Shunthi: Difference between revisions

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Zingiber officinale Roscoe.

{{#seo:

|title=Charak Samhita

|titlemode=append

|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,

|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]

{{Infobox

|title = Shunthi

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|data8 = Awaited

}}

[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]

==English name ==

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| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])

|-

| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.

| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)

Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)

| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.

|-

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), ~~Rough~~ (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) |~~| Counteracts~~ the coldness of ''Kapha''.

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)

Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)

| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha

|-

| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha

|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness

|-

| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.

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|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106

|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating ~~kostha gaya kayu~~ in grahaniroga

|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga

|-

|148

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|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132

|As an ingredient of ~~Nagaradhya~~ churna

|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna

|-

|151

|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137

|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of ~~Bhunimbadhya~~ churna

|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna

|-

|152

|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142

|As an ingredient of ~~Kiratadhya~~ churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)

|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)

|-

|153

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|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177

|As an ingredient of ~~Pipallimuladhya~~ Kshara

|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara

|-

|156

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|

Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89

|As an ingredient of ~~pancamuladhya ghrit~~ evum churna

|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna

|-

|158

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|177

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123

|As an ingredient of ~~satyadi~~ churna.

|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.

|-

|178

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|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267

|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.

|-

|}

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== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==

The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:

The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.

* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.

* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>

* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.

* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

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Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>

* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

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In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===

Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:

Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.

* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.

* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.

* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>

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* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.

** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.

* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.

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== References ==

~~# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.~~

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.

~~# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.~~

~~# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.~~

~~# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.~~

~~# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.~~

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
+{{#seo:
+|title=Charak Samhita
+|titlemode=append
+|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
+|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=charak samhita
+|type=article
+}}
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
 {{Infobox
 |title = Shunthi
@@ Line 19: / Line 29: @@
 |data8  = Awaited
 }}
+[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]
 ==English name ==
@@ Line 66: / Line 78: @@
 | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
 |-
-| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
+| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
+Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
+| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
 |-
-| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) || Counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha''.
+| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
+Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
+| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
 |-
 | 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
+|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
 |-
 | 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
@@ Line 674: / Line 691: @@
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
-|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
+|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
 |-
 |148
@@ Line 689: / Line 706: @@
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
-|As an  ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
+|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
 |-
 |151
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
-|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
+|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
 |-
 |152
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
-|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
+|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
 |-
 |153
@@ Line 714: / Line 731: @@
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
-|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
+|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
 |-
 |156
@@ Line 724: / Line 741: @@
 |
 Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
-|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
+|As an  ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
 |-
 |158
@@ Line 806: / Line 823: @@
 |177
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
-|As an ingredient of  satyadi churna.
+|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna.
 |-
 |178
@@ Line 1,168: / Line 1,185: @@
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
 |Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an  ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 1,192: / Line 1,208: @@
 == Current researches ==
 == Phytochemical Architecture ==
-The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:
+The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:
 * '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
-* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.
+* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
 * '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
 * '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.
@@ Line 1,204: / Line 1,220: @@
 Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.
-* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
+* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
 * '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.
@@ Line 1,210: / Line 1,226: @@
 In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.
-: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.
+: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>
 Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.
 === C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
-Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:
+Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:
 * '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
 * '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
-* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.
+* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />
 <pre>
@@ Line 1,241: / Line 1,257: @@
 * '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
-** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.
+** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
 ** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
 * '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
@@ Line 1,248: / Line 1,264: @@
 == References ==
-# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
+[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
-# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
-# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
-# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
-# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
-# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]