Charak Samhita

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Zingiber officinale Roscoe
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|title = Shunthi
Line 6: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


--
Ginger
 
== Botanical Identity ==
 
'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.
 
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)
 
== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==
 
In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.
 
==Therapeutic Use==
 
Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)
 
==Varieties==
 
==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Shrungavera
 
Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.
 
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==
 
Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 30: Line 99:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22 ||  Vamanartha
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine  therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and  Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara  yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara  yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni  yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna  nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam  ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body  purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145
 
|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
 
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but  kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with  Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is  associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198
 
|Used as kwath or  sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211
 
|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa,  svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and  sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65              
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya  ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi  churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli  Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya  Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal  Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-  Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth 
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi  Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi  Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan  Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in  treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak  prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In  treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment  of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In  formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment  of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment  of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment  of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment  of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment  of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In  formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After  virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an  ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in  sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka  used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an  ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka  swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna  with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and  bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola  churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya,  khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in  yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes  constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for  Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with  phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an  ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an  ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as  anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an  ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186
 
|Mixed with  kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta  arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an  ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an  ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola  sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an  ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and  churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in  condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of  yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya  padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in  treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44
 
|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]  16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla 
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44
 
|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla 
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation  for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for  hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of  sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in  hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation  of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with  guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
 
|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an  ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita  dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74  
|As an ingredient  of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient  of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99
 
|Use in treatment  of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient  of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient  of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient  of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and  kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146
 
|As an ingredient  of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient  of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient  of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient  of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya  in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
 
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
| 2 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16  || Preparation of Trivrut
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
| 3 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29  || Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|-
| 4 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|-
| 5 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23 || Churna Yoga
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|-
|}
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya  pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a  pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta  varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi  churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of  Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of  Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in  kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of  Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in  kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja  pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara  gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak  churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in  Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in  Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila  in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara  taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of  Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45


{| class="wikitable"
|As an ingredient  of Saindhavadi Taila
|+ Properties
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient  of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient  of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||  
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an  ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||  
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])||   
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) ||  
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an  ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==
* Churna – 1 – 2 gm
==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==
* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available  
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:
* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.
== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.
* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.
=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.
: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>
Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.
=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:
* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />
<pre>
      [6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
                        │
        ┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
        ▼                                ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB              Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
        │                                │
        ▼                                ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways            Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂)        Vascular Smooth Muscle
        │                                │
        ▼                                ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of          Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain            Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>
== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.


This article is under development ..
== References ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
Retrieved from "https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Shunthi"