Arjuna - Revision history

Agnivesha at 06:11, 28 July 2026

2026-07-28T06:11:42Z

Agnivesha at 06:06, 28 July 2026

2026-07-28T06:06:26Z

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Manishdubey: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

2023-05-11T11:02:24Z

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 11 May 2023
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	! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties		! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| Taste ([[rasa]]) \|\| --		\| 1 \|\| Taste ([[rasa]]) \|\| Astringent (kashaya)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| Potency ([[veerya]]) \|\| --		\| 2 \|\| Potency ([[veerya]]) \|\| Cold (sheeta)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) \|\| --		\| 3 \|\| Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) \|\| Pungent (katu)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 4 \|\| Qualities ([[Guna]])\|\| --		\| 4 \|\| Qualities ([[Guna]])\|\| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5 \|\| Actions ([[karma]]) \|\| --		\| 5 \|\| Actions ([[karma]]) \|\| Pacify Kapha and Pitta
	\|-		\|-
	\| 6 \|\| Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) \|\| --		\| 6 \|\| Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) \|\| Cardiac tonic (hridya)
	\|}		\|}

Manishdubey: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

2023-04-29T06:59:30Z

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:59, 29 April 2023
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	\|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.		\|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
	\|}		\|}


	== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==		== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

Manishdubey at 08:51, 18 April 2023

2023-04-18T08:51:38Z

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 == Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
-Arjuna
+Arjuna, Dhava, Kakubha, Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Partha, Shweta Vaha
 == Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 31: @@
 ! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
 |-
-| 1 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8|| Deshavichara
+| 1 || Sutra sthana 3/5
 |-
-|  || ||
+|17
 |-
-|  ||  ||
+|18
 |}

Anaghas: /* Synonyms in Charak Samhita */

2021-12-05T17:37:15Z

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 5 December 2021
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	Dhava		Dhava

			Kakubha

	== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==		== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

Anaghas: Created page with "Terminalia arjuna {{Infobox |title = Arjuna |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Arjuna |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Terminalia arjuna |label3 = Contributo..."

2021-12-05T17:36:06Z

Created page with "Terminalia arjuna {{Infobox |title = Arjuna |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Arjuna |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Terminalia arjuna |label3 = Contributo..."

New page

Terminalia arjuna
{{Infobox
|title = Arjuna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Arjuna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia arjuna
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = --
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2021
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

--

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Arjuna

Dhava

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8|| Deshavichara
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|}

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || --
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || --
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| --
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || --
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || --
|}

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

This article is under development

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 28 July 2026
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	}}		}}

	'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family [[Combretaceae]]), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'')<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref>. Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane [[triterpenoids]], triterpenoid [[glycosides]], [[flavonoids]], and hydrolyzable [[tannins]] that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>.		'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family Combretaceae), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'').<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref> Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane triterpenoids, triterpenoid glycosides, flavonoids, and hydrolyzable tannins that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection.<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>

	==Therapeutic Use==		==Therapeutic Use==
			[[File:Arjuna.jpg\|thumb\|'''Arjuna (''Terminalia arjuna'')''']]
	Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>		Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>

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	! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles		! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| [[Arjunolic acid]], Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.		\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| Arjunolic acid, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.		\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, [[Baicalein]], [[Luteolin]], [[Quercetin]] \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.		\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, Baicalein, Luteolin, Quercetin \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| [[Punicalagin]], Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.		\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| Punicalagin, Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.
	\|}		\|}

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	=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===		=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===
	''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:		''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:
	* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[catalase]] (CAT), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (~~[[Bcl-2-associated X protein\|~~Bax]], ~~[[caspase 3\|~~caspase-3]]) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (~~[[Hsp70\|~~HSP-70]]) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (HSP-70) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.

	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.		A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.

	=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===		=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===
	* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate [[endothelial nitric oxide synthase]] (eNOS), increasing vascular [[~~nitric~~ oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing vascular [[Nitric oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.
	* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===		=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
	* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced [[platelet]] aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL), and triglycerides while raising [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) via upregulation of [[PPAR-γ]] pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via upregulation of PPAR-γ pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	== Posology & Preparations ==		== Posology & Preparations ==
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	* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.		* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.
	* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''		* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''
	** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like [[Warfarin]], [[Aspirin]], or [[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.		** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like Warfarin, Aspirin, or Clopidogrel<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.
	** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]

	[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]