Changes

==Contemporary approach and current researches ==

==Contemporary approach and current researches ==

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In the epidemiological literature, multiple definitions of causation are observed.<ref>M Parascandola, D L Weed, Causation in epidemiology, J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:905–912.</ref> Causes are conditions that play essential part in producing the occurrence of disease.<ref>Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med 1994;39:887–903<ref>  

In the epidemiological literature, multiple definitions of causation are observed.<ref>M Parascandola, D L Weed, Causation in epidemiology, J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:905–912.</ref> Causes are conditions that play essential part in producing the occurrence of disease.<ref>Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med 1994;39:887–903</ref>  

*'''Necessary causes:''' A necessary cause is a condition without which the effect cannot occur. For example, HIV infection is a necessary cause of AIDS.<ref>Charlton BG. Attribution of causation in epidemiology:chain or mosaic? J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:105–7.</ref>  

*'''Necessary causes:''' A necessary cause is a condition without which the effect cannot occur. For example, HIV infection is a necessary cause of AIDS.<ref>Charlton BG. Attribution of causation in epidemiology:chain or mosaic? J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:105–7.</ref>  

*'''Probabilistic cause:''' It increases the probability of its effect occurring.<ref>Olsen J. Causes and prevention. Scand J Soc Med 1991;19:1–6.</ref>  

*'''Probabilistic cause:''' It increases the probability of its effect occurring.<ref>Olsen J. Causes and prevention. Scand J Soc Med 1991;19:1–6.</ref>  

*'''Counterfactual cause:''' It makes a difference in the outcome (or the probability of the outcome) when present, compared with when it is absent, while all else is held constant.<ref>Maldonado G, Greenland, S. Estimating causal e Vects. [abstract]. Presented at the Society for Epidemiologic Research 31st Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, June, 1998. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:S80.</ref>  

*'''Counterfactual cause:''' It makes a difference in the outcome (or the probability of the outcome) when present, compared with when it is absent, while all else is held constant.<ref>Maldonado G, Greenland, S. Estimating causal e Vects. [abstract]. Presented at the Society for Epidemiologic Research 31st Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, June, 1998. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:S80.</ref>

== Hetu Kosha==

== Hetu Kosha==