi~~.26/150

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150

|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.

|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya(running nose)

|-

|22

|Cha.Sa.~~Chi.~~28/177

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177

|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.

|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila

|-

|}

==Dose==

* 3 gm of the drug <ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Important formulatios==

As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

* Lashunadi vati

* Lashunadi ghruta

* Vacha lashunadi taila

== Current availability==

Available

India - All over India

== ~~Ayurvedic pharmacological properties~~ ==

== Current researches ==

== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==

''Allium sativum'' exerts therapeutic effects predominantly through organosulfur compounds released when alliinase enzymatically cleaves alliin upon tissue crushing or damage. These compounds modulate vascular reactivity, lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and gene expression involved in apoptosis and inflammation.<ref name="Batiha2020" />

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Properties

|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Allium sativum''

|-

! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities

! ~~Sr.no.~~ !! ~~Pharmacological criteria~~ !! ~~Properties~~

|-

| 1 || ~~Taste~~ (~~[[rasa]]~~) || ~~Pungent (katu)~~, ~~Bitter (tikta)~~, ~~Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)~~

| '''Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive''' || Allicin, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) || Endothelial nitric oxide synthase upregulation, hydrogen sulfide production, arterial vasodilation

|-

| 2 || ~~Potency~~ (~~[[veerya]]~~) || ~~Hot (ushna)~~

| '''Antihyperlipidemic & Antithrombotic''' || Ajoene, Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) || HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, platelet aggregation blockade via thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> suppression

|-

| 3 || ~~Post digestion effect~~ (~~[[vipaka]]~~) || ~~Pungent (katu)~~

| '''Antimicrobial & Antifungal''' || Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS) || Thiol-containing enzyme oxidation, membrane permeability disruption in bacteria and fungi

|-

~~| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha)~~, ~~Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),~~

|-

~~| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]]~~ and ~~[[vata]], increases [[pitta]]~~

|-

| '''Anticancer & Immunomodulatory''' || DATS, DADS, Organosulfurs || G<sub>2</sub>/M phase cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, p53 upregulation, NK cell stimulation

|}

~~== Current availability==~~

~~Available~~

== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==

=== Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive Action ===

Clinical meta-analyses confirm that standardized garlic preparations significantly reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Mechanisms center on endothelial nitric oxide stimulation and hydrogen sulfide generation, promoting systemic vascular smooth muscle relaxation.<ref name="Ried2020" />

=== Lipid Modulation & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===

Organosulfur constituents suppress hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Clinical evaluations demonstrate consistent reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.<ref name="Varshney2016" />

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===

Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Harris2001" />

=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===

Preclinical xenografts and cellular models demonstrate that diallyl sulfides inhibit cancer cell growth via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, upregulation of p53, suppression of NF-κB, and induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in gastrointestinal and prostate malignancies.<ref name="Shang2019" />

== References ==

{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Batiha2020">{{cite journal |last1=El-Saber Batiha |first1=G. |last2=Beshbishy |first2=A. M. |last3=Wasef |first3=L. G. |title=Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=872 |doi=10.3390/nu12030872}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris2001">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=J. C. |last2=Cottrell |first2=S. L. |last3=Plummer |first3=S. |last4=Lloyd |first4=D. |title=Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=57 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1007/s002530100722}}</ref>

<ref name="Ried2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ried |first1=K. |title=Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=150 |issue=7 |year=2020 |pages=1774–1783 |doi=10.1093/jn/nxaa082}}</ref>

<ref name="Shang2019">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=A. |last2=Cao |first2=S. Y. |last3=Xu |first3=X. Y. |title=Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) |journal=Foods |volume=8 |issue=7 |year=2019 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/foods8070246}}</ref>

== ~~Current researches~~ ==

<ref name="Varshney2016">{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=R. |last2=Budoff |first2=M. J. |title=Garlic and heart disease |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=146 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=416S–421S |doi=10.3945/jn.114.202333}}</ref>

}}

"""

==External Links==

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]

~~This article is under development ..~~

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Allium sativum L.
+{{#seo:
+|title=Charak Samhita
+|titlemode=append
+|keywords= Lashuna, Rasona, Lasuna, Garlic, Allium sativum L.Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
+|description='''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=charak samhita
+|type=article
+}}
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic Allium sativum L.]
 {{Infobox
@@ Line 7: / Line 17: @@
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
 |data2 = Allium sativum L.
-|label3 = Contributors
+|label3 = Family
-|data3 = --
+|data3 = Liliaceae
-|label4 = Year of publication
+|label4 = Availability
-|data4 =  2021
+|data4 = Available
-|label5 = Publisher
+|label5 = Contributors
-|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
-|label6 = DOI
+|label6 = Year of publication
-|data6  = Awaited
+|data6 =  2026
+|label7 = Publisher
+|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|label8 = DOI
+|data8  = Awaited
 }}
-==English name ==
+'''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.
+== General Overview ==
+* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.
+* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")
+* [[File:Lashuna.jpg|thumb|'''Lashuna (Allium sativum)''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Alliin, Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS), Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), Ajoene, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)
-Garlic
+==Therapeutic uses==
+Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), Gulma(abdominal lumps), Kushtha(skin disease),Arsha (haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough), Shwasa(breathlessness), Pinasa(running nose), Shula(pain), Karnashoola (earache), Vata vyadhi, Hikka, Medoroga, Yoni vyapada (diseases of vagina),visuchika, Plihavruddhi (spleenomegaly), Kshaya, Vishamajwara, Unmada, Apasmara, Shopha(swelling), Hridroga (heart disease), Vrana(wound), Trikashool<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>
+==Other varieties==
+* Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. 1830 not L. 1753
+* Allium controversum Schrad. ex Wild.
+* Allium longicuspis Regel
+* Allium ophioscorodon Link
+* Allium pekinense Prokh.
+* Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.
+* Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. 1830 not (L.) Mill. 1768
 == Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
 Lashuna, Rasona, Ugragandha, Arishta
+==Synonyms in bhavaprakash nighantu==
+Mahaushadha(because it use in many disease), Mlecchakanda(liked by mlecha as it is used to prepared dishes), Yavaneshta(liked by foreigners)<ref>	Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga,verse no.217</ref>
+==Types==
+===Dhanvantari nighantu===
+Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. zarkhande oza , dr.umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakasana,karaviradi varga verse no. 62,63</ref>
+# Rasona
+# Mahakanda
+===Raja nighantu===
+Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, mulakadi varga verse no- 50,51,53,54</ref>
+# Rasona
+# Shweta rasona
+# Grunjana
+# Rakta rasona
+== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Properties
+|-
+! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
+|-
+| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)
+|-
+| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
+|-
+| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
+|-
+| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),
+|-
+| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]], increases [[pitta]]
+|-
+|}
 == Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
@@ Line 32: / Line 95: @@
 ! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
 |-
-| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/5 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
+| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
 |-
-| 2 || Sutra sthana 3/4 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
+| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(external application)
 |-
 |3
-|Ch Su 27/176
+|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/176
-|Harita Varga
+|Harita Varga(class of green herbs)
 |-
 |4
-|Ch Su 26/84
+|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
-|Viruddha ahar
+|Viruddha ahara (incompatible substances)
 |-
 |5
-|Ch.N.2/4
+|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
-|Nidana of Raktapitta
+|Nidana of Raktapitta (cause of bleeding disorder)
 |-
 |6
-|Ch Vi 6/17
+|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
-|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
+|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa (treatment of worm)
 |-
 |7
-|Ch.Sha.8/34
+|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
-|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
+|Garbhasya  pratimasika karma
 |-
 |8
-|Ch.Sha.8/47
+|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47
-|Jatamatra balak  paricharya
+|Jatamatra balaka  paricharya
 |-
 |9
-|Ch.Sha.8/56
+|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
-|Kshira vishodhan  dravya
+|Kshira vishodhana  dravya(treatment of vitiated breast milk)
 |-
 |10
-|Cha. Sa.  Chi. 5/94
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/94
-|Ingredient of Lasuna  Kshirpaka
+|Ingredient of Lashuna Kshirpaka
 |-
 |11
-|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/177
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/177
 |Vilayan of Rakta Gulma
 |-
 |12
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 7/111
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
-|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
+|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
 |-
 |13
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/49
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
-|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrita
+|Ingredient in Lashunadya  Ghrita
 |-
 |14
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/52
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
-|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Apara  Lashunadya Ghrita
 |-
 |15
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/53
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
-|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
+|Ingredient in Apara  lashunadya Ghrita
 |-
 |16
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/64
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64
-|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
+|Used as Nasya and Anjana  prayogarth
 |-
 |17
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 10/35
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35
-|Ingredient in Palankashadi  tail
+|Ingredient in Palankashadi  taila
 |-
 |18
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 10/64
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
-|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh  nashak yog
+|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha  nashak yoga
 |-
 |19
-|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 14/9
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/9
-|As nidan of  arsha roga
+|As nidana of  arsha roga(cause of hemorrhoids)
 |-
 |20
-|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/70
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
-|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
+|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
 |-
 |21
-|Cha.sa.Chi.26/150
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
-|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya.
+|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya(running nose)
 |-
 |22
-|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/177
+|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177
-|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
+|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
-|-
 |}
+==Dose==
+* 3 gm of the drug <ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>
+==Important formulatios==
+As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>
+* Lashunadi vati
+* Lashunadi ghruta
+* Vacha lashunadi taila
+== Current availability==
+Available
+India - All over India
-== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
+== Current researches ==
+== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
+''Allium sativum'' exerts therapeutic effects predominantly through organosulfur compounds released when alliinase enzymatically cleaves alliin upon tissue crushing or damage. These compounds modulate vascular reactivity, lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and gene expression involved in apoptosis and inflammation.<ref name="Batiha2020" />
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+ Properties
+|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Allium sativum''
-|-
+! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
-! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
 |-
-| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)
+| '''Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive''' || Allicin, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) || Endothelial nitric oxide synthase upregulation, hydrogen sulfide production, arterial vasodilation
 |-
-| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
+| '''Antihyperlipidemic & Antithrombotic''' || Ajoene, Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) || HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, platelet aggregation blockade via thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> suppression
 |-
-| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
+| '''Antimicrobial & Antifungal''' || Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS) || Thiol-containing enzyme oxidation, membrane permeability disruption in bacteria and fungi
-|-
-| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),
-|-
-| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]], increases [[pitta]]
 |-
+| '''Anticancer & Immunomodulatory''' || DATS, DADS, Organosulfurs || G<sub>2</sub>/M phase cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, p53 upregulation, NK cell stimulation
 |}
-== Current availability==
-Available
+== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==
+=== Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive Action ===
+Clinical meta-analyses confirm that standardized garlic preparations significantly reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Mechanisms center on endothelial nitric oxide stimulation and hydrogen sulfide generation, promoting systemic vascular smooth muscle relaxation.<ref name="Ried2020" />
+=== Lipid Modulation & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
+Organosulfur constituents suppress hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Clinical evaluations demonstrate consistent reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.<ref name="Varshney2016" />
+=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===
+Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Harris2001" />
+=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===
+Preclinical xenografts and cellular models demonstrate that diallyl sulfides inhibit cancer cell growth via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, upregulation of p53, suppression of NF-κB, and induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in gastrointestinal and prostate malignancies.<ref name="Shang2019" />
+== References ==
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Batiha2020">{{cite journal |last1=El-Saber Batiha |first1=G. |last2=Beshbishy |first2=A. M. |last3=Wasef |first3=L. G. |title=Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=872 |doi=10.3390/nu12030872}}</ref>
+<ref name="Harris2001">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=J. C. |last2=Cottrell |first2=S. L. |last3=Plummer |first3=S. |last4=Lloyd |first4=D. |title=Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=57 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1007/s002530100722}}</ref>
+<ref name="Ried2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ried |first1=K. |title=Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=150 |issue=7 |year=2020 |pages=1774–1783 |doi=10.1093/jn/nxaa082}}</ref>
+<ref name="Shang2019">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=A. |last2=Cao |first2=S. Y. |last3=Xu |first3=X. Y. |title=Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) |journal=Foods |volume=8 |issue=7 |year=2019 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/foods8070246}}</ref>
-== Current researches ==
+<ref name="Varshney2016">{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=R. |last2=Budoff |first2=M. J. |title=Garlic and heart disease |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=146 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=416S–421S |doi=10.3945/jn.114.202333}}</ref>
+}}
+"""
+==External Links==
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
+[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]
-  This article is under development ..
+[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]