Dridhabala: /* Therapeutic Uses */

2026-10-23T09:22:01Z

Therapeutic Uses

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:22, 23 October 2026
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	== Therapeutic Uses ==		== Therapeutic Uses ==
			Arsha (piles), Atisara (diarrhoea), Balagraha (psychotic syndrome of children), Bhrama (vertigo), Krimi (worm infestation), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (leprosy / diseases of skin), Netraroga (diseases of the eye), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Shvasa (asthma) and Vishavikara (disorders due to poison).<ref name="API"/>
	Arsha (piles), Atisara (diarrhoea), Balagraha (psychotic syndrome of children), Bhrama (vertigo), Krimi (worm infestation), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (leprosy / diseases of skin), Netraroga (diseases of the eye), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Shvasa (asthma) and Vishavikara (disorders due to poison).<ref name="API"/>

	== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==		== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==

Dridhabala at 09:19, 23 October 2026

2026-10-23T09:19:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 23 October 2026
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	== English name ==		== English name ==
	~~Sponge~~ tree~~, Khejri<ref name="Chaudhary2018"/>~~		Spunge tree

	Regional name:		Regional name:
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	== Therapeutic Uses ==		== Therapeutic Uses ==
	Kushtha (skin disease including leprosy), Shvitra (leucoderma), Atisara/Pravahika (dysentery), Shvasa (asthma), Kasa (cough, bronchitis), Arsha (piles), Kamala (jaundice), Visha (insect and scorpion bite, bark applied externally).<ref name="Chaudhary2018"/><ref name="SDACH">Shami (Prosopis spicigera Linn.). Dravyaguna monograph. SDACH Ayurveda college website. Available from: https://www.sdach.ac.in/dravyaguna-vigyan-blogs/shami/</ref>

	~~As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (leaf), the therapeutic uses are~~ Arsha (piles), Atisara (diarrhoea), Balagraha (psychotic syndrome of children), Bhrama (vertigo), Krimi (worm infestation), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (leprosy / diseases of skin), Netraroga (diseases of the eye), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Shvasa (asthma) and Vishavikara (disorders due to poison).<ref name="API"/>		Arsha (piles), Atisara (diarrhoea), Balagraha (psychotic syndrome of children), Bhrama (vertigo), Krimi (worm infestation), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (leprosy / diseases of skin), Netraroga (diseases of the eye), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Shvasa (asthma) and Vishavikara (disorders due to poison).<ref name="API"/>

	== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==		== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
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	! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties		! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| Taste (rasa) \|\| ~~Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura); API (leaf):~~ Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)<ref name="API"/>		\| 1 \|\| Taste (rasa) \|\| Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)<ref name="API"/>
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| Potency (veerya) \|\| Cold (sheeta)		\| 2 \|\| Potency (veerya) \|\| Cold (sheeta)
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	\| 5 \|\| Actions (karma) \|\| Pacify Kapha and Pitta; API (leaf): Arshoghna, Krimighna, Kaphapittahara, Kushthaghna, Recaka, Sangrahaka, Vatakara<ref name="API"/>		\| 5 \|\| Actions (karma) \|\| Pacify Kapha and Pitta; API (leaf): Arshoghna, Krimighna, Kaphapittahara, Kushthaghna, Recaka, Sangrahaka, Vatakara<ref name="API"/>
	\|}		\|}

	<!-- To be added after checking the printed texts: descriptions of Shami in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Raja Nighantu and Dhanvantari Nighantu (varga, verse number, synonyms, properties), and the remaining details of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India entry (full citation with volume, part and year). -->

	== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==		== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

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{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *shami, Prosopis spicigera Linn., Prosopis cineraria, khejri, sponge tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Shami
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shami
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Prosopis spicigera Linn. (accepted name: Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Mimosaceae (Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Prosopis spicigera Linn.''' (currently ''Prosopis cineraria'' (L.) Druce), popularly known as '''Shami''' or Khejri, is a drought-tolerant tree of dry and arid regions of India. It is called "Kalp Taru" or "Wonder Tree" because nearly all its parts are used.<ref name="Chaudhary2018">Chaudhary KK, Kumar G, Varshney A, Meghvansi MK, Ali SF, Karthik K, Dhama K, Siddiqui S, Kaul RK. Ethnopharmacological and phytopharmaceutical evaluation of Prosopis cineraria: an overview and future prospects. Current Drug Metabolism. 2018;19(3):192–214. doi:10.2174/1389200218666171031125439</ref>
In [[Ayurveda]] it appears in the Phala Varga and in the Kashaya-skandha of [[Charak Samhita]], and it is described as a Kapha-Pitta pacifying drug. Modern experimental studies have examined its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and wound-healing effects; these are summarised below together with its classical description.

== English name ==
Sponge tree, Khejri<ref name="Chaudhary2018"/>

Regional name:
As per API.<ref name="API"/>
* Bengali – Sain, Shami;
* Gujarati – Kheejado, Sami;
* Hindi – Chhonkar, Sami, Chhikur, Jhand, Khejra;
* Kannada – Banni, Kabanni;
* Malayalam – Parampu, Tambu, Vahni;
* Marathi – Sami, Saunder;
* Odia – Shami; Punjabi – Jand;
* Tamil – Vanni; Telugu – Jammi.

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Kushtha (skin disease including leprosy), Shvitra (leucoderma), Atisara/Pravahika (dysentery), Shvasa (asthma), Kasa (cough, bronchitis), Arsha (piles), Kamala (jaundice), Visha (insect and scorpion bite, bark applied externally).<ref name="Chaudhary2018"/><ref name="SDACH">Shami (Prosopis spicigera Linn.). Dravyaguna monograph. SDACH Ayurveda college website. Available from: https://www.sdach.ac.in/dravyaguna-vigyan-blogs/shami/</ref>

As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (leaf), the therapeutic uses are Arsha (piles), Atisara (diarrhoea), Balagraha (psychotic syndrome of children), Bhrama (vertigo), Krimi (worm infestation), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (leprosy / diseases of skin), Netraroga (diseases of the eye), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Shvasa (asthma) and Vishavikara (disorders due to poison).<ref name="API"/>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce<ref name="Ukani2000">Ukani MD, Limbani NB, Mehta NK. A review on the Ayurvedic herb Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce. Ancient Science of Life. 2000;20(1–2):58–70. PMID: 22556999</ref>
* Mimosa cineraria L. (basionym)

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shami, Shivaphala, Ishani, Mangalya, Papnashini

== Other Synonyms ==
Saktuphala, Tunga, Keshahantri, Phala, Shiva, Mangalya, Lakshmi, Shamira<ref name="SDACH"/>, Shankuphalika<ref name="API"/>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura); API (leaf): Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)<ref name="API"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta; API (leaf): Arshoghna, Krimighna, Kaphapittahara, Kushthaghna, Recaka, Sangrahaka, Vatakara<ref name="API"/>
|}



== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/160 || Phala Varga
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8 || Deshavichara
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/49 || Dhupana yoga in arsha roga
|}

== Dose ==
* Leaf juice: 10–15 ml
* Powder: 2–4 g
* Decoction: 50–100 ml<ref name="SDACH"/>
* Leaf powder (churna): 3–5 g<ref name="API"/>

== Useful Part ==
Whole plant (bark, leaf and pod are the parts mainly used)<ref name="SDACH"/>. The API drug is the leaf (patra).<ref name="API"/>

== Important Formulations ==
* Used as a single drug (API, leaf).<ref name="API"/>

== Current Availability ==
Available. The tree occurs in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, and it is the state tree of Rajasthan.<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma P, et al. Phyto-therapeutic potential of stem bark of the wonder tree, Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce in LPS-induced mouse model: an anti-inflammatory study. Clinical Phytoscience. 2020. doi:10.1186/s40816-020-00168-x</ref>

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and steroids ===
* Phytochemical studies of ''P. cineraria'' report flavone derivatives (prosogerin A–E), alkaloids (spicigerine and prosophylline), tannins (gallic acid), steroids (stigmasterol, campesterol and sitosterol), fatty acids and amino acids from different parts of the plant.<ref name="Chaudhary2018"/>

* Vitamin K, n-octacosyl acetate and patulitrin have also been listed.<ref name="SDACH"/>

* The API lists the leaf constituents as tannin-rich foliage and volatile fatty acid.<ref name="API"/>

=== Phenolics of the bark ===
The ethanolic bark extract contains large amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and showed the highest antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging potential among the Prosopis extracts compared in one in vitro study.<ref name="Vegetos">In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Prosopis species growing in Rajasthan, India. Vegetos. Available from: https://vegetosindia.org/article/in-vitro-antioxidant-and-antidiabetic-activity-of-ethanolic-extract-of-prosopis-species-growing-in-rajasthan-india</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is preclinical (animal and in vitro studies). No controlled human clinical trial of ''Prosopis cineraria'' was found during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
A hydro-ethanol extract of the stem bark was tested at 100 and 300 mg/kg in LPS-induced inflammation in Swiss albino mice, and the authors reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential against the inflammatory cascade.<ref name="Sharma2020"/> This supports the traditional use of the bark in inflammatory conditions.

=== Antidiabetic activity ===
The chloroform fraction of ''P. cineraria'' (50 and 100 mg/kg for 21 days) significantly lowered blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and restored body weight, liver glycogen and serum insulin; in vitro it also showed enzyme-inhibitory (α-amylase) activity.<ref name="Soni2018">Soni LK, Dobhal MP, Arya D, Bhagour K, Parasher P, Gupta RS. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of isolated fraction of Prosopis cineraria against streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes: a mechanistic study. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.099</ref>

=== Wound-healing and antioxidant activity ===
A phenolic-rich butanol fraction showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activity in vitro. As an ointment applied for 16 days in rats it accelerated wound repair, increased hydroxyproline content, shortened the epithelialisation period and lowered inflammatory markers.<ref name="Yadav2018">Yadav E, Singh D, Yadav P, Verma A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Prosopis cineraria based phenolic rich ointment in wound healing. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.180</ref> This agrees with the traditional use of Shami for healing of skin wounds.

=== Other reported activities ===
Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancer and antihyperlipidaemic activities have also been reported for the plant; these are mostly single animal or in vitro studies and need confirmation.<ref name="Sharma2020"/><ref name="Nemade2026">Nemade CT, Baste NS, Bihani MM, Surse S, Gawali SR. Update on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Shami Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce: a review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2026;15(3):414–424.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Toxicity:''' No formal human toxicity data were found during the preparation of this monograph. The pods are eaten as a vegetable in Punjab and Rajasthan.<ref name="SDACH"/>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' Because blood-glucose-lowering effects have been reported in diabetic rats, caution is reasonable in patients taking antidiabetic drugs. Data on use in pregnancy, lactation and children are lacking.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Prosopis cineraria'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Shotha / Amavata (inflammation, rheumatism)''' || Reduced LPS-induced inflammation by stem-bark extract || Mouse model
|-
| '''Prameha (diabetes)''' || Lowered blood glucose and HbA1c, restored insulin and liver glycogen (chloroform fraction) || Rat model; in vitro
|-
| '''Vrana (wounds)''' || Faster wound closure, higher hydroxyproline with butanol-fraction ointment || Rat model; in vitro
|-
| '''Oxidative stress''' || Strong free-radical scavenging by phenolic-rich bark extracts || In vitro
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Chaudhary2018">Chaudhary KK, Kumar G, Varshney A, Meghvansi MK, Ali SF, Karthik K, Dhama K, Siddiqui S, Kaul RK. Ethnopharmacological and phytopharmaceutical evaluation of Prosopis cineraria: an overview and future prospects. Current Drug Metabolism. 2018;19(3):192–214. doi:10.2174/1389200218666171031125439</ref>
<ref name="Ukani2000">Ukani MD, Limbani NB, Mehta NK. A review on the Ayurvedic herb Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce. Ancient Science of Life. 2000;20(1–2):58–70. PMID: 22556999</ref>
<ref name="SDACH">Shami (Prosopis spicigera Linn.). Dravyaguna monograph. SDACH Ayurveda college website. Available from: https://www.sdach.ac.in/dravyaguna-vigyan-blogs/shami/</ref>
<ref name="Nemade2026">Nemade CT, Baste NS, Bihani MM, Surse S, Gawali SR. Update on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Shami Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce: a review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2026;15(3):414–424.</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma P, et al. Phyto-therapeutic potential of stem bark of the wonder tree, Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce in LPS-induced mouse model: an anti-inflammatory study. Clinical Phytoscience. 2020. doi:10.1186/s40816-020-00168-x</ref>
<ref name="Soni2018">Soni LK, Dobhal MP, Arya D, Bhagour K, Parasher P, Gupta RS. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of isolated fraction of Prosopis cineraria against streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes: a mechanistic study. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.099</ref>
<ref name="Yadav2018">Yadav E, Singh D, Yadav P, Verma A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Prosopis cineraria based phenolic rich ointment in wound healing. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.180</ref>
<ref name="Vegetos">In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Prosopis species growing in Rajasthan, India. Vegetos. Available from: https://vegetosindia.org/article/in-vitro-antioxidant-and-antidiabetic-activity-of-ethanolic-extract-of-prosopis-species-growing-in-rajasthan-india</ref>
<ref name="API">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Shami (Leaf). Appendix pages CLXXVI–CLXXVIII.</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shami - Revision history

Dridhabala: /* Therapeutic Uses */

Dridhabala at 09:19, 23 October 2026