Charak Samhita

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==English name ==  
== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==


Long Pepper
'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]. Belonging to the family [[Piperaceae]], it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.
 
Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').
 
=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' [[Plantae]]
* '''Order:''' [[Piperales]]
* '''Family:''' [[Piperaceae]]
* '''Genus:''' ''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''
 
=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Sula(Colic), Chardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), Jwara(Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>


==Types==
==Types==
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Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>


== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


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! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)  
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)  
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || Vamana Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghniyavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghniyavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghniyavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniyamahakashaya(Appetisers)
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthyamahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighnamahakashaya(anti-satiety)
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighnamahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopagmahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopagmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahanamahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasaharamahakashaya(relieving cough)
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamanmahakashaya(pacifying cold)
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35  
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35  
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa( Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
| Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50  
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50  
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|-
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4  
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4  
| Natural  qualities.
| Natural  qualities
|-
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256  
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256  
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|-
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51  
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51  
| Veerya varnan(potency)
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84  
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84  
Line 126: Line 160:
|-
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15  
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15  
| Nitya asevaniya  padarth varnan(Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
| Nitya asevaniya  padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17  
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17  
| Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18  
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18  
| Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135  
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135  
| Vaman dravyani(as an ingredient of  List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of  List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/142  
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/142  
| Katuskandha(group of pungent drugs)
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|-
|32
|32
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|34
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|-
|35
|35
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|43
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalin Trivrut Yoga
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|-
|44
|44
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|49
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In  formulation of amalaka avaleha
|In  formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|-
|50
|50
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|51
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in Vajikaran Ghrita
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]] Ghrita
|-
|-
|52
|52
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|54
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of  Vrushya shatavari Ghrita
|Ingredient of  Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|-
|55
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakar Ghrita
|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
|-
|-
|56
|56
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|57
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with sunthi where agni is manda but  kshudha is present
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but  kshudha is present
|-
|-
|58
|58
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|61
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for Vaman karma
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|-
|62
|62
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|63
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in iruha basti as kalka
|Used in [[Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|-
|64
|64
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|73
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataj Gulma
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|-
|74
|74
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|76
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|-
|77
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|-
|78
|78
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|79
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|-
|80
|80
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|83
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|84
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|-
|88
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yog
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|-
|89
|89
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|92
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi  Avaleh
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi  Avaleha
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleh
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleh
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleh
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|96
|96
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|97
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|98
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|99
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapak
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|-
|100
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth  
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha  
|-
|-
|101
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav  
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava  
|-
|-
|102
|102
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|104
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
|-
|-
|105
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|106
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|107
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|108
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
|Ingredient in Apara  Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|109
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogartha
|-
|-
|110
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|-
|111
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|112
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar  nashak Dhup and Pradeh
|Ingredient in Apasmar  nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|-
|113
|113
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|119
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshin
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|-
|120
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshin
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|-
|121
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrita
|-
|-
|122
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Samasaktu  Ghrita
|-
|-
|123
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya  Sarpigud
|Ingredient in Dvitiya  Sarpiguda
|-
|-
|124
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpigud
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpiguda
|-
|-
|125
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodaka
|-
|-
|126
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvar rog in Kshatkshin
|For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|-
|127
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|128
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|129
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|130
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|131
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|-
|132
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|-
|133
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|-
|134
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|-
|135
|135
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|137
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|-
|138
|138
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|139
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi  Kwath
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi  Kwatha
|-
|-
|140
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|141
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|-
|142
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|-
|143
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|-
|144
|144
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|146
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84  
|In  formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|In  formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|-
|147
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment  of sannipataja udararoga (takraprayoga)  
|In treatment  of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)  
|-
|-
|148
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment  of vatodara (takraprayoga)  
|In treatment  of vatodara (takra prayoga)  
|-
|-
|149
|149
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|151
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an  ingredient of udararoganashaka lepa  
|As an  ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa  
|-
|-
|152
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In  formulation of panchkola ghrit
|In  formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|-
|153
|153
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|154
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an  ingredient of narayanaay churna  
|As an  ingredient of Narayana churna  
|-
|-
|155
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an  ingredient of hapushadya churna  
|As an  ingredient of Hapushadya churna  
|-
|-
|156
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an  ingredient of nilinadya churna  
|As an  ingredient of Nilinadya churna  
|-
|-
|157
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi lavana  
|As an  ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana  
|-
|-
|158
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an  ingredient of ksharavatika
|As an  ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|-
|159
|159
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|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation
)
)
|-
|-
|161
|161
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|163
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna  
|As an  ingredient of Traushnadi churna  
|-
|-
|164
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Pancakola churna is given with takra  
|Panchakola churna is given with takra  
|-
|-
|165
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an  ingredient of takrarista
|As an  ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|-
|166
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya,  khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala  
|Used in peya,  khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala  
|-
|-
|167
|167
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|168
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with  phanita and goghrit
|Use with  phanita and goghrita
|-
|-
|169
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|170
|170
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|171
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an  ingredient of cavyadighrit
|As an  ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|172
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an  ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|-
|173
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in  anuvasan basti  
|Used in  anuvasana basti  
|-
|-
|174
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an  ingredient of abhayarista
|As an  ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|-
|175
|175
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|176
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an  ingredient of kanakarista
|As an  ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|-
|177
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an  ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|As an  ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|-
|178
|178
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|179
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola  sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|Panchakola  sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|-
|180
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|-
|181
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|182
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna  
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna  
|-
|-
|183
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an  ingredient of citrakadhya gutika  
|As an  ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika  
|-
|-
|184
|184
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|185
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|-
|186
|186
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|187
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrit(kalka dravya)  
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)  
|-
|-
|188
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna  
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna  
|-
|-
|189
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)  
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)  
|-
|-
|190
|190
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|193
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|-
|194
|194
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|199
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in  hikka swasa roga(For emesis)
|Used for vamana in  hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|-
|200
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|-
|201
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for  hikka svasa
|Used as annapana for  hikka shvasa
|-
|-
|202
|202
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|204
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is  used in vatanubandhi svasa
|Siddha ghrit is  used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|-
|205
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  satyadi churna
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|-
|206
|206
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|207
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of  dashamuladhya ghrit
|As an ingredient of  dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|-
|208
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of  Tejovatyadi ghrit
|As an ingredient of  Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|209
|209
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|213
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an  ingredient of agastya haritaki
|Use as an  ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|-
|214
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an  ingredient of saindhavadi yoga
|Use as an  ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|-
|215
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an  ingredient of khadirasara yoga
|Use as an  ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|-
|216
|216
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|217
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an  ingredient of dhumpana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|Use as an  ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|-
|218
|218
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|219
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaj kasa
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|220
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaj kasa
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|221
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaj kasa
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|222
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaj kasa
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|223
|223
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|230
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a  kwath dravya(decoction)
|Use it as a  kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|-
|231
|231
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|236
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|-
Line 973: Line 1,005:
|239
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an  ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|Use as an  ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|240
|240
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|243
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya   dravya
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|-
|244
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
|
As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|245
|245
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|246
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|
|As a kwatha dravya
As a kwath dravya
|-
|-
|247
|247
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|259
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
|-
|-
|260
|260
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|280
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|-
|281
|281
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|290
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|-
|291
|291
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|292
|292
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambh nashak Yoga
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|-
|293
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambh nashak Yoga
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|-
|294
|294
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|296
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|-
|297
|297
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|300
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|-
|301
|301
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|304
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Satavari ghrita
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|-
|305
|305
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|309
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|-
|310
|310
Line 1,279: Line 1,310:
* Gudapippali   
* Gudapippali   
* Kumaryasava  
* Kumaryasava  
* Candanasava
* Chandanasava
* shiva gulika  
* Shiva gulika  
* Kaishor Guggulu
* Kaishora Guggulu




Line 1,288: Line 1,319:
Available  
Available  


* In india: Bengal, Bihar, Assam,Tamilnaadu.
* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.
* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''&beta;-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.
<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>
== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==
=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.
* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />
=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.
* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-&kappa;B), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />
=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&alpha;, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />
=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.
* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />
=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.
== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==
=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.
=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''Trikatu Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''Maricha'', and ''Shunthi''), ''Pippali Rasayana'', ''Pippaliasava''.
=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.
However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>
<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>
<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>
<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>
<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum




[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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