Charak Samhita - User contributions [en]

Talk:Chandana

2026-10-08T17:06:01Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Chandana, Santalum album, Sandalwood, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Chandana (Santalum album L.) is classified as a coolant and prominent therapeutic agent in Ayurveda. It is traditionally indicated for burning sensations, skin disorders, fever, urinary anomalies, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
{{Infobox
|title = Chandana
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Chandana
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Santalaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]''', popularly known as '''Chandana''' (Sandalwood), is a small semi-parasitic tropical tree native to India, Indonesia, and Northern Australia, whose fragrant heartwood has been deeply revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its cooling, soothing, and medicinal properties.

==English name ==
Sandalwood

==Therapeutic uses==
Sosha, daha (burning sensation), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), hikka, vamana (vomiting), raktatisara (bloody diarrhoea), pradara (discharge from vagina), sukrameha, netra roga (eye disease), mutragraha (dysuria), bhrama (vertigo), raktavikara (disorder of blood), krumi roga (worm)<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Santalum yasi Seem.
* Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich.
* Santalum ellipticum J.W.Moore
* Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
* Sweta Chandana
* Bhadrashree (impart beauty to one who use)
* Shrikhanda
* Gandhasara (has good aroma)
* Malayaj (grow in malay region)

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* Tailaparnika,
* chandradhuti (has cooling effect like that of moon rays)<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Daha-prashamana (Alleviates burning sensation)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(8) || Varnya mahakashaya (promoting complexion)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya (anti-pruritic/itching)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(16) || Vishaghna mahakashaya (anti-poisons/anti-dotes)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishna nigrahana mahakashaya (reducing thirst)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara dravya in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/31 || Grishma Rutu Vihara
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Garbhashalya chikitsa
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57 || Sharadkalin Trivritta Yoga
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31 || When patient is suffering with trusha as an ingredient of hriberadi paniya
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45 || As Yavagu prayoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || As an ingredient of ushiradi churna
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78 || Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta (bleeding disorder)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/80 || As an ingredient of Ushiradi peya
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta (bleeding from nose) in the form of Avapida nasya
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/108 || As a lepa dravya
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/50 || Bahyaprayogarth lep in prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/77 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 32 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/78 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 33 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || Ingredient in Lepa
|-
| 34 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/85 || Ingredient in Chandanadhya Tail for Abhyang
|-
| 35 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/86 || For Parishek purpose
|-
| 36 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 37 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 38 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37 || Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhup and Pradeha
|-
| 39 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/18 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
| 40 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53 || Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwath
|-
| 41 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || For Pradeh and Abhyangarth as an External use
|-
| 42 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || Snanarth dravya as an External use
|-
| 43 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || As an External application
|-
| 44 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71 || As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu (oedema)
|-
| 45 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Used for raktastambhana (for stop the bleeding)
|-
| 46 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || For prashaman of raktarsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 47 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/221 || Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 49 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225 || As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|-
| 50 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 51 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 52 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 53 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
| 54 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of madhookasava
|-
| 55 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47 || As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|-
| 56 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/131 || Candana mixed with stree dugdha is used for nasya in hikka svasa.
|-
| 57 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90 || As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
| 58 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 59 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 60 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/86 || Use with sarkara and madhu
|-
| 61 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
| 62 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
| 63 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana
|-
| 64 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55 || For kashaya Pana
|-
| 65 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74 || As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa
|-
| 66 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/75 || As an ingredient of Shadvaladi pradeha
|-
| 67 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 68 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79 || As an ingredient of Baladi alepa
|-
| 69 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/38 || Used in treatment of Trishna
|-
| 70 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/41 || Used in the treatment of Pittaja trushna
|-
| 71 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/98 || Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
|-
| 73 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 74 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/191 || As an ingredient of Chandanadi yoga
|-
| 75 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 76 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 77 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/242 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 78 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/153 || Used for bahya upachara in Pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|-
| 79 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/155 || Used in pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|-
| 80 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/156 || Used in madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
|-
| 81 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/161 || As an ingredient of Baladi taila for Vataja sirahshoola (headache)
|-
| 82 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/177 || Used for Pittaja sirahshoola (headache)
|-
| 83 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 84 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 85 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 86 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216 || Used in Arochaka for Kavala
|-
| 87 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 88 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
| 89 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 90 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 91 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 92 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/128 || It is used in Sparshakarma for daha (burning sensation)
|-
| 93 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi lepa in pitta pradhana vatarakta for vedana, daaha, visarpa, raga & sotha
|-
| 94 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|-
|}

==Dose==
3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.<ref name="API"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API"/>
* Ayaskruti
* Ashwagandhadyarishta
* Sarivadhyasava
* Arimedadi taila
* Baladhatryadi taila
* Marma gutika
* Chandanasava
* Chandanadi churna
* Chandanadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* In India – Cultivated and found mainly in southern states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
* Out of India – Found in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The unique aromatic fragrance and broad therapeutic efficacy of ''Santalum album'' stem from its rich secondary metabolite spectrum found within the heartwood:
* '''Volatile Sesquiterpenes:''' Highly concentrated in essential oils, predominantly containing $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol; ''cis''-$\alpha$-santalol is the major sesquiterpene alcohol, followed by ''cis''-$\beta$-santalol, with other compounds in lesser quantities.<ref name="Subasinghe2013"/>
* '''Polyphenolic Constituents:''' Phenolics, terpenoids, saponins and flavan-3-ols were the major constituents reported in an in vitro callus extract, indicating antioxidant potential (data are from callus culture, not heartwood).<ref name="MisraDey2012JPP"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
Chandana is classically recognized as a premier coolant (*Dahaprashamana*) and has shown anti-inflammatory activity in experimental skin-cell models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Sandalwood oils and purified $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In co-cultured human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, sandalwood oils and purified $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol reduced cytokine/chemokine production (in vitro).<ref name="Sharma2014"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory Skin Disease (Eczema and Psoriasis) ===
In alignment with its traditional use in skin disorders, sandalwood oil has been studied in inflammatory skin disease.
* '''Mechanism:''' East Indian sandalwood oil suppressed phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, PDE4 and PDE7 transcript levels and NF-$\kappa$B activation in stimulated human cell lines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Treatment of a psoriasis model reduced PDE4 expression and reversed histopathology, and 75% of paediatric eczema/atopic dermatitis patients treated with topical sandalwood oil formulations achieved a >50% reduction in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score; the clinical data are early-stage and need confirmation in controlled trials.<ref name="Sharma2018"/>

=== Antibacterial Actions ===
In alignment with its traditional classification under *Kandughna* and *Varnya* Mahakashayas, ''Santalum album'' has been tested for antibacterial activity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts are rich in terpenoids, saponins, phenolics and tannins, which are considered to contribute to the activity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts of callus, somatic embryo, seedlings and leaves screened against thirteen bacterial strains showed antibacterial activity; somatic embryo extract was strongest and comparable with sandalwood oil (in vitro; non-heartwood extracts).<ref name="MisraDey2012LAM"/>

=== Neuro-physiological (Relaxing) Effects ===
Traditional aromatherapy and topical applications are associated with soothing effects.
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established; the study reported autonomic (physiological) changes after absorption through the skin.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomised study in healthy volunteers, transdermal $\alpha$-santalol caused physiological changes interpreted as relaxing/sedative, while sandalwood oil produced physiological deactivation with behavioural activation (inhalation was excluded by breathing masks).<ref name="Hongratanaworakit2004"/>

=== Anti-hyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects ===
Relevant to the classical use of Chandana in *Prameha* (diabetes), as listed in the Charak Samhita table above.
* '''Mechanism:''' Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation was observed alongside improved glycaemic parameters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, intraperitoneal $\alpha$-santalol (100 mg/kg) and sandalwood oil (1 g/kg) for one week brought blood glucose, body weight, liver glycogen and lipid peroxides towards normal; similar treatment in D-galactose-induced oxidative stress modulated liver enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase (animal data).<ref name="MisraDey2013"/>

=== Anticancer (Chemopreventive) Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells is the most reported mechanism of $\alpha$-santalol.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Cell-line and animal studies report chemopreventive effects of sandalwood oil and $\alpha$-santalol in skin carcinogenesis in mice and in melanoma, non-melanoma, breast and prostate cancer models; no clinical efficacy has been demonstrated.<ref name="Santha2015"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity Profile:''' Sandalwood oil and its major constituent have low acute oral and dermal toxicity in laboratory animals; available toxicity data are limited, and the oil is considered safe at present use levels.<ref name="Burdock2008"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Occasional irritation or sensitisation reactions to sandalwood oil have been reported in humans; concentrated essential oil should not be applied undiluted on skin.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** *Heartwood Powder (Churna):* 3–6 g, as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Santalum album''
! Indication / Application
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Burning Sensation (Daha)'''
| $\alpha$-santalol, $\beta$-santalol
| Sheeta veerya coolant, suppression of cytokines/chemokines
|-
| '''Eczema, Psoriasis (Kushta / Kandu)'''
| Sandalwood oil sesquiterpenes
| PDE and NF-$\kappa$B suppression, anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Bacterial Infection'''
| Terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins
| Antibacterial (in vitro)
|-
| '''Stress / Autonomic Regulation'''
| $\alpha$-santalol
| Relaxing/sedative physiological effects (transdermal)
|-
| '''Diabetes (Prameha) and Oxidative Stress'''
| $\alpha$-santalol, sandalwood oil
| Anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant (animal)
|-
| '''Cancer Chemoprevention'''
| $\alpha$-santalol
| Cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis (preclinical)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>
<ref name="Subasinghe2013">{{cite journal |last1=Subasinghe |first1=U. |last2=Gamage |first2=M. |last3=Hettiarachchi |first3=D.S. |year=2013 |title=Essential oil content and composition of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) in Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of Forestry Research |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=127–130 |doi=10.1007/s11676-013-0331-3}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2012JPP">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical analyses and evaluation of antioxidant efficacy of in vitro callus extract of East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.) |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=7–16}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2014">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=M. |last2=Levenson |first2=C. |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine/chemokine production in skin cells by sandalwood oils and purified α-santalol and β-santalol |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=925–932}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=M. |last2=Levenson |first2=C. |last3=Browning |first3=J.C. |last4=Becker |first4=E.M. |last5=Clements |first5=I. |last6=Castella |first6=P. |last7=Cox |first7=M.E. |year=2018 |title=East Indian sandalwood oil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor: a new therapeutic option in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=9 |pages=200 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00200}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2012LAM">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2012 |title=Comparative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of in vitro and in vivo extracts from East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.) |journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=476–486}}</ref>
<ref name="Hongratanaworakit2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hongratanaworakit |first1=T. |last2=Heuberger |first2=E. |last3=Buchbauer |first3=G. |year=2004 |title=Evaluation of the effects of East Indian sandalwood oil and α-santalol on humans after transdermal absorption |journal=Planta Medica |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-815446}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2013">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Evaluation of in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potentials of α-santalol and sandalwood oil |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=409–416 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.017}}</ref>
<ref name="Santha2015">{{cite journal |last1=Santha |first1=S. |last2=Dwivedi |first2=C. |year=2015 |title=Anticancer effects of sandalwood (Santalum album) |journal=Anticancer Research |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=3137–3145}}</ref>
<ref name="Burdock2008">{{cite journal |last1=Burdock |first1=G.A. |last2=Carabin |first2=I.G. |year=2008 |title=Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.) |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Edagaja

2026-10-08T06:39:08Z

Dridhabala:

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|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Edagaja, Cassia tora L., ring-worm plant* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Edagaja (Cassia tora L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb used for skin diseases (kushtha, dadru), itching, wounds and constipation; experimental studies report antifungal, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Edagaja/Chakramarda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Edagaja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]''' (commonly known as '''Edagaja''', '''Chakramarda''', or the ring-worm plant) is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed throughout tropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]] it is used for skin disorders ([[Kushtha]]), ringworm (Dadru), itching and constipation.

==English name ==
Ring-worm plant

==Therapeutic uses==
Kaphavata janya vikara, kustha (skin disease), vrana (wound), dadru (tinea), pakshaghata (paralysis), vibandha (constipation), gulma (abdominal lump), krumi (worm), pama (scabies), kandu (itching), swasa (breathlessness), kasa (cough)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Edagaja, Chakramarda

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Prapunnata, dadrudhna, meshalochana, punnata<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3
| Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of powder<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Nimbadi churna
* Kasisadi ghruta
* Maha vishagarbha taila
* Bruhata marichyadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* India – throughout India in waste places and roadsides.

== Current researches ==

== Phytoconstituents ==
Only constituents supported by a checked reference are listed (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Cassia tora''
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Anthraquinones and related compounds || Chrysophanol (marker constituent), physcion, emodin, toralactone, rubrofusarin; seeds mainly anthraquinone glycosides; leaves rich in emodin, tricontan-1-ol and stigmasterol || Seeds, leaves || <ref name="Jain2010">Jain S, Patil UK. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cassia tora Linn.: an overview. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2010;1(4):430–437.</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below come from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no human clinical trial was identified during reference checking. The classical uses not listed below (for example vibandha and kandu) have no checked modern reference here.

=== Antifungal Activity (Dadru) ===
An 80% ethanolic extract of the seeds was fractionated and analysed by HPLC; four anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) were identified. The extract and its subfractions were tested against ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' (a dermatophyte) by broth microdilution; the anthraquinone-rich subfractions inhibited the fungus about 4 to 8 times more strongly than the crude extract, but less potently than ketoconazole (MIC 125 versus 20 as printed in the abstract).<ref name="Charoenchai2018">Charoenchai L, Chankana N. Identification of anthraquinones from Cassia tora L. seeds and antifungal activity. Interprof J Health Sci. 2018;16(1).</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
A methanolic leaf extract (400 mg/kg, orally) protected rats against carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury, lowering serum SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase; the effect was comparable to a standard hepatoprotective agent.<ref name="Maity1997">Maity TK, Mandal SC, Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Das J, Saha BP, Pal M. Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of Cassia tora leaf extract. Nat Prod Sci. 1997;3(2):122–126.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
In a master's thesis (not a journal article), a methanolic leaf extract given intraperitoneally (100–200 mg/kg) reduced egg-albumin-induced paw oedema in rats, comparable to aspirin (150 mg/kg). At 200–400 mg/kg it reduced acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice comparably to aspirin, and at 50–100 mg/kg it increased tolerance of mechanical pain in a dose-dependent manner. This is thesis-level evidence and should be confirmed by peer-reviewed studies.<ref name="Chidume2000">Chidume FC. Immunogenic and some pharmacological activities of crude extracts of Cassia tora Linn (Family: Caesalpiniaceae). MSc thesis, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 2000.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity:''' Limited toxicity data were found in the sources checked, so no safety margin is stated here.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under clinical guidance, particularly in pregnancy and lactation; human safety data were not found in the sources checked.
* '''Classical dose:''' 1–3 g of powder (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Cassia tora'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Dermatophytosis (Dadru)''' || Seed, 80% ethanol extract and subfractions || Inhibited ''T. mentagrophytes'' ''in vitro''; anthraquinone-rich fractions more active than crude extract
|-
| '''Chemical liver injury (rat)''' || Leaf, methanolic, 400 mg/kg orally || Lower SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin and ALP
|-
| '''Inflammation and pain (rat, mouse)''' || Leaf, methanolic, i.p. (thesis) || Reduced oedema and writhing; raised mechanical pain tolerance
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Kumkuma

2026-10-08T06:29:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kumkuma, Crocus sativus L., saffron* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kumkuma (Crocus sativus L.) is a classical Ayurvedic drug (saffron) used for vomiting, cough, wounds, skin and eye diseases and migraine; clinical and experimental studies report antidepressant, cognitive, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kumkuma
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kumkuma
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Iridaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]''' (commonly known as '''Kumkuma''' or Saffron) is a perennial plant (Iridaceae) whose dried red stigmas form the spice saffron. It is used in [[Ayurveda]] in classical formulations and for the conditions listed below.

==English name==
Saffron

==Therapeutic uses==
Chardi (vomiting), kasa (cough), vrana (wound), vyanga, siroroga, Drushti roga (eye disease), kantha roga (throat disease), sidhma (skin disease), udavarta (upward movement of air), mutragraha, suryavarta, ardhavabhedaka (migraine)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kumkum, Ghusana, Kashmira (grows in kashmir region), Vahlika (found in bahlika desa)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Rakta (red in colour), Pitakam (imparts yellow colour if mixed with water), varam, sankoch, pishuna (has got strong odour), shonitabhidhyam<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>

==Types==
===Bhavaprakash nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types
# Kasmira
# Bahlika
# Parasika

===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
# Kumkuma
# Truna kumjuma

==Properties==
===Kasmira===
* Suksmakesarayukta (Small stigma)
* Raktavarna (Red in colour)
* Padmagandhi (Aroma like that of lotus)

===Bahlika===
* Sukla (White)
* Pita varna (Yellow)
* Ketaki gandha (aroma like pandanus)
* Suksma kesara (Small stigma)

===Parasika===
* Madhugandha (Honey like odour)
* Isatpandura varna (Whitish in colour)
* Sthulakesara (Bigger stigma)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, imparts complexion to skin (varnya)
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/152 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|}

==Dose==
* 25-50 mg<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Balarka rasa
* Kumkumadya taila
* Mahanarayan taila
* Pushyanug churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* In India – Cultivated primarily in Jammu & Kashmir.

==Current researches ==

== Phytoconstituents ==
Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds. Only constituents supported by a checked reference are listed (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Crocus sativus''
! Class !! Constituents !! Property / role !! Reference
|-
| Apocarotenoids and monoterpene aldehyde || Crocin (crocetin glycoside), picrocrocin, safranal || Crocin gives colour, picrocrocin the bitter taste, safranal the odour and aroma. Crocin hydrolyses to gentiobiose and crocetin; picrocrocin hydrolyses to glucose and safranal. || <ref name="Srivastava2010">Srivastava R, Ahmed H, Dixit RK, Dharamveer, Saraf SA. Crocus sativus L.: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):200–208.</ref>
|-
| Flavonoids || Kaempferol glycosides (major flavonoids of the flower) || Flower (tepals) || <ref name="Moratalla2019">Moratalla-López N, Bagur MJ, Lorenzo C, et al. Bioactivity and bioavailability of the major metabolites of Crocus sativus L. flower. Molecules. 2019;24(15):2827. doi:10.3390/molecules24152827</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
Findings below come from the cited studies only. Several are small pilot trials or animal studies, so they do not by themselves establish clinical efficacy.

=== Antidepressant Activity ===
In a 6-week pilot double-blind randomized trial of 30 adult outpatients with mild to moderate major depression, saffron stigma 30 mg/day was found to be similar in effect to imipramine 100 mg/day. Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth) and sedation were more frequent with imipramine. The trial had no placebo arm, and the authors call for a larger placebo-controlled trial.<ref name="Akhondzadeh2004">Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi F. Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISRCTN45683816]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004;4:12. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-4-12</ref>

=== Cognitive Function (Alzheimer's Disease) ===
In a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 46 patients with probable mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, saffron 30 mg/day produced significantly better cognitive outcomes than placebo on ADAS-cog and CDR (P = 0.04 for both). The authors describe it as short-term evidence and ask for larger confirmatory trials.<ref name="Akhondzadeh2010">Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, et al. Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(5):581–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01133.x</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity ===
In mice, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron stigma and petal showed antinociceptive activity in the acetic-acid writhing test but not in the hot-plate test; naloxone partially blocked only the stigma aqueous extract. Only stigma extracts had weak to moderate effects in acute (xylene ear-oedema) inflammation, while in chronic (formalin paw-oedema) inflammation both stigma extracts and the ethanolic petal extract were active.<ref name="Hosseinzadeh2002">Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol. 2002;2:7. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-2-7</ref>

=== Antioxidant Activity ===
In 20 human subjects (10 healthy, 10 with coronary artery disease) given saffron 50 mg twice daily in milk, lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility fell significantly over 6 weeks (healthy 66.4 to 38.3; CAD 76.0 to 48.8; P < 0.001), indicating an antioxidant effect. The study did not report lipid-lowering or clinical cardiovascular outcomes.<ref name="Verma1998">Verma SK, Bordia A. Antioxidant property of saffron in man. Indian J Med Sci. 1998;52(5):205–207.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
In alloxan-diabetic rats given 6 weeks of daily oral treatment, saffron methanolic extract (80 and 240 mg/kg), crocin (50 and 150 mg/kg) and safranal (0.25 and 0.5 ml/kg) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and raised blood insulin, without significant changes in SGOT, SGPT or creatinine.<ref name="Kianbakht2011">Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R. Anti-hyperglycemic effects of saffron and its active constituents, crocin and safranal, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Med Plants. 2011;10(39):82–89.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Human safety:''' The safety of saffron tablets has been evaluated in healthy volunteers.<ref name="Modaghegh2008">Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, Rajbai O, Hosseinzadeh H. Safety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteers. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(12):1032–1037. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.003</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Toxic-dose thresholds and pregnancy risk were not confirmed in the sources checked, so none are stated here. Use within classical dose limits under professional guidance.
* '''Classical dose:''' 25–50 mg (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Evidence for ''Crocus sativus'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication !! Evidence type !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Mild to moderate depression''' || Human pilot RCT (n=30, 6 weeks) || Similar to imipramine
|-
| '''Mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease''' || Human RCT (n=46, 16 weeks) || Better ADAS-cog and CDR than placebo
|-
| '''Pain and inflammation (Siroroga/Vrana)''' || Mouse and rat models || Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, extract-dependent
|-
| '''Oxidative stress / coronary artery disease''' || Human study (n=20, 6 weeks) || Reduced lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility
|-
| '''Diabetes''' || Alloxan-diabetic rats || Lower glucose and HbA1c, higher insulin
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Kashmarya

2026-10-08T06:05:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb (Gambhari) used for swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids; experimental studies report hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, antiulcer and antidiabetic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kashmarya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]] it is a member of the ''Brihat Panchamula'' group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.

==English name ==
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/11
| Asthapana
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Management of obesity
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}

==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita

== Current availability==
Available
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

== Phytoconstituents ==
Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of ''Gmelina arborea''. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Acylated iridoid glycosides || Gmelinosides A–L || Not confirmed in source checked || <ref name="Hosny1998">Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u</ref>
|-
| Lignans, neolignans and phenolics || Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol || Bark || <ref name="Falah2008">Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.</ref>
|-
| Coumarin glycoside || Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside || Root || <ref name="Satya1985">Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below are from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.

=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.<ref name="Anthony2012">Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.</ref>

=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an ''in vitro'' liver-slice culture model.<ref name="Sinha2006">Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.<ref name="Kulkarni2013">Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697</ref>

=== Wound Healing ===
An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.<ref name="Shirwaikar2003">Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362</ref>

=== Antiulcer Activity ===
Leaves of ''Gmelina arborea'' have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.<ref name="Giri2009">Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.<ref name="Attanayake2016">Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. ''Gmelina arborea'' Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity:''' Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.<ref name="Kulkarni2012">Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
* '''Classical dose:''' 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Gmelina arborea'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication / Model !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic || Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
|-
| '''Oxidative stress in liver cells (''in vitro'')''' || Bark and fruit || Protection of liver cells
|-
| '''Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and methanol || Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
|-
| '''Wound healing (rat)''' || Leaf, alcoholic || Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
|-
| '''Ulcer (rat)''' || Leaf || Anti-ulcer activity reported
|-
| '''Diabetes (STZ rat)''' || Bark, aqueous || Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Eranda

2026-10-08T05:36:48Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Eranda, Ricinus communis L, Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is traditionally classified as a premier vatahara (pacifying vata) and virechaka (purgative) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing vataraka (gout), abdominal colic, backache, and inflammatory joint disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Eranda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (''Vatavyadhi''), especially rheumatoid arthritis (''Amavata''), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (''Virechana'') and enema therapies.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Castor oil plant

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Urubuka
* Vardhamana
* Urubaka
* Panchagula
* Chitra

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Amana – The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
* Chitra
* Gandharvahasta – Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
* Panchangula – Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
* Vardhamana
* Dirghadanda – Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
* Vyadambaka – When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
* Vatari – Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
* Taruna
* Rubuka

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ===
* Sukla eranda
* Rakta eranda

=== Raja Nighantu ===
* Rakta eranda
* Sthula eranda

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Eranda has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura''), Pungent (''Katu''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Sharp (''Tikshna''), Subtleness (''Sukshma'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4) || Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42 || Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12 || Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108, 27/109 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || Pathyadi modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235 || Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173 || Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79 || Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77, 17/80 || Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48 || Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85 || Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114 || As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197 || Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81 || Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83 || Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140 || Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141 || Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198 || Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
''Ricinus communis'' contains several classes of bioactive constituents.<ref name="Pandey2025" />
* '''Fatty acids (castor oil):''' Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid that is the principal component of castor oil.
* '''Toxic proteins and alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid); ''Ricinus'' agglutinin is also present.
* '''Phytosterols:''' Sitosterol, fucosterol and stigmasterol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Ricinus communis''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models).

=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (''Virechana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used as an effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (''Udararoga'').
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid, released from castor oil by intestinal lipases, selectively activates EP3 prostanoid receptors on intestinal smooth muscle; in mice lacking EP3 receptors on smooth-muscle cells, castor oil produced no laxative effect, establishing the mechanism of its purgative action. The same pathway mediates uterine contraction.<ref name="Tunaru2012" />

=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Free-radical Scavenging Activity (''Sotha'' / ''Amavata'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Amavata'' (rheumatoid arthritis), ''Sotha'' (swelling) and localized pain; the root is used in ''Vatavyadhi''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats together with free-radical scavenging activity, supporting the traditional use of the root in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Ilavarasan2006" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Leaves applied as poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings; used for wound and skin infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves inhibited ''Escherichia coli'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Candida albicans'' ''in vitro'' (MIC 3.13–25.0 mg/ml); the methanol extract showed the largest zones of inhibition.<ref name="Suurbaar2017" />

=== 4. Anti-diabetic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A 50% ethanolic extract of the seeds showed favourable effects on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and liver and kidney function in diabetic rats.<ref name="Shokeen2008" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Ricinus communis''
! Indication
! Part / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (''Virechana'')'''
| Castor oil (ricinoleic acid)
| Laxative via EP3 receptor activation
| Preclinical (mouse)
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Swelling (''Amavata'' / ''Sotha'')'''
| Root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Infections'''
| Leaf extracts
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
| '''Diabetes'''
| Seed ethanolic extract
| Anti-hyperglycemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain the toxic protein ricin and must not be consumed unprocessed; ricin poisoning has no specific antidote, and castor oil itself is not a source of ricin. Standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.<ref name="Audi2005" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Castor Oil (''Taila''):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2025">Pandey SN, Kumar P, Verma H, Durgapal S, Singh B. Phytopharmacological insights into ''Ricinus communis'': a comprehensive overview. Pharmacogn Res. 2025;17(2):348-57. doi:10.5530/pres.20251940.</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru S, Althoff TF, Nüsing RM, Diener M, Offermanns S. Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(23):9179-84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201627109.</ref>
<ref name="Ilavarasan2006">Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity of ''Ricinus communis'' root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(3):478-80.</ref>
<ref name="Suurbaar2017">Suurbaar J, Mosobil R, Donkor AM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of ''Ricinus communis'' against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:660. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2.</ref>
<ref name="Shokeen2008">Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of ''Ricinus communis'' and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(11):3458-66.</ref>
<ref name="Audi2005">Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J. Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2342-51. doi:10.1001/jama.294.18.2342.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Bijaka

2026-10-08T05:32:27Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Malabar kino, Indian kino, Vijaysar, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a premier pramehaghna (anti-diabetic) and kusthaghna herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, obesity, and bleeding disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (''Prameha''), skin-protective (''Kustha''), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* Bandhukpushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The heartwood and bark of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'' are rich in phenolic constituents.<ref name="Maurya2004" />
* '''Stilbenes and benzofuran derivatives (heartwood):''' Pterostilbene, marsupsin and pterosupin.
* '''Flavan-3-ols (bark):''' (−)-Epicatechin.
* '''C-glycosides:''' Phenolic C-glycosides have also been isolated from the heartwood.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological and clinical investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal models); human evidence is limited to an open-label trial in diabetes.

=== 1. Anti-diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (''Prameha'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Three phenolic constituents of the heartwood – marsupsin, pterosupin and pterostilbene – were tested intraperitoneally in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats; marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered blood glucose, with an effect comparable to metformin.<ref name="Manickam1997" />

=== 2. Pancreatic Beta-cell Regeneration ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Bark and heartwood preparations used for ''Madhumeha''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' (−)-Epicatechin (30 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 4–5 days) restored normal blood glucose in alloxan-diabetic albino rats; histology showed regeneration of the islet beta-cells destroyed by alloxan, and immunoreactive insulin studies indicated the regenerated cells were functional.<ref name="Chakravarthy1982" />

=== 3. Clinical Evidence in Type 2 Diabetes ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus); the heartwood (''Vijaysar'') is the part commonly used.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a flexible-dose, open-label ICMR trial in 97 newly diagnosed or untreated type 2 diabetes patients, 69% achieved blood glucose control by 12 weeks (mostly with 2 g of the extract); fasting and postprandial glucose fell by 32 and 45 mg/dl, HbA1c fell from 9.8% to 9.4%, lipids did not change significantly, and no side effects were reported.<ref name="ICMR1998" />

=== 4. Antihyperlipidemic Activity (''Medodosa'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Medodosa'' (obesity and lipid dysregulation).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Flavonoids isolated from the plant showed an antihyperlipidemic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Jahromi1993" />

=== 5. Cardiotonic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extract of the heartwood showed cardiotonic activity in experimental models.<ref name="Mohire2007" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''
! Indication
! Compound / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| Marsupsin, Pterostilbene
| Hypoglycemic action
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| (−)-Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes'''
| Heartwood extract (Vijayasar)
| Lowering of fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c
| Human, open-label trial
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (''Medodosa'')'''
| Flavonoids
| Antihyperlipidemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Cardiac function'''
| Aqueous heartwood extract
| Cardiotonic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision. Patients taking anti-diabetic medicines should be monitored for hypoglycemia.
* '''Clinical tolerability:''' No side effects were reported in the 12-week open-label trial in type 2 diabetes.<ref name="ICMR1998" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Maurya2004">Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. Constituents of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'': an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(7):915-20.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MAF, Chansouria JPN, Ray AB. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1997;60(6):609-10. doi:10.1021/np9607013.</ref>
<ref name="Chakravarthy1982">Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gode KD. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. Life Sci. 1982;31(24):2693-7.</ref>
<ref name="ICMR1998">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Collaborating Centres, New Delhi. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasar in cases of newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res. 1998;108:24-9.</ref>
<ref name="Jahromi1993">Jahromi MAF, Ray AB, Chansouria JPN. Antihyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1993;56(7):989-94.</ref>
<ref name="Mohire2007">Mohire NC, Salunkhe VR, Bhise SB, Yadav AV. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007;45(6):532-7.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ashoka

2026-10-08T05:19:05Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ashoka, Saraca indica Linn., Saraca asoca, Asok Tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Ashoka (Saraca indica Linn.) is traditionally classified as a premier garbhasthapana and rakta-stambhaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gynecological disorders, excessive uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and abdominal pain.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ashoka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashoka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]''', popularly known as '''Ashoka''' or the '''Asok Tree''', is a small, evergreen, ornamental tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the premier uterine tonic, analgesic, and Pitta-Kapha pacifying medicine, traditionally indicated for bleeding disorders and gynecological complications.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Asok Tree

== Therapeutic Use ==
Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (currently accepted name)
* Jonesia asoca Roxb.
* Jonesia confusa Hassk.
* Jonesia pinnata Willd.
* Saraca confusa (Hassk.) Backer
* Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Gandhapushpa''' – Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
* '''Tamrapallava''' – Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
* '''Pindapushpa''' – Inflorescence is globose.
* '''Madhupushpa''' – Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
* '''Hemapushpa''' – Flowers are golden coloured.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Madhupushpa
* Raktapallavaka
* Hemapushpa
* Pindipushpa
* Nata
* Pallavadru

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Ashoka – That which relieves shock or suffering.
* Hemapushpa – Golden yellow flower.
* Vanjula
* Tamrapallava – The tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour.
* Kankeli – The plant bears a pleasant look.
* Pindapushpa – Flowers occur in clusters.
* Gandhapushpa – Flowers have pleasant smell.
* Nata<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ashoka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ashoka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya (group of herbs to control pain)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (astringent group)
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Ashokarishta
* Ashoka Ghrita

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Western Ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region, and throughout the Himalayas.
* '''Out of India:''' Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of ''Saraca indica'' (syn. ''S. asoca'') bark is associated with the following classes of secondary metabolites:
* '''Phenolic compounds and tannins:''' Proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols such as (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2.
* '''Lignan glycosides:''' Lyoniside, nudiposide, schizandriside and related compounds.
* '''Sterols and glycosides:''' β-Sitosterol glucoside, a ketosterol and a crystalline glycosidic constituent have been reported from the bark.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of ''Saraca indica''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.

=== 1. Uterine Activity (''Asrugdara'' / ''Garbhashaya Roga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and other uterine disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies of Ashoka bark preparations and a purified glycoside fraction on uterine preparations of laboratory animals were carried out to understand its use in gynecological conditions.<ref name="Satyavati1970" />

=== 2. Anti-estrogenic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Excessive uterine bleeding and hormone-related menstrual disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic bark extract (600 mg/kg) of ''Saraca asoca'' significantly reduced the elevated estrogen levels induced by exogenous estrogen in female Wistar rats.<ref name="Suhail2022" />

=== 3. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sotha'' (swelling) and ''Daha'' (burning sensation); a member of the ''Vedanasthapana'' group.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Acetone extract of the seeds (300 and 500 mg/kg, orally for 21 days) reduced paw and ankle-joint oedema, ESR and blood prostaglandin levels in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, with effect at the higher dose comparable to indomethacin and without gastric damage on histology.<ref name="Gupta2014" />

=== 4. Antipyretic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Jwara'' (fever), as a ''Vedanasthapana'' drug.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seeds were evaluated pharmacognostically, phytochemically and pharmacologically and showed an antipyretic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Sasmal2012" />

=== 5. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Wound management and localized infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark were active against a panel of bacteria and fungi (including ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Candida albicans''), with MIC ranging from 0.5–2% and 1–3% respectively; the methanolic extract was the most active.<ref name="Sainath2009" />

=== 6. Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General health protection and tissue rejuvenation (extrapolated use).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Lignan glycosides and flavonoids isolated from the methanol extract of the bark showed free-radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay.<ref name="Sadhu2007" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saraca indica''
! Indication
! Extract / Part studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Uterine disorders (''Asrugdara'')'''
| Bark preparations, purified glycoside
| Uterine activity; anti-estrogenic effect
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever (''Sotha'' / ''Daha'' / ''Jwara'')'''
| Seed acetone extract
| Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antipyretic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Microbial infections'''
| Stem bark extracts
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Bark lignans and flavonoids
| Free-radical scavenging
| ''In vitro''
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic dosage limits; overuse or unregulated consumption during non-indicated conditions should be avoided.
* '''Toxicity data (animal):''' Methanolic bark extract (0.3 and 1.2 g/kg) was well tolerated for 30 days in mice, with an acute oral LD50 of 6.526 g/kg and no significant change in body or organ weights.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Bark Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Satyavati1970">Satyavati GV, Prasad DN, Sen SP, Das PK. Further studies on the uterine activity of ''Saraca indica'' Linn. Indian J Med Res. 1970;58(7):947-60.</ref>
<ref name="Suhail2022">Suhail PT, Joseph S, Ajeesh V, Sreelakshmi SS, Anil K. Antiestrogenic and toxicological evaluation of methanolic extract of ''Saraca asoca'' and ''Cynometra travancorica''. J Res Pharm. 2022;26(5):1261-71. doi:10.29228/jrp.218.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2014">Gupta M, Sasmal S, Mukherjee A. Therapeutic effects of acetone extract of ''Saraca asoca'' seeds on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis via attenuating inflammatory responses. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014;2014:959687. doi:10.1155/2014/959687.</ref>
<ref name="Sasmal2012">Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of ''Saraca asoca'' Roxb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(10):782-6. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60229-9.</ref>
<ref name="Sainath2009">Sainath RS, Prathiba J, Malathi R. Antimicrobial properties of the stem bark of ''Saraca indica'' (Caesalpiniaceae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009;13(5):371-4.</ref>
<ref name="Sadhu2007">Sadhu SK, Khatun A, Phattanawasin P, Ohtsuki T, Ishibashi M. Lignan glycosides and flavonoids from ''Saraca asoca'' with antioxidant activity. J Nat Med. 2007;61(4):480-2. doi:10.1007/s11418-007-0182-3. </ref>
<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011">Mukhopadhyay MK, Nath D. Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of ''Saraca asoca'' bark methanolic extract. Int J Phytomedicine. 2011;3:498-505.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Apamarga

2026-10-08T05:01:51Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Apamarga, Achyranthes aspera L., Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.) is traditionally classified as a vishaghna (anti-toxic), deepana, and vatanulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing obesity, skin disorders, dental ailments, renal calculi, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Apamarga
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Amaranthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]''', popularly known as '''Apamarga''' or '''Prickly Chaff Flower''', is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its scraping (''Lekhana''), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Prickly Chaff Flower

== Therapeutic Use ==
Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pratyakpushpi – Deflexed flowers.
* Kharapushpa
* Shikhari – Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
* Durgraha – Difficult to hold.
* Adhashalya – Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
* Karmanjri

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Mayuraka – Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
* Markati
* Kinihi
* Kharamanjari – Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu ===
* Sweta
* Rakta

=== Kaiyadeva Nighantu ===
* Apamarga
* Vasira
* Ramatha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Apamarga has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 || Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23) || Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19 || Punsavan Karma
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176 || As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171 || In formulation of Kshara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/126 || As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57 || As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 50 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara taila
* Abhaya lavana
* Gudapippali
* Jyotishmati taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological profile of ''Achyranthes aspera'' is associated with several classes of secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid saponins:''' Oleanolic acid glycosides (saponins A and B), mainly from the seeds.
* '''Alkaloids:''' Achyranthine and betaine.
* '''Sterols:''' Ecdysterone (a phytoecdysteroid, the insect moulting hormone analogue) and sitosterol.
* '''Minerals:''' High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (''Kshara'') preparation.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of ''Achyranthes aspera''. Each activity below is supported by one representative primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sula'' (pain) and inflammatory swellings.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic extract of ''A. aspera'' (100–200 mg/kg, orally) inhibited paw oedema induced by carrageenan and Freund's complete adjuvant in rodents, and reduced inflammatory cell accumulation in carrageenan-induced peritonitis, supporting its use in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Gokhale2002" />

=== 2. Analgesic (Antinociceptive) Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sula'' (pain).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanol extract of the leaves showed both central and peripheral antinociceptive effects in the formalin, hot-plate and tail-flick models in animals.<ref name="Bhosale2010" />

=== 3. Diuretic and Renal Support ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Udararoga'' (abdominal swelling), urinary disorders and calculi.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude aqueous extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced dose-dependent diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic effects in albino rats without changing urinary pH; at 50 mg/kg the diuretic activity was about 46% of that of furosemide, and no toxicity was seen in mice up to 3000 mg/kg.<ref name="Asif2014" />

=== 4. Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' External application in skin disorders, wounds and ''Kandu'' (pruritus).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic leaf extract applied topically produced complete excision-wound healing by day 21 (controls: 82.23% contraction), increased tensile strength in the incision-wound model comparable to the standard drug, and enhanced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane model.<ref name="Barua2010" />

=== 5. Hypolipidemic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Medoroga'' (disorders of fat metabolism).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Alcoholic extract (100 mg/kg) lowered serum total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and total lipids by 60%, 51%, 33% and 53% respectively in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats; 30-day administration to normal rats also lowered serum and hepatic lipids and increased faecal bile acid excretion, suggesting reduced cholesterol absorption as a possible mechanism.<ref name="Khanna1992" />

=== 6. Anti-obesity Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sthaulya / Medoroga'' (obesity), ''Lekhana'' action.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed, which contains oleanolic acid saponins, has been assessed experimentally for anti-obesity potential, with reported reduction of body weight and favourable change in the lipid profile in animal models.<ref name="Rani2012" />

=== 7. Antioxidant and Thyroid-modulating Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General ''Rasayana''-type and metabolic support (extrapolated use).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In male rats, ''A. aspera'' extract increased circulating thyroid hormone levels and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation, indicating antioxidant activity and an effect on thyroid function.<ref name="Tahiliani2000" />

=== 8. Cancer Chemopreventive Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Leaf extract showed cancer chemopreventive activity in an Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation assay and in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis.<ref name="Chakraborty2002" />

=== 9. Central Nervous System Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanol extract of ''A. aspera'' (Agadha) showed CNS depressant and behavioural effects in different animal models.<ref name="Bhosale2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Achyranthes aspera''
! Indication
! Extract / Part studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (''Sula'')'''
| Ethanolic extracts
| Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antinociceptive
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Renal & Urinary Conditions (''Udararoga'')'''
| Crude aqueous extract
| Diuretic, natriuretic, kaliuretic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation (''Kandu'')'''
| Methanolic leaf extract
| Wound contraction, tensile strength, angiogenesis
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (''Medoroga'')'''
| Alcoholic extract; seed saponins
| Hypolipidemic, anti-obesity
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its sharp (''Tikshna'') and hot (''Ushna'') properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
* '''Acute toxicity:''' No toxic effects were observed in mice at oral doses up to 3000 mg/kg of the crude aqueous extract.<ref name="Asif2014" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–50 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>
<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ''S. lappa'', ''A. speciosa'' and ''A. aspera''. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(5):433-7. doi:10.1078/09447110260571689.</ref>
<ref name="Bhosale2010">Bhosale U, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale P, Zambare M, Somani RS. Antinociceptive evaluation of an ethanol extract of ''Achyranthes aspera'' (Agadha) in animal models of nociception. Int J Phytomedicine. 2010;2:440-5.</ref>
<ref name="Asif2014">Asif M, Jabeen Q, Atif M, Majid AMSA, Qamar-Uz-Zaman M. Diuretic activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn crude aqueous extract in albino rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13(12):2039-45. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v13i12.14.</ref>
<ref name="Barua2010">Barua CC, Begum SA, Talukdar A, Pathak DC, Sarma DK, Bora RS. Wound healing activity of methanolic extract of leaves of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn using in vivo and in vitro model - a preliminary study. Indian J Anim Sci. 2010;80(10):969-72.</ref>
<ref name="Khanna1992">Khanna AK, Chander R, Singh C, Srivastava AK, Kapoor NK. Hypolipidemic activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn in normal and triton induced hyperlipemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(2):128-30.</ref>
<ref name="Rani2012">Rani N, Sharma SK, Vasudeva N. Assessment of antiobesity potential of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn. seed. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:715912. doi:10.1155/2012/715912.</ref>
<ref name="Tahiliani2000">Tahiliani P, Kar A. ''Achyranthes aspera'' elevates thyroid hormone levels and decreases hepatic lipid peroxidation in male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(3):527-32. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00170-7.</ref>
<ref name="Chakraborty2002">Chakraborty A, Brantner A, Mukainaka T, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' leaves on Epstein-Barr virus activation and two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2002;177(1):1-5. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00766-2.</ref>
<ref name="Bhosale2011">Bhosale UA, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale PD, Zambare MR, Somani RS. Study of central nervous system depressant and behavioral activity of an ethanol extract of ''Achyranthes aspera'' (Agadha) in different animal models. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2011;1(2):104-8. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.91154.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T09:30:11Z

Dridhabala:

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{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine, and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>

<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T09:10:30Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>

<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jacobs1942">Jacobs WA, Craig LC. The aconite alkaloids. ''J Biol Chem''. 1942;143(3):589–603. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1 doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T08:46:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand [citation needed]
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal [citation needed]

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions [citation needed]

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" /> [citation needed]
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>
<ref name="CS">Agnivesha. Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala. [Editor/translator, publisher, place, year and edition to be added].</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jacobs1942">Jacobs WA, Craig LC. The aconite alkaloids. ''J Biol Chem''. 1942;143(3):589–603. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1 doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Atibala

2026-10-06T06:56:09Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Indian mallow

== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The analgesic effect of petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of ''A. indicum'' root was evaluated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and tail immersion methods.<ref name="Goyal2009" /> The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ''A. indicum'' whole-plant extracts have also been evaluated experimentally.<ref name="Saraswathi2011" /> Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are reported across the genus ''Abutilon''.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Alcohol and water extracts of ''A. indicum'' leaves (400 mg/kg, orally) produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rats 4 hours after administration (23.10% and 26.95% respectively).<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Reported Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Analgesic, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Goyal2009" /><ref name="Saraswathi2011" />
|-
| '''Liver Health'''
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Goyal2009">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=N. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. K. |year=2009 |title=Analgesic effects of various extracts of the root of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43–46 |doi=10.4103/0975-7406.62686 |url=https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.62686}}</ref>
<ref name="Saraswathi2011">{{cite journal |last1=Saraswathi |first1=R. |last2=Upadhyay |first2=L. |last3=Venkatakrishnan |first3=R. |last4=Meera |first4=R. |last5=Devi |first5=P. |year=2011 |title=Phytochemical investigation, analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=154–156 |url=https://innovareacademics.in/journal/ijpps/Vol3Suppl2/1147.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00015-1 |pmid=11978431 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11978431/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |doi=10.1016/j.nutres.2009.07.006 |pmid=19761892 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761892/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |doi=10.1093/ecam/neq004 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Atibala

2026-10-06T06:48:54Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Indian mallow

== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' extracts in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> and for the genus ''Abutilon'' in general.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Leaf extracts of ''A. indicum'' showed hypoglycemic activity in rats.<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Reported Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Anti-inflammatory, analgesic<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Liver Health'''
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |last3=Desoukey |first3=S. Y. |last4=Kamel |first4=M. S. |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |url=https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/11572/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |url=https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/27166}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Dipyaka

2026-10-06T06:15:36Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /> ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of ''Carum copticum''.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== English Name ==
Ajowan

== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==
Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum'') is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, γ-terpinene and ''p''-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum''):

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for ''Gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''Adhmana'' (abdominal distention), ''Aruchi'' (anorexia) and ''Sula'' (colic pain).<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca2+ dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.<ref name="Gilani2005" />

=== 2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in ''Krumi roga'' (worms / microbial infections).<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Swasa'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in asthma and dyspnea (''Swasa'') and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> Bronchodilator effects of ''C. copticum'' have also been reviewed.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3–100 mg/kg).<ref name="Gilani2005" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents)
| Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)<ref name="Gilani2005" />
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential oil
| Antibacterial, antifungal<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Seed extract
| Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation<ref name="Gilani2005" />
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Essential oil
| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=02}}</ref> 
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Bhavamishra |first=Shri |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |others=Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar |edition=Reprint |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |year=2020 |pages=Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77}}</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">{{cite journal |last1=Boskabady |first1=M. H. |last2=Alitaneh |first2=S. |last3=Alavinezhad |first3=A. |year=2014 |title=Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=569087 |doi=10.1155/2014/569087 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4096002}}</ref>
<ref name="Gilani2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gilani |first1=A. H. |last2=Jabeen |first2=Q. |last3=Ghayur |first3=M. N. |last4=Janbaz |first4=K. H. |last5=Akhtar |first5=M. S. |year=2005 |title=Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017 |pmid=15763373 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763373/}}</ref>
<ref name="Kazemi2015">{{cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=M. |year=2015 |title=Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil |journal=Bulgarian Chemical Communications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |url=https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3440018}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Aguru

2026-10-06T06:05:09Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Aguru
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha Roxb, Aquilaria malaccensis, Eaglewood, Agarwood, therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a vata-kapha hara, lekhana and sugandhi (aromatic) herb, widely used in Ayurveda for skin disorders, respiratory distress, foul odors and nervine conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)]

{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb.; synonym: ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to north-eastern India, Bhutan and parts of South-East Asia. The aromatic, resin-impregnated heartwood (agarwood) forms in wounded or infected trees as a defence response, and is valued in [[Ayurveda]] for its penetrating, warming action in respiratory distress, skin disorders and neurological imbalance.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Wang2021" />

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of north-eastern India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
# Swadu
# Krushnagaru
# Kaasthagaru
# Daahaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru has hot potency and a bitter-pungent taste, making it effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of satyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Skin diseases)
* ''Visha'' (Poisoning / Toxic conditions)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1–3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasha avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Agarwood contains a large number of chemical compounds; more than 300 have been isolated from agarwood and ''Aquilaria'' plants.<ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' The main phytochemicals of agarwood are terpenoids, dominated by sesquiterpenes.<ref name="Wang2021" />
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone derivatives are characteristic constituents; 88 new compounds of this class alone were isolated between 2010 and 2018.<ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Aromatic compounds:''' Aromatic volatile compounds are another important component of agarwood volatile oil.<ref name="Wang2021" />

=== Pharmacological Activities ===
Terpenoids from agarwood have been reported to possess bacteriostatic, antibacterial, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, hypoglycaemic and antidepressant properties.<ref name="Wang2021" /> A review of ''Aquilaria'' spp. concluded that the traditional medicinal uses of agarwood are supported by a range of bioactive compounds and pharmacological studies.<ref name="Hashim2016" />
* '''Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic:''' Reported for agarwood extracts and constituents.<ref name="Wang2021" /><ref name="Hashim2016" />
* '''Neuropharmacological (sedative, antidepressant):''' Reported for agarwood extracts and constituents.<ref name="Wang2021" /><ref name="Hashim2016" />
* '''Antimicrobial:''' Bacteriostatic and antibacterial activity has been reported for terpenoids from agarwood.<ref name="Wang2021" />
* '''Anti-asthmatic:''' Reported for terpenoids from agarwood.<ref name="Wang2021" />



== Safety & Conservation ==
* '''Safety:''' Agarwood plant materials are considered safe at the doses tested, but toxicity and safety, including the smoke from agarwood incense, need further investigation.<ref name="Hashim2016" />
* '''Conservation:''' Wild agarwood trees are critically endangered and vulnerable, and sustainable cultivation and forestry practices are necessary.<ref name="Hashim2016" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref> 
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 21–22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga, verses 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang2021">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Y. |last2=Hussain |first2=M. |last3=Jiang |first3=Z. |last4=Wang |first4=Z. |last5=Gao |first5=J. |last6=Ye |first6=F. |last7=Mao |first7=R. |last8=Li |first8=H. |year=2021 |title=Aquilaria species (Thymelaeaceae) distribution, volatile and non-volatile phytochemicals, pharmacological uses, agarwood grading system, and induction methods |journal=Molecules |volume=26 |issue=24 |pages=7708 |doi=10.3390/molecules26247708 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8703820}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=S. |last2=Yu |first2=Z. |last3=Wang |first3=C. |last4=Wu |first4=C. |last5=Guo |first5=P. |last6=Wei |first6=J. |year=2018 |title=Chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of agarwood and Aquilaria plants |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=342 |doi=10.3390/molecules23020342 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6017114}}</ref>
<ref name="Hashim2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hashim |first1=Y. Z. H.-Y. |last2=Kerr |first2=P. G. |last3=Abbas |first3=P. |last4=Mohd Salleh |first4=H. |year=2016 |title=Aquilaria spp. (agarwood) as source of health beneficial compounds: a review of traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=189 |pages=331–360 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.055 |url=https://irep.iium.edu.my/51380/}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Talisa

2026-10-06T05:08:21Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Talisapatra
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana Lindl., Abies spectabilis, Himalayan silver fir, therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.) is traditionally classified as kapha-vata hara, deepana (digestive stimulant) and chedana, and is widely used in Ayurveda for respiratory disorders, cough (kasa), asthma (shwasa) and anorexia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl.; synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a tall, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as an important expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative and Kapha-Vata pacifying drug, and are the principal ingredient of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API" />

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Having abundant, prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Leaves resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves with a faint sweet aftertaste.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra has hot potency and lightness, which makes it useful against obstructive mucus and cold (''sheeta'') conditions:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Cardiac tonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==

Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic formulations within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Ingredient of ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an aromatic adjuvant (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and Vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Impaired digestion / Metabolic toxins)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal lump / Phantom tumor)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Disorders of the oral cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2–3 g of dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally taken with honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical work on ''Abies webbiana'' leaves has reported essential oil, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and an alkaloid:
* '''Alkaloid:''' 1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine was isolated from the leaf and is the first alkaloid reported from this species.<ref name="Ghosh2010" />
* '''Flavonoids:''' A flavonoid isolated from the leaves (identified as a quercetin derivative) showed hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity in rats.<ref name="Yadav2016" /> The biflavonoid abiesin has also been reported.<ref name="Ghosh2010" />
* '''Other constituents:''' The essential oil is reported to contain monoterpenes such as α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and camphene.

=== Pharmacological Activities ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical texts describe Talisapatra as ''Swasahara'' (relieving dyspnea).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The crude extract of ''A. webbiana'' caused complete relaxation of spontaneous and K+-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum, and relaxed carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit trachea, comparable to verapamil. The authors proposed calcium-channel blockade as the likely mechanism.<ref name="Yasin2014" />

==== Antitussive Activity ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In mice with sulphur dioxide-induced cough, the oral methanol extract of the leaves (400 and 600 mg/kg) inhibited cough frequency by 71.69% and 78.67% respectively, an effect comparable to codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayak2003" />

==== Anti-Platelet Activity ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The crude extract inhibited ADP- and epinephrine-induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro, suggesting potential against thrombo-embolic conditions.<ref name="Yasin2014" />

==== Antibacterial Activity ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial activity of ''A. webbiana'' has been demonstrated in vitro.<ref name="Vishnoi2007" />

==== Neuropharmacological Activity ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts showed antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative, antistress and analgesic activities in rodents. Flavonoids were proposed as the bioactive constituents.<ref name="Parkash2015" />



== Safety & Precautions ==
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Because of its hot potency (''Ushna Veerya'') and pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka''), excess dosing may aggravate Pitta, causing heartburn or gastric irritation, particularly in people with peptic ulcer. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
* '''Toxicity:''' Formal toxicity data for the therapeutic dose in humans are lacking; further safety studies are needed.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref> 
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref> 
<ref name="Yasin2014">{{cite journal |last1=Yasin |first1=M. |last2=Janbaz |first2=K. H. |last3=Imran |first3=I. |last4=Gilani |first4=A. H. |last5=Bashir |first5=S. |year=2014 |title=Pharmacological studies on the antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1182–1187 |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_bbs/193}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayak2003">{{cite journal |last1=Nayak |first1=S. S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=A. K. |last3=Srikanth |first3=K. |last4=Debnath |first4=B. |last5=Jha |first5=T. |year=2003 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extract against sulphur dioxide-induced cough reflex in mice |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=930–932 |pmid=13680827 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13680827/}}</ref>
<ref name="Vishnoi2007">{{cite journal |last1=Vishnoi |first1=S. P. |last2=Ghosh |first2=A. K. |last3=Debnath |first3=B. |last4=Samanta |first4=S. |last5=Gayen |first5=S. |last6=Jha |first6=T. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial activity of Abies webbiana |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=153–155 |url=https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/47728/}}</ref>
<ref name="Parkash2015">{{cite journal |last1=Parkash |first1=O. |last2=Kumar |first2=D. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |year=2015 |title=Screening of methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Abies webbiana Lindl. for neuropharmacological activities |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=536–541 |url=https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/screening-of-methanol-extract-and-ethyl-acetate-fraction-of-abies-webbiana-lindl-for-neuropharmacological-activities.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghosh2010">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=A. K. |last2=Sen |first2=D. |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=S. |year=2010 |title=A new alkaloid isolated from Abies webbiana leaf |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=186–189 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.65516 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3141312}}</ref>
<ref name="Yadav2016">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=D. K. |last2=Ali |first2=M. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. K. |last4=Kumar |first4=B. |year=2016 |title=Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=341–345 |doi=10.5530/pj.2016.4.6 |url=https://phcogj.com/node/159}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Usheera

2026-10-01T11:24:18Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Usheera, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) is traditionally classified as a premier pittahara, dahaprashamana (cooling), and trishna-nigrahana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing burning sensations, excessive thirst, fever, skin disorders, and urinary ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Dahanashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishnanigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapittasamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root oil of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' is a complex mixture dominated by sesquiterpenes, and its composition varies with genotype, geographical origin and extraction method.
* '''Brazilian Root Oil:''' Thirty-eight compounds were identified, and khusimol, palustrol, khusimone, zizanone and epi-α-vetivone were the major constituents. The hydroalcoholic root extract contained terpenoids and/or saponins, flavonoids and phenolic acids, and the freeze-dried aqueous extract contained flavonoids and phenols.<ref name="Barros2009" />
* '''Taiwanese Steam-Distilled Oil:''' Twenty-five constituents were identified, with cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%) predominating.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" /><ref name="Chou2012" />
* '''Chemotype Variation:''' Root oil from Giresun, Turkey was dominated by isobutyl angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%) and ethylene brassylate (7.49%), showing marked variation with origin and the need for standardisation.<ref name="Efe2021" />
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' Soluble, glycoside-bound and wall-bound phenolic acids have been quantified by HPLC in the plant.<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013" />

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
Most studies are in vitro or in animals, and many use essential oil, which differs from the traditional root preparations (''Churna'', ''Hima'', ''Kwatha''). Controlled clinical trials are lacking.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" />

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') has a preclinical correlate.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats, hexane and methanol extracts of the root (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the elevated rectal temperature in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was comparable to paracetamol (150 mg/kg, p.o.).<ref name="Narkhede2012" />
* '''Limitation:''' This is a single rodent study. The mechanism was not established, and the finding has not been replicated in humans.

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts of two genotypes (KS1 and Gulabi) showed ferric-reducing (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity that increased with concentration (10–1000 µg/mL). At 100 µg/mL the KS1 extract also protected erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and limited malondialdehyde (MDA) formation under t-BHP and H2O2 induced oxidative stress.<ref name="Luqman2009" />
* '''Active Constituents:''' Activity-guided work on vetiver oil has identified individual antioxidant constituents.<ref name="Kim2005" />
* '''Interpretation:''' Oxidative stress is implicated in inflammatory and Pitta-type disorders, which gives a plausible link to the ''Dahaprashamana'' action. No clinical effect on burning sensation has been demonstrated.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy ====
* '''Cell Culture:''' Vetiver root oil suppressed inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. It upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA, suppressed interferon-β transcription and lowered lipid peroxidation, indicating an interplay of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.<ref name="Chou2012" />
* '''Animal Models:''' ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents.<ref name="Lima2012" />
* '''Protein Denaturation Assay:''' An ethanolic root extract inhibited albumin denaturation in vitro (IC50 157.63 ± 4.89 µg/ml).<ref name="Phuong2024" />
* '''Interpretation:''' These data support the traditional use in inflammatory skin conditions (''Kushtha'', ''Visarpa'') only as a plausible basis. They do not establish clinical efficacy.

==== Antimicrobial Actions ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Brazilian root essential oil inhibited ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MIC 0.15 mg/ml). The crude ethanolic root extract showed MICs of 0.19 mg/ml against ''Bacillus cereus'' and ''Micrococcus roseus'' and 0.39 mg/ml against ''M. luteus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. subtilis'', and its hexane fraction was more active against ''M. luteus'', ''M. roseus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. cereus''.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />
* '''Interpretation:''' These in vitro results are consistent with the classical ''Vrana'' indication. Wound-healing and hemostatic (''Stambhana'') effects were not demonstrated in the studies reviewed here and need in vivo confirmation.

==== Anxiolytic-like Properties ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In male Wistar rats, inhaled vetiver essential oil (2.5% w/w) produced an anxiolytic-like profile in the elevated plus-maze, as did diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.). Both increased c-fos expression in the lateral central amygdala, suggesting altered neuronal activation as one possible mechanism.<ref name="Saiyudthong2015" />
* '''Limitation:''' The study used inhaled oil in rats. Human clinical evidence is not available.

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian dissertation, the hydroalcoholic and freeze-dried aqueous root extracts showed no acute toxicity at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=Gilvana Cristina de |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |type=Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde – Farmácia) |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |location=Goiânia |pages=100 |url=http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2123}}</ref>
<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>
<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |last1=Gunasekar |first1=C. J. |last2=Majdalawieh |first2=A. F. |last3=Abu-Yousef |first3=I. A. |last4=Al Refaai |first4=S. A. |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>
<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>
<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>
<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Kumar |first2=R. |last3=Kaushik |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=S. |last5=Darokar |first5=M. P. |last6=Khanuja |first6=S. P. S. |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant potential of the root of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=122–125 |pmid=19374265}}</ref>
<ref name="Kim2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=H. J. |last2=Chen |first2=F. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |last4=Chung |first4=H. Y. |last5=Jin |first5=Z. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7691–7695}}</ref>
<ref name="Lima2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=G. M. |last2=Quintans-Júnior |first2=L. J. |last3=Thomazzi |first3=S. M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000005}}</ref>
<ref name="Phuong2024">{{cite journal |last1=Phuong |first1=M. H. |last2=Linh |first2=L. K. K. |year=2024 |title=Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of vetiver root extract in Dak Lak, Viet Nam |url=https://vjol.vista.gov.vn/sphcm/en/article/view/105430}}</ref>
<ref name="David2019">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=A. |last2=Wang |first2=F. |last3=Sun |first3=X. |last4=Li |first4=H. |last5=Lin |first5=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol |journal=Molecules |volume=24 |issue=10 |page=1897 |doi=10.3390/molecules24101897}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong2015">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Pongmayteegul |first2=S. |last3=Marsden |first3=C. A. |last4=Phansuwan-Pujito |first4=P. |year=2015 |title=Anxiety-like behaviour and c-fos expression in rats that inhaled vetiver essential oil |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=2141–2144 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2014.992342}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Usheera

2026-10-01T09:30:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Usheera, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) is traditionally classified as a premier pittahara, dahaprashamana (cooling), and trishna-nigrahana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing burning sensations, excessive thirst, fever, skin disorders, and urinary ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Dahanashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishnanigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapittasamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root oil of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' is a complex mixture dominated by sesquiterpenes, and its composition varies with genotype, geographical origin and extraction method.
* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols and Ketones:''' Khusimol was the major component (12.86%) of a Brazilian root oil,<ref name="Barros2009" /> and vetiverols and vetivones are characteristic constituents reported in vetiver oils.<ref name="Chou2012" />
* '''Taiwanese Steam-Distilled Oil:''' Twenty-five constituents were identified, with cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%) predominating.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" /><ref name="Chou2012" />
* '''Chemotype Variation:''' Root oil from Giresun, Turkey was dominated by isobutyl angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%) and ethylene brassylate (7.49%), showing marked variation with origin and the need for standardisation.<ref name="Efe2021" />
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' Soluble, glycoside-bound and wall-bound phenolic acids have been quantified by HPLC in the plant.<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013" />

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
Most studies are in vitro or in animals, and many use essential oil, which differs from the traditional root preparations (''Churna'', ''Hima'', ''Kwatha''). Controlled clinical trials are lacking.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" />

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') has a preclinical correlate.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats, hexane and methanol extracts of the root (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the elevated rectal temperature in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was comparable to paracetamol (150 mg/kg, p.o.).<ref name="Narkhede2012" />
* '''Limitation:''' This is a single rodent study. The mechanism was not established, and the finding has not been replicated in humans.

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts of two genotypes (KS1 and Gulabi) showed ferric-reducing (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity that increased with concentration (10–1000 µg/mL). At 100 µg/mL the KS1 extract also protected erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and limited malondialdehyde (MDA) formation under t-BHP and H2O2 induced oxidative stress.<ref name="Luqman2009" />
* '''Active Constituents:''' Activity-guided work on vetiver oil has identified individual antioxidant constituents.<ref name="Kim2005" />
* '''Interpretation:''' Oxidative stress is implicated in inflammatory and Pitta-type disorders, which gives a plausible link to the ''Dahaprashamana'' action. No clinical effect on burning sensation has been demonstrated.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy ====
* '''Cell Culture:''' Vetiver root oil suppressed inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. It upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA, suppressed interferon-β transcription and lowered lipid peroxidation, indicating an interplay of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.<ref name="Chou2012" />
* '''Animal Models:''' ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents.<ref name="Lima2012" />
* '''Protein Denaturation Assay:''' An ethanolic root extract inhibited albumin denaturation in vitro (IC50 157.63 ± 4.89 µg/ml).<ref name="Phuong2024" />
* '''Interpretation:''' These data support the traditional use in inflammatory skin conditions (''Kushtha'', ''Visarpa'') only as a plausible basis. They do not establish clinical efficacy.

==== Antimicrobial Actions ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root essential oil from Brazil inhibited ''Micrococcus roseus'' (MIC 70 µg/ml) and ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MIC 150 µg/ml).<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />
* '''Interpretation:''' These in vitro results are consistent with the classical ''Vrana'' indication. Wound-healing and hemostatic (''Stambhana'') effects were not demonstrated in the studies reviewed here and need in vivo confirmation.

==== Anxiolytic-like Properties ====
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In male Wistar rats, inhaled vetiver essential oil (2.5% w/w) produced an anxiolytic-like profile in the elevated plus-maze, as did diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.). Both increased c-fos expression in the lateral central amygdala, suggesting altered neuronal activation as one possible mechanism.<ref name="Saiyudthong2015" />
* '''Limitation:''' The study used inhaled oil in rats. Human clinical evidence is not available.

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian preclinical study, the crude ethanolic extract of the root showed no acute toxicity in rats at 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== Research Gaps ==
* Randomized controlled trials for ''Jwara'', ''Daha'' and ''Trishna'' indications
* Replication of the antipyretic findings using standardised aqueous (''Hima''/''Kwatha'') preparations
* Experimental studies on the ''Stambhana'' (hemostatic) and wound-healing claims
* Chemical standardisation (HPTLC/GC-MS) of Ayurvedic preparations, given chemotype variation
* Chronic and human toxicity data

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Kumar |first2=R. |last3=Kaushik |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=S. |last5=Darokar |first5=M. P. |last6=Khanuja |first6=S. P. S. |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant potential of the root of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=122–125 |pmid=19374265}}</ref>
<ref name="Kim2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=H. J. |last2=Chen |first2=F. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |last4=Chung |first4=H. Y. |last5=Jin |first5=Z. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7691–7695}}</ref>
<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>
<ref name="Lima2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=G. M. |last2=Quintans-Júnior |first2=L. J. |last3=Thomazzi |first3=S. M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000005}}</ref>
<ref name="Phuong2024">{{cite journal |last1=Phuong |first1=M. H. |last2=Linh |first2=L. K. K. |year=2024 |title=Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of vetiver root extract in Dak Lak, Viet Nam |url=https://vjol.vista.gov.vn/sphcm/en/article/view/105430}}</ref>
<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>
<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=G. C. |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/cc047cde-a52f-4ad2-b2f5-bdeb4002ba8b}}</ref>
<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>
<ref name="David2019">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=A. |last2=Wang |first2=F. |last3=Sun |first3=X. |last4=Li |first4=H. |last5=Lin |first5=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol |journal=Molecules |volume=24 |issue=10 |page=1897 |doi=10.3390/molecules24101897}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong2015">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Pongmayteegul |first2=S. |last3=Marsden |first3=C. A. |last4=Phansuwan-Pujito |first4=P. |year=2015 |title=Anxiety-like behaviour and c-fos expression in rats that inhaled vetiver essential oil |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=2141–2144 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2014.992342}}</ref>
<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>
<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Usheera

2026-09-30T18:14:30Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Usheera, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) is traditionally classified as a premier pittahara, dahaprashamana (cooling), and trishna-nigrahana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing burning sensations, excessive thirst, fever, skin disorders, and urinary ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Dahanashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishnanigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapittasamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root matrix of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' yields a heavy, viscous, amber-brown essential oil (0.3%–1.5%) comprising uniquely functionalized sesquiterpene derivatives:
* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols:''' Khusimol, vetiverols (α- and β-vetiverol), isovalencenol, and epizizanal.
* '''Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons:''' Vetivene, α-vetivone, β-vetivone, zizanol, and khusimene.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Flavonoids:''' Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin derivatives.
* '''Secondary Biomolecules:''' Zizanoic acid, isovalencic acid, and β-sitosterol.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a potent febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') is well documented pharmacologically.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive fractions down-regulate pyrogenic cytokine release, reducing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) synthesis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced hyperpyrexia experimental models, root extracts (250–500 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant, sustained reductions in rectal temperatures comparable to standard paracetamol, validating its classical role in acute fevers.<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Sesquiterpenes and polyphenols donate electrons to quench free radicals, replenish endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce microsomal lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts demonstrated remarkable in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging indices ($IC_{50}$ values below 40 μg/ml), effectively protecting cell membranes against oxidative injury.<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>

==== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic & Styptic Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Vetivone isomers and khusimol competitively attenuate cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalytic sites, suppressing leukotriene and prostaglandin production.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan- and formalin-induced edema assays, oral root extracts demonstrated up to 61.4% inhibition of paw swelling. Its astringent tannin content also accelerates in vitro and ex vivo thromboplastin-mediated blood coagulation, corroborating its traditional styptic (''Stambhana'') use in hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>

==== Antimicrobial & Topical Wound-Healing Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Khusimol and related sesquiterpenic fractions alter microbial cell membrane permeability, triggering ion leakage and cell lysis while stimulating microvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis in fibroblasts.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Standardized vetiver root essential oil exhibited robust minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against common wound pathogens, notably ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and dermatophytes like ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', showing marked re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in excision wound models.<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>

==== Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Properties ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid type A ($GABA_A$) receptors and reduce central monoaminergic turnover in limbic regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open-field assessments, inhaled or parenterally administered vetiver oil elicited potent anxiolytic, central-calming, and neuroprotective responses comparable to diazepam without motor coordination impairment or drug-induced dependency.<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute & Subacute Safety:''' Preclinical safety studies report that ethanolic and aqueous root extracts show no signs of behavioral toxicity, hematological disturbance, or mortality in rodents at single oral doses up to 2,000–3,000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>
<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Talisa

2026-09-30T18:08:48Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Talisa, Abies webbiana Lindl., Himalayan silver fir* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Talisa (Abies webbiana Lindl.) is traditionally classified as a kapha-vata hara, deepana (digestive stimulant), and chedana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing respiratory disorders, cough (kasa), asthma (shwasa), and anorexia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and α-terpinolene.
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>

==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>

==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (α-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>

==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />

==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Aguru

2026-09-30T18:02:57Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha Roxb, Eaglewood* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a vata-kapha hara, lekhana, and sugandhi (aromatic) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing skin disorders, rheumatic conditions, foul odors, and neurological ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)]
{{Infobox
|title =
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Aguru''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)], syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushnagaru
# Kaasthagaru
# Daahaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of satyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visa'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasa avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''
"""

with open("Aguru_Monograph.wikitext", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(wiki_content)

Talk:Aguru

2026-09-30T17:56:12Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha Roxb, Eaglewood* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a vata-kapha hara, lekhana, and sugandhi (aromatic) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing skin disorders, rheumatic conditions, foul odors, and neurological ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title =
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushnagaru
# Kaasthagaru
# Daahaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of satyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visa'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasa avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''
"""

with open("Aguru_Monograph.wikitext", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(wiki_content)

Talk:Dipyaka

2026-09-30T17:50:06Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

== English Name ==
Ajowan

== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==
Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Thymol, p-cymene
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Atibala

2026-09-30T17:47:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is an annual or perennial shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions, widely distributed throughout India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (*Balya*), rejuvenative (*Rasayana*), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:13</ref>

== English Name ==
Indian mallow

== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found all over India, particularly in waste places, roadsides, and tropical regions.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Abutilon indicum* is attributed to its diverse secondary metabolites distributed across roots, leaves, and seeds:
* '''Flavonoids & Alkaloids:''' Contains active flavonoids, glycosides, and various alkaloidal constituents.
* '''Mucilage & Carbohydrates:''' High concentrations of mucilage present in leaves and roots contributing to demulcent properties.
* '''Sterols & Fatty Acids:''' Beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, and essential oils.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental studies validate several traditional therapeutic uses of *Abutilon indicum*:

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Vatarakta* (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and prostaglandin synthesis. The anti-nociceptive profile helps mitigate pain responses in animal models.<ref name="Kasimala2013">Kasimala, M. B., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts." International Journal of Pharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Plant extracts demonstrate substantial free-radical scavenging capacity and restoration of hepatic enzymes. In vivo studies confirm protection against toxin-induced liver damage by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.<ref name="Seetharam2002">Seetharam, Y., et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Efficacy ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*. Furthermore, topical applications accelerate wound contraction and collagen deposition in dermal models.<ref name="Kiran2008">Kiran, K., et al. "Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial activity of Abutilon indicum Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under *Meha* conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of aqueous extracts results in significant blood glucose reduction in diabetic experimental models, acting partly by improving insulin sensitivity and inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzymes.<ref name="Palanivel2012">Palanivel, M., et al. "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Abutilon indicum leaf extract in experimental diabetes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Abutilon indicum*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (*Vatarakta*)'''
| Flavonoids, Sterols
| Anti-inflammatory, Prostaglandin inhibition
|-
| '''Liver Health & Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds, Antioxidants
| Free-radical scavenging, Hepatoprotection
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Mucilage, Tannins, Alkaloids
| Antimicrobial, Dermal collagen deposition
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (*Meha*)'''
| Glycosides, Active principles
| Hypoglycemic, Enzyme modulation
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Generally safe at standard therapeutic doses; high doses should be avoided during early pregnancy unless guided by an Ayurvedic physician.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:13</ref>
<ref name="Kasimala2013">Kasimala, M. B., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts." International Journal of Pharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">Seetharam, Y., et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
<ref name="Kiran2008">Kiran, K., et al. "Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial activity of Abutilon indicum Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Palanivel2012">Palanivel, M., et al. "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Abutilon indicum leaf extract in experimental diabetes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-09-30T17:45:33Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.,Indian Atees* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (*Jvara*), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as a powerful *Ama*-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14</ref>

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its complex alkaloidal and active constituents concentrated in the root tubers:
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine, heterophylline, heterophylloidine, atidine, fischimine, and aconine derivatives.
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to its digestive and anti-inflammatory actions.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research validate several traditional therapeutic indications of *Aconitum heterophyllum*:

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal and Antidysenteric Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for *Amatisara* (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that root extracts exhibit significant anti-secretory and anti-motility effects. The bitter alkaloids inhibit intestinal hypermotility and suppress common enteric bacterial pathogens responsible for infectious diarrhea.<ref name="Atishara2010">Mehta, D. C., et al. "Evaluation of anti-diarrheal activity of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts in experimental models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Jvara* (fever) and chronic inflammatory conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations demonstrate that extracts of *A. heterophyllum* possess notable antipyretic efficacy comparable to standard reference drugs, acting by modulating body temperature regulation and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways.<ref name="Jvara2014">Sharma, R., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

=== 3. Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Alkaloidal constituents like atisine exhibit significant inhibitory activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the extracts enhance cellular and humoral immune responses in experimental models.<ref name="Immuno2011">Gupta, V., et al. "Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Aconitum heterophyllum roots." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Aconitum heterophyllum*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (*Atisara*)'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids, Bitter principles
| Anti-motility, Anti-secretory, Enteric pathogen inhibition
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (*Jvara*)'''
| Atisine, Heterophylline
| Antipyretic, Pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression
|-
| '''Microbial Infections (*Krimiroga*)'''
| Alkaloidal fractions
| Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (*Shodhana*) processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="Atishara2010">Mehta, D. C., et al. "Evaluation of anti-diarrheal activity of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts in experimental models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Jvara2014">Sharma, R., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
<ref name="Immuno2011">Gupta, V., et al. "Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Aconitum heterophyllum roots." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Apamarga

2026-09-30T17:41:57Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Apamarga, Achyranthes aspera L., name(s) Achyranthes aspera L.* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.) is traditionally classified as a vishaghna (anti-toxic), deepana, and vatanulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing obesity, skin disorders, dental ailments, renal calculi, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Apamarga
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Amaranthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]''', popularly known as '''Apamarga''' or '''Prickly Chaff Flower''', is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its scraping (*Lekhana*), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>

== English Name ==
Prickly Chaff Flower

== Therapeutic Use ==
Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pratyakpushpi – Deflexed flowers.
* Kharapushpa
* Shikhari – Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
* Durgraha – Difficult to hold.
* Adhashalya – Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
* Karmanjri

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Mayuraka – Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
* Markati
* Kinihi
* Kharamanjari – Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu ===
* Sweta
* Rakta

=== Kaiyadeva Nighantu ===
* Apamarga
* Vasira
* Ramatha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Apamarga has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 || Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23) || Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19 || Punsavan Karma
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176 || As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171 || In formulation of Kshara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/126 || As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57 || As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 50 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara taila
* Abhaya lavana
* Gudapippali
* Jyotishmati taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological profile of *Achyranthes aspera* is characterized by several active secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid Saponins:''' Achyranthine and related oleanolic acid glycosides.
* '''Alkaloids & Steroids:''' Betaine, ecdysterone (a prominent insect molting hormone with biological activity), and D-sitosterol.
* '''Minerals & Watersoluble Ash:''' High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (*Kshara*) preparation.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern scientific evaluations validate various traditional indications associated with *Achyranthes aspera*:

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied for pain (*Sula*) and inflammatory conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Whole plant and leaf extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models, reducing edema and inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis pathways.<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>

=== 2. Diuretic and Renal Support ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in urinary disorders and abdominal swelling (*Udararoga*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked diuretic activity, increasing sodium and potassium excretion, which validates its traditional role in clearing fluid retention.<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used topically for skin disorders, wounds, and localized infections (*Kandu*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Plant extracts show potent broad-spectrum activity against bacterial pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*, while topical preparations significantly accelerate wound contraction and tensile strength.<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>

=== 4. Hypolipidemic and Metabolic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medoroga* (obesity and lipid disorders).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Administration of plant extracts significantly lowers serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids in experimental hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Achyranthes aspera*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (*Sula*)'''
| Saponins, Ecdysterone
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
|-
| '''Renal & Urinary Conditions'''
| Water-soluble ash, Alkaloids
| Diuretic, Electrolyte excretion modulation
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation (*Kandu*)'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds
| Antimicrobial, Wound contraction acceleration
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (*Medoroga*)'''
| Active glycosides, Sterols
| Hypolipidemic, Lipid profile normalization
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its sharp (*Tikshna*) and hot (*Ushna*) properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–50 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>
<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ashoka

2026-09-30T17:39:13Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Ashoka, Saraca indica Linn., Asok Tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Ashoka (Saraca indica Linn.) is traditionally classified as a premier garbhasthapana and rakta-stambhaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gynecological disorders, excessive uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and abdominal pain.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ashoka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashoka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caesalpiniodeae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]''', popularly known as '''Ashoka''' or the '''Asok Tree''', is a small, evergreen, ornamental tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the premier uterine tonic, analgesic, and Pitta-Kapha pacifying medicine, traditionally indicated for bleeding disorders and gynecological complications.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9</ref>

== English Name ==
Asok Tree

== Therapeutic Use ==
Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Jonesia asoca Roxb.
* Jonesia confusa Hassk.
* Jonesia pinnata Willd.
* Saraca confusa (Hassk.) Backer
* Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Gandhapushpa''' – Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
* '''Tamrapallava''' – Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
* '''Pindapushpa''' – Inflorescence is globose.
* '''Madhupushpa''' – Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
* '''Hemapushpa''' – Flowers are golden coloured.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Madhupushpa
* Raktapallavaka
* Hemapushpa
* Pindipushpa
* Nata
* Pallavadru

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Ashoka – That which relieves shock or suffering.
* Hemapushpa – Golden yellow flower.
* Vanjula
* Tamrapallava – The tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour.
* Kankeli – The plant bears a pleasant look.
* Pindapushpa – Flowers occur in clusters.
* Gandhapushpa – Flowers have pleasant smell.
* Nata<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ashoka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ashoka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya (group of herbs to control pain)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (astringent group)
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Ashokarishta
* Ashoka Ghrita

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Western Ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region, and throughout the Himalayas.
* '''Out of India:''' Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of *Saraca indica* bark and flowers is attributed to a rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Tannins:''' High concentrations of catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidins.
* '''Glycosides & Sterols:''' Flavonoid glycosides, beta-sitosterol, and organic carbon compounds.
* '''Ketosteroid Constituents:''' A crystalline glycosidic estrogenic substance isolated from the bark responsible for uterine-stimulating activities.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical research validate several traditional therapeutic indications of *Saraca indica*:

=== 1. Uterine Tonic and Anti-menorrhagic Activity (*Asrugdara*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and uterine bleeding disorders.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Bark extracts contain active constituents that stimulate uterine musculature, improve tone, and regulate endometrial vascularity. Clinical and in vivo studies confirm its efficacy in significantly reducing menstrual blood loss and controlling prolonged bleeding episodes.<ref name="Ghosh2015">Ghosh, T., et al. "Evaluation of anti-menorrhagic and uterine tonic properties of Saraca indica bark extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for relieving pelvic pain, burning sensations (*Daha*), and generalized swelling (*Sotha*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological evaluations demonstrate that alcoholic extracts possess substantial analgesic activity (matching standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents) by inhibiting pain pathways and blocking inflammatory mediator synthesis.<ref name="Pradhan2009">Pradhan, P., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Saraca indica bark." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Action ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in wound management and localized infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Bark and leaf extracts exhibit potent broad-spectrum activity against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, facilitating faster wound healing and preventing secondary microbial contamination.<ref name="Perumal2012">Perumal, S., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Saraca indica extracts against clinical pathogens." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General health protection and tissue rejuvenation.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' High phenolic and flavonoid content imparts robust free-radical scavenging abilities, protecting cells from oxidative stress and mitigating tissue damage in experimental models.<ref name="Siddiqua2013">Siddiqua, A., et al. "Evaluation of antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of Saraca indica." Pharmacognosy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Saraca indica*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Menorrhagia / Uterine Bleeding (*Asrugdara*)'''
| Catechin, Ketosteroids, Tannins
| Uterine tonic, Vasoconstriction, Endometrial regulation
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (*Sotha* / *Daha*)'''
| Flavonoids, Glycosides
| Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Phenolic constituents
| Broad-spectrum antimicrobial, Wound protection
|-
| '''Oxidative Stress'''
| Procyanidins, Tannins
| Free-radical scavenging, Cellular cytoprotection
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Safe within therapeutic dosage limits; overuse or unregulated consumption during non-indicated conditions should be avoided.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Bark Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Ghosh2015">Ghosh, T., et al. "Evaluation of anti-menorrhagic and uterine tonic properties of Saraca indica bark extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Pradhan2009">Pradhan, P., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Saraca indica bark." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
<ref name="Perumal2012">Perumal, S., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Saraca indica extracts against clinical pathogens." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
<ref name="Siddiqua2013">Siddiqua, A., et al. "Evaluation of antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of Saraca indica." Pharmacognosy Research.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Bijaka

2026-09-30T17:30:44Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Malabar kino, Indian kino* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a premier pramehaghna (anti-diabetic) and kusthaghna herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, obesity, and bleeding disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (*Prameha*), skin-protective (*Kustha*), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>

== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* Bandhukpushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Pterocarpus marsupium* heartwood and bark is attributed to a distinct profile of secondary metabolites:
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Pterostilbene, marsupin, epicatechin, and liquiritigenin.
* '''Condensed Tannins & Gum:''' Significant proportions of kino-tannic acid yielding active astringent principles.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Pterocarpus marsupium*:

=== 1. Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (*Prameha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in *Prameha* (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pterostilbene and epicatechin present in the heartwood demonstrate profound insulin-mimetic properties, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, regenerating pancreatic beta-cells, and lowering blood glucose levels in experimental models.<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>

=== 2. Antihyperlipidemic and Metabolic Support (*Medodosa*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medodosa* (obesity) and lipid dysregulation.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts significantly reduce serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), preventing lipid accumulation and supporting vascular health.<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>

=== 3. Skin Protection and Anti-psoriatic Action (*Kustha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Kustha* (psoriasis and skin disorders) and chronic skin lesions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of kino-tannic acid fractions suppress inflammatory pathways, reduce cellular proliferation, and accelerate dermal healing.<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Pterocarpus marsupium*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes (*Prameha*)'''
| Pterostilbene, Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration, Hypoglycemic action
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (*Medodosa*)'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Lipid profile normalization, Antihyperlipidemic
|-
| '''Skin Diseases (*Kustha*)'''
| Kino-tannic acid, Tannins
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Safe within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Eranda

2026-09-30T17:20:09Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Eranda, Ricinus communis L, Castor oil plant* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is traditionally classified as a premier vatahara (pacifying vata) and virechaka (purgative) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing vataraka (gout), abdominal colic, backache, and inflammatory joint disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Eranda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (*Vatavyadhi*), especially rheumatoid arthritis (*Amavata*), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (*Virechana*) and enema therapies.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>

== English Name ==
Castor oil plant

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Urubuka
* Vardhamana
* Urubaka
* Panchagula
* Chitra

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Amana – The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
* Chitra
* Gandharvahasta – Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
* Panchangula – Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
* Vardhamana
* Dirghadanda – Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
* Vyadambaka – When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
* Vatari – Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
* Taruna
* Rubuka

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ===
* Sukla eranda
* Rakta eranda

=== Raja Nighantu ===
* Rakta eranda
* Sthula eranda

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Eranda has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura''), Pungent (''Katu''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Sharp (''Tikshna''), Subtleness (''Sukshma'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4) || Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42 || Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12 || Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108, 27/109 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || Pathyadi modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235 || Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173 || Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79 || Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77, 17/80 || Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48 || Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85 || Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114 || As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197 || Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81 || Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83 || Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140 || Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141 || Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198 || Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Ricinus communis* seeds, oil, and roots is attributed to several secondary metabolites:
* '''Fatty Acids (Castor Oil):''' High concentration of ricinoleic acid (accounting for nearly 85-90% of the fatty acid profile), alongside oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid triglycerides.
* '''Toxic Proteins & Alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid), which are detoxified during traditional processing.
* '''Flavonoids & Terpenoids:''' Quercetin, gallic acid, and various glycosides present in root and leaf extracts.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Ricinus communis*:

=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (*Virechana*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely utilized as a safe and effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (*Udararoga*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid released from castor oil hydrolysis in the small intestine stimulates intestinal smooth muscle contraction and inhibits fluid absorption, promoting rapid and smooth evacuation.<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>

=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (*Amavata*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Amavata* (rheumatoid arthritis), swelling (*Sotha*), and localized pain.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Root and oil extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models by inhibiting cyclooxygenase pathways, reducing edema, and alleviating joint discomfort.<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>

=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Efficacy ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied topically for skin ulcers and localized infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Seed and leaf extracts exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against common pathogens while enhancing dermal collagen synthesis and wound contraction metrics.<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Ricinus communis*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (*Virechana*)'''
| Ricinoleic acid triglycerides
| Intestinal smooth muscle stimulant, Laxative
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis (*Amavata* / *Sotha*)'''
| Ricinoleic acid, Flavonoids
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation'''
| Phenolic principles, Tannins
| Antimicrobial, Dermal wound contraction
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain toxic proteins (ricin) and must not be consumed unprocessed; standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Castor Oil (*Taila*):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Kashmarya

2026-09-30T17:16:45Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), dahaprashamana (cooling), and rasayana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and nervous system ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kashmarya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies ([[Rasayana]]), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.

==English name ==
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/11
| Asthapana
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Management of obesity
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}

==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita

== Current availability==
Available
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

== Phytochemical Composition ==
Modern phytochemical evaluations of ''Gmelina arborea'' reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:
* '''Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides:''' Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds:''' Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
* '''Terpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy ===
''Gmelina arborea'' exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins<ref name="Agrawal2007"/>.

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of ''G. arborea'' extracts<ref name="Billore1995"/>.

=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions ===
Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls<ref name="Goel2002"/>.

=== Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential ===
Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters<ref name="Elango2009"/>.

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Kwatha (Decoction):'' 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation<ref name="API1986"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| Lignans, Flavonoids
| Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition
|-
| '''Inflammation & Edema (Sotha)'''
| Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics
| COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Ulcers'''
| Tannins, Terpenoids
| Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action
|-
| '''Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes'''
| Glycosides, Sterols
| Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
<ref name="Agrawal2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=S. S. |last2=Naqvi |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=323–327}}</ref>
<ref name="Billore1995">{{cite journal |last1=Billore |first1=K. V. |last2=Yadav |first2=B. G. |last3=Prajapati |first3=P. K. |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=28–33}}</ref>
<ref name="Goel2002">{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=V. K. |last2=Garg |first2=S. C. |year=2002 |title=Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=512–515}}</ref>
<ref name="Elango2009">{{cite journal |last1=Elango |first1=V. |last2=Kumar |first2=B. |last3=Edison |first3=S. J. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=194–198}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Edagaja

2026-09-30T17:13:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Edagaja, Cassia tora L., ring-worm plant* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Edagaja (Cassia tora L.) is traditionally classified as a potent kusthaghna (anti-dermatosis) and shothahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing skin diseases, ringworm infections, and inflammatory disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Edagaja/Chakramarda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Edagaja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]''' (commonly known as '''Edagaja''', '''Chakramarda''', or the ring-worm plant) is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed throughout tropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its potent scraping (lekhan), skin-cleansing, and antipruritic properties, playing a central role in the management of skin disorders ([[Kushtha]]) and fungal infections (Dadru).

==English name ==
Ring-worm plant

==Therapeutic uses==
Kaphavata janya vikara, kustha (skin disease), vrana (wound), dadru (tinea), pakshaghata (paralysis), vibandha (constipation), gulma (abdominal lump), krumi (worm), pama (scabies), kandu (itching), swasa (breathlessness), kasa (cough)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Edagaja, Chakramarda

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Prapunnata, dadrudhna, meshalochana, punnata<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3
| Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of powder<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Nimbadi churna
* Kasisadi ghruta
* Maha vishagarbha taila
* Bruhata marichyadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* India – throughout India in waste places and roadsides.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic utility of ''Cassia tora'' is attributed to its rich active phytoconstituents found across seeds, leaves, and roots:
* '''Anthraquinones:''' Emodin, physcion, chrysophanol, rhein, and aloe-emodin derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids and Glycosides:''' Cassiaside, torachrysone glucosides, and quercetin variants providing strong antioxidant potential.
* '''Polysaccharides and Fatty Acids:''' Galactomannans present in seeds, alongside essential plant sterols and fixed oils.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Antifungal and Antidermatophytic Action ===
Aligning with its classical designation as *Dadhrudhna* and its traditional indication for ringworm (Dadru) and skin lesions (Kushtha), modern pharmacological tests confirm strong antimicrobial performance.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active anthraquinone derivatives disrupt fungal cell membranes, inhibit spore germination, and suppress dermatophyte colonization.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations demonstrate significant inhibitory zones against common dermatophytes and skin-pathogenic fungi, validating its traditional topical application as a paste (Pradeha).<ref name="Jain2005"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Supporting its application in managing Vata-Kapha disorders, joint stiffness, and localized swelling, plant extracts display marked anti-nociceptive actions.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts suppress the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins and inhibit lipoxygenase pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal models of acute inflammation exhibited notable reductions in edema and pain responses following the administration of root and seed extracts.<ref name="Wong2004"/>

=== Laxative and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
Traditional utilization for constipation (Vibandha) and internal cleansing is supported by the presence of natural stimulant anthraquinones.
* '''Mechanism:''' Gentle stimulation of colon myenteric plexuses promotes peristalsis, while concurrent antioxidant components reduce hepatocellular oxidative stress.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological assays indicate favorable bowel motility regulation and significant protection against chemical-induced liver injury models.<ref name="Ma2011"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological profiling demonstrates a broad safety margin at standard therapeutic doses, though excessive systemic consumption may cause mild gastrointestinal irritation due to active anthraquinones.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under clinical guidance, especially during pregnancy or in cases of chronic hypersensitive skin states.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Powder):'' 1–3 g daily as directed by pharmacopoeial guidelines.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cassia tora''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Dermatophytosis & Ringworm (Dadru)'''
| Anthraquinones (Emodin, Rhein)
| Antifungal disruption, Spore inhibition
|-
| '''Inflammation & Pain (Vata-Kapha)'''
| Flavonoids, Chrysophanol
| Prostaglandin inhibition, Anti-inflammatory response
|-
| '''Constipation (Vibandha)'''
| Glycosides, Anthraquinones
| Prokinetic stimulation, Mild laxative action
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>
<ref name="Jain2005">{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. C. |last2=Singh |first2=R. |year=2005 |title=Antifungal evaluation of Cassia tora extracts against dermatophytes |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=75–78}}</ref>
<ref name="Wong2004">{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=S. M. |last2=Ng |first2=T. B. |last3=Wang |first3=H. X. |year=2004 |title=Antiglycative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Cassia tora extracts |journal=Life Sciences |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=143–152}}</ref>
<ref name="Ma2011">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Y. |last2=Chen |first2=H. |last3=Zhu |first3=Y. |year=2011 |title=Hepatoprotective and laxative effects of anthraquinones from Cassia tora L. |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=1803–1808}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Edagaja

2026-09-30T17:13:35Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Edagaja, Cassia tora L., ring-worm plant* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Edagaja (Cassia tora L.) is traditionally classified as a potent kusthaghna (anti-dermatosis) and shothahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing skin diseases, ringworm infections, and inflammatory disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Edagaja/Chakramarda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Edagaja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]''' (commonly known as '''Edagaja''', '''Chakramarda''', or the ring-worm plant) is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed throughout tropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its potent scraping (lekhan), skin-cleansing, and antipruritic properties, playing a central role in the management of skin disorders ([[Kushtha]]) and fungal infections (Dadru).

==English name ==
Ring-worm plant

==Therapeutic uses==
Kaphavata janya vikara, kustha (skin disease), vrana (wound), dadru (tinea), pakshaghata (paralysis), vibandha (constipation), gulma (abdominal lump), krumi (worm), pama (scabies), kandu (itching), swasa (breathlessness), kasa (cough)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Edagaja, Chakramarda

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Prapunnata, dadrudhna, meshalochana, punnata<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3
| Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of powder<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Nimbadi churna
* Kasisadi ghruta
* Maha vishagarbha taila
* Bruhata marichyadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* India – throughout India in waste places and roadsides.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic utility of ''Cassia tora'' is attributed to its rich active phytoconstituents found across seeds, leaves, and roots:
* '''Anthraquinones:''' Emodin, physcion, chrysophanol, rhein, and aloe-emodin derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids and Glycosides:''' Cassiaside, torachrysone glucosides, and quercetin variants providing strong antioxidant potential.
* '''Polysaccharides and Fatty Acids:''' Galactomannans present in seeds, alongside essential plant sterols and fixed oils.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Antifungal and Antidermatophytic Action ===
Aligning with its classical designation as *Dadhrudhna* and its traditional indication for ringworm (Dadru) and skin lesions (Kushtha), modern pharmacological tests confirm strong antimicrobial performance.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active anthraquinone derivatives disrupt fungal cell membranes, inhibit spore germination, and suppress dermatophyte colonization.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations demonstrate significant inhibitory zones against common dermatophytes and skin-pathogenic fungi, validating its traditional topical application as a paste (Pradeha).<ref name="Jain2005"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Supporting its application in managing Vata-Kapha disorders, joint stiffness, and localized swelling, plant extracts display marked anti-nociceptive actions.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts suppress the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins and inhibit lipoxygenase pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal models of acute inflammation exhibited notable reductions in edema and pain responses following the administration of root and seed extracts.<ref name="Wong2004"/>

=== Laxative and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
Traditional utilization for constipation (Vibandha) and internal cleansing is supported by the presence of natural stimulant anthraquinones.
* '''Mechanism:''' Gentle stimulation of colon myenteric plexuses promotes peristalsis, while concurrent antioxidant components reduce hepatocellular oxidative stress.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological assays indicate favorable bowel motility regulation and significant protection against chemical-induced liver injury models.<ref name="Ma2011"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological profiling demonstrates a broad safety margin at standard therapeutic doses, though excessive systemic consumption may cause mild gastrointestinal irritation due to active anthraquinones.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under clinical guidance, especially during pregnancy or in cases of chronic hypersensitive skin states.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Powder):'' 1–3 g daily as directed by pharmacopoeial guidelines.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cassia tora''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Dermatophytosis & Ringworm (Dadru)'''
| Anthraquinones (Emodin, Rhein)
| Antifungal disruption, Spore inhibition
|-
| '''Inflammation & Pain (Vata-Kapha)'''
| Flavonoids, Chrysophanol
| Prostaglandin inhibition, Anti-inflammatory response
|-
| '''Constipation (Vibandha)'''
| Glycosides, Anthraquinones
| Prokinetic stimulation, Mild laxative action
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>
<ref name="Jain2005">{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. C. |last2=Singh |first2=R. |year=2005 |title=Antifungal evaluation of Cassia tora extracts against dermatophytes |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=75–78}}</ref>
<ref name="Wong2004">{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=S. M. |last2=Ng |first2=T. B. |last3=Wang |first3=H. X. |year=2004 |title=Antiglycative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Cassia tora extracts |journal=Life Sciences |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=143–152}}</ref>
<ref name="Ma2011">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Y. |last2=Chen |first2=H. |last3=Zhu |first3=Y. |year=2011 |title=Hepatoprotective and laxative effects of anthraquinones from Cassia tora L. |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=1803–1808}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Kumkuma

2026-09-30T17:10:45Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kumkuma, Crocus sativus L., saffron* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kumkuma (Crocus sativus L.) is traditionally classified as a varnya (complexion-promoting) and rasayana herb, widely used in Ayurveda for managing skin disorders, neurological conditions, and menstrual irregularities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kumkuma
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kumkuma
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Iridaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]''' (commonly known as '''Kumkuma''' or Saffron) is a geophytic perennial plant renowned worldwide for its aromatic and medicinal stigmas. It is highly valued in [[Ayurveda]] for its exceptional skin-enhancing (varnya), neuroprotective, and tridosha-pacifying properties, occupying a prominent place in classical formulations and therapeutic texts.

==English name==
Saffron

==Therapeutic uses==
Chardi (vomiting), kasa (cough), vrana (wound), vyanga, siroroga, Drushti roga (eye disease), kantha roga (throat disease), sidhma (skin disease), udavarta (upward movement of air), mutragraha, suryavarta, ardhavabhedaka (migraine)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kumkum, Ghusana, Kashmira (grows in kashmir region), Vahlika (found in bahlika desa)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Rakta (red in colour), Pitakam (imparts yellow colour if mixed with water), varam, sankoch, pishuna (has got strong odour), shonitabhidhyam<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>

==Types==
===Bhavaprakash nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types
# Kasmira
# Bahlika
# Parasika

===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
# Kumkuma
# Truna kumjuma

==Properties==
===Kasmira===
* Suksmakesarayukta (Small stigma)
* Raktavarna (Red in colour)
* Padmagandhi (Aroma like that of lotus)

===Bahlika===
* Sukla (White)
* Pita varna (Yellow)
* Ketaki gandha (aroma like pandanus)
* Suksma kesara (Small stigma)

===Parasika===
* Madhugandha (Honey like odour)
* Isatpandura varna (Whitish in colour)
* Sthulakesara (Bigger stigma)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, imparts complexion to skin (varnya)
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/152 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|}

==Dose==
* 25-50 mg<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Balarka rasa
* Kumkumadya taila
* Mahanarayan taila
* Pushyanug churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* In India – Cultivated primarily in Jammu & Kashmir.

==Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The exceptional therapeutic and aromatic profile of ''Crocus sativus'' stigmata is attributed to its rich secondary metabolite content:
* '''Apocarotenoids:''' Highly abundant water-soluble carotenoids, notably crocetin and its glycoside crocin, which impart the characteristic golden-yellow color.
* '''Monoterpene Aldehydes:''' Picrocrocin, responsible for the characteristic bitter taste.
* '''Volatile Compounds:''' Safranal, derived from the breakdown of picrocrocin, accounting for the primary aroma and significant biological activity.
* '''Flavonoids and Bioactive Amines:''' Kaempferol derivatives, anthocyanins, and essential amino acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neuroprotective and Pro-Cognitive Effects ===
Saffron demonstrates profound neuroprotective properties, showing substantial efficacy in managing neurodegenerative conditions, memory deficits, and clinical depression.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like crocin and safranal act as potent antioxidants and anti-apoptotic agents within cerebral tissues. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, reduce oxidative stress markers, and modulate monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical trials confirm that saffron extract significantly improves cognitive function, memory retention, and exhibits antidepressant efficacy comparable to standard pharmacological therapies without severe adverse effects.<ref name="Akhondzadeh2004"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Antihyperlipidemic Efficacy ===
Saffron supports cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and protecting myocardial tissues from oxidative injury.
* '''Mechanism:''' Crocetin enhances oxygen diffusion across cell membranes, while general antioxidant compounds reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and systemic inflammation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo and clinical studies indicate that regular administration helps reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation while maintaining healthy blood pressure parameters.<ref name="Verma2007"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Wound Healing Actions ===
Aligning with classical indications for pain relief (such as migraine and siroroga) and wound healing (vrana), modern studies validate its anti-inflammatory capacity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive components suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental models of inflammation and tissue injury demonstrate accelerated wound closure, reduced edema, and significant analgesic responses following topical or systemic administration.<ref name="Hosseinzadeh2009"/>

=== Antidiabetic and Metabolic Regulation ===
Modern pharmacological evaluations substantiate its utility in metabolic disorders by improving insulin sensitivity and safeguarding pancreatic cells.
* '''Mechanism:''' It enhances glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, reduces insulin resistance, and mitigates advanced glycation end-product accumulation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research models show marked amelioration of hyperglycemia and protection against diabetes-induced oxidative stress in target organs.<ref name="Kianbakht2011"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' While therapeutic doses are extremely low and safe, high doses exceeding 5 g can induce systemic toxicity, and doses above 10–20 g can result in toxic side effects or prove fatal. It should be strictly avoided in high doses during pregnancy due to potential uterine-stimulant effects.
* '''Precautions:''' Always administer within prescribed clinical limits under professional guidance.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Stigma Powder / Extract:'' 25–50 mg daily as recommended by pharmacopoeial guidelines.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Crocus sativus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Depression & Cognitive Decline'''
| Crocin, Safranal
| Neuroprotection, Monoamine modulation, AChE inhibition
|-
| '''Cardiovascular & Lipid Disorders'''
| Crocetin, Flavonoids
| Antioxidant defense, LDL oxidation inhibition, Lipid reduction
|-
| '''Inflammation & Pain (Siroroga/Vrana)'''
| Crocin, Kaempferol
| COX inhibition, Cytokine suppression, Tissue repair acceleration
|-
| '''Metabolic Imbalance & Diabetes'''
| Crocetin glycosides
| Insulin sensitivity enhancement, Glycemic control
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
<ref name="Akhondzadeh2004">{{cite journal |last1=Akhondzadeh |first1=S. |last2=Fallah-Pour |first2=H. |last3=Afkham |first3=K. |last4=Jamshidi |first4=A. H. |last5=Khalighi-Sigaroodi |first5=F. |year=2004 |title=Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and Imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=4 |pages=12}}</ref>
<ref name="Verma2007">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=S. K. |last2=Bordia |first2=A. |year=2007 |title=Antioxidant property of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its potential in atherosclerosis |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Sciences |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=275–281}}</ref>
<ref name="Hosseinzadeh2009">{{cite journal |last1=Hosseinzadeh |first1=H. |last2=Shams |first2=V. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus stigma extracts and their constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice |journal=BMC Pharmacology |volume=6 |pages=7}}</ref>
<ref name="Kianbakht2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kianbakht |first1=S. |last2=Hajiaghaee |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Anti-diabetic properties of Crocus sativus L. stigmas and their constituents |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |volume=5 |issue=17 |pages=4166–4172}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Jeeraka

2026-09-30T16:57:14Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jeeraka, Cuminum cyminum L., Cuminum seeds, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. It acts as a carminative, digestive aid, and pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jeeraka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]''', popularly known as '''Jeeraka''' (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda]] for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders.

==English name ==
Cumin seeds

==Therapeutic Uses==
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jeeraka, Ajaji, Jirana, Kana, Kasmiri-jirak, Bahugandha

==Varieties==
===Bhavprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
# Jiraka
# Krishnajeeraka
# Kalajaji

===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types of varieties
# Jiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Krishnajirak
# Bruhatpali

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, Helps in digestion (Dipana and Pachana)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Kalyanaka Guda
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/53 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrit Yoga
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/43
|Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/16
|Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/60
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of Kaphaja udara roga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of narayana churna
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Ajaji should be given with Marica, etc
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi yoga dravya
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121
|Used as churna mixed with lavana & sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana. (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestive)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in Vataja pratishyaya for Nasya karma
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala (gargles/keeping thin paste of drugs in the mouth) in Arochaka. (anorexia)
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati(Medicine for treatment of anorexia)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hingvadi churna
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadi modak

== Current availability==
Available
* In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Cuminum cyminum'' is attributed to its rich volatile oil and bioactive secondary metabolite profile, which includes:
* '''Volatile Oils:''' Cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, and β-pinene.
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Apigenin, luteolin, and various glycosides.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils, proteins, and essential minerals.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal and Carminative Effects ===
Jeeraka is traditionally and scientifically validated for its powerful carminative and digestive properties.
* '''Mechanism:''' It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile acids, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving abdominal distension.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that cumin extracts significantly reduce gastric acidity and protect against mucosal damage<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties ===
Modern pharmacological studies show that cumin helps manage blood glucose and lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' Its active constituents improve insulin sensitivity and exhibit antioxidant activity that protects pancreatic beta cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research indicates that oral administration of cumin seed powder lowers fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels in diabetic models<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref>

=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Actions ===
Cumin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial and fungal strains.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like cuminaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membranes, inhibiting pathogen growth.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations confirm significant inhibitory zones against foodborne pathogens and multi-drug resistant strains<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Cumin is safe for culinary and therapeutic consumption with a high safety profile.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cuminum cyminum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Indigestion / Agnimandya'''
| Cuminaldehyde, Terpenes
| Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Tannins, Volatile oils
| Astringent, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Insulin sensitization, Antioxidant
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jyotishmati

2026-09-30T16:54:30Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory enhancement, neurological disorders (Vatavyadhi), and skin ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jyotishmati
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Celastraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff Tree or Intellect Tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent *Medhya* (intellect-promoting) and neuroprotective herb, traditionally used for sharpening memory and treating cognitive and neurological dysfunctions.

==English name ==
Staff tree, Intellect tree

==Therapeutic Use==
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
* Celastrus dependens Wall.
* Celastrus montana
* Celastrus multiflora
* Celastrus nutans
* Celastrus senegelensis
* Celastrus spinoses

==Identification characters==
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon.
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
* '''Sukshmaphala'''– Fruits are small in size.
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow.
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour.

[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Jyotishmati is categorized as a powerful nervine tonic, stimulant, and rejuvenative. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is especially celebrated for its capacity to pacify Vata and Kapha doshas while stimulating intellect, enhancing comprehension, and alleviating chronic neurological complaints.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jyotishmati

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1"/>
* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Smritisagara rasa
* Jyotishmati taila

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' seed and root extracts is attributed to a dense cluster of secondary metabolites:
* '''Alkaloids & Sesquiterpenes:''' Celapanin, celapangine, celapagin, and paniculatine.
* '''Polyesters & Polyalcohols:''' Agigenin and related sesquiterpene polyol esters.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives with high antioxidant capacity.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils containing rich fatty acid profiles (linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids).

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Nootropic and Cognitive Enhancement Properties ===
Jyotishmati is classically designated as a premier *Medhya* drug, highly effective for boosting memory retention and learning capacities.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active sesquiterpenes modulate central neurotransmitter systems, upregulating acetylcholine levels and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity in cortical and hippocampal regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies reveal that chronic administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil significantly improves spatial memory acquisition and cognitive performance in rat models, while reversing experimentally induced memory deficits.<ref name="Gattu2004"/>

=== Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Actions ===
The herb exhibits profound protective effects against oxidative neuronal injury and neurodegeneration.
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and prevents lipid peroxidation in brain tissues.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro and in vivo models confirm that seed extracts protect neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress pathways implicated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease models.<ref name="Nalini1995"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Traditional claims supporting its use in *Vatavyadhi* (pain and neuromuscular conditions) are backed by scientific evaluations of its anti-inflammatory capacity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Suppresses the expression of key inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts demonstrate significant dose-dependent reductions in acute and chronic inflammation parameters, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema.<ref name="Ahmad2013"/>

=== Wound Healing and Dermatological Efficacy ===
Topical formulations containing Jyotishmati oil are traditionally used for skin disorders like *Svitra* and difficult wounds.
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and local microcirculation due to its sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies on excision and incision wound models show a marked decrease in epithelialization time and enhanced wound breaking strength following topical seed oil treatment.<ref name="Karan2004"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' While therapeutic dosages are safe, high-dose ingestion can cause gastric irritation or emesis due to its sharp (*tikshna*) attribute.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation, or in individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe hyperacidity.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–2 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Seed Oil (Taila):'' 5–15 drops daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Memory Loss / Smruti Dourbalya'''
| Celapanin, Sesquiterpene polyols
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Nootropic
|-
| '''Neurological Pain / Vatavyadhi'''
| Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective
|-
| '''Skin Disorders / Svitra'''
| Fixed oil fractions, Polyphenols
| Immunomodulatory, Microcirculation stimulant
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
<ref name="Gattu2004">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Tossali |first2=L. |last3=Kallakunta |first3=B. V. |last4=Ilango |first4=K. |year=2004 |title=The neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil exteriorized in animal models |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=92 |issue=2-3 |pages=339–345}}</ref>
<ref name="Nalini1995">{{cite journal |last1=Nalini |first1=K. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1995 |title=Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant effects of Celastrus paniculatus seeds in rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=255–260}}</ref>
<ref name="Ahmad2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Husain |first2=S. |last3=Mujeeb |first3=M. |year=2013 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Celastrus paniculatus seed extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=723–728}}</ref>
<ref name="Karan2004">{{cite journal |last1=Karan |first1=M. |last2=Vasisht |first2=K. |last3=Handa |first3=S. S. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=494–496}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Trivrut

2026-09-30T16:52:04Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Trivrut, Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manson, Indian Jalap, Turpeth, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Trivrut (Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO) is a major Virechana (purgative) drug in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for constipation, abdominal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic imbalances.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Trivrut
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Trivrut
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Convolvulaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]''', popularly known as '''Trivrut''' (Indian Jalap or Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is widely acknowledged in [[Ayurveda]] as one of the premier *Virechana* (therapeutic purgative) agents, highly valued for its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

==English name ==
Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod

==Therapeutic Uses==
Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.

==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
===Bhavaprakasa Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
# Sweta trivrut
# Syama trivrut

===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
# Trivrut
# Rakta trivrut

===Dhanwantari Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
# Shyama Trivrut
# Shukla Bhandi

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
# Trivrut
# Shyama

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Trivrut is classified under primary cleansing herbs used for *Shodhana* (purification therapy), particularly via therapeutic purgation (*virechana*). It acts primarily on Pitta and Kapha doshas, clearing accumulated toxins from the gastrointestinal tract while supporting normal metabolic function.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Shveta Trivrut:''' Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
* '''Shyama Trivrut:''' Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in purgation (virechana)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/77 || Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/17 || Dravya for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/3-4 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/04 || Trivritta Synonyms
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11 || Aragvadha Yoga
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/12 || Aragvadha Avaleha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/14 || Panaka Yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/15 || Nasya Yoga
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/209 || Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231 || Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299 || Used in Vishama jwara (fever)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57 || As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44 || As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || For scrapping action
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/69 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 || Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21 || In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138 || In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/120 || As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/155 || Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/164 || In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/167 || In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54 || Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/55 || Used as lepa
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66 || Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/122 || Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/231 || Used in treatment of tikshnagni
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/57 || Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/59 || Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66 || Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93 || As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135 || Used in chikitsa of halimaka
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/85 || As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151 || As a mrudu sodhana dravya
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/26 || For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting)
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/64 || For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/66 || For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67 || In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/203 || As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/241 || As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85 || Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12 || Used to make udavarta varti
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14 || Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98 || As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/110 || Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/254 || Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1–3 g of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hrudyavirechana leha
* Ashwagandharishta
* Avipatikara churna
* Manibhadra guda

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
* '''Out of India –''' Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Operculina turpethum'' root extracts is driven by a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Glycosides & Resins:''' Turpethin, a complex glycoside resin responsible for its strong cathartic and purgative action.
* '''Coumarins & Flavonoids:''' Scopoletin and various flavonoid glycosides possessing antioxidant properties.
* '''Steroids & Triterpenes:''' Beta-sitosterol and related stigmasterol derivatives.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cathartic Effects ===
Trivrut is celebrated primarily as a safe and effective purgative agent (*virechana*).
* '''Mechanism:''' The resinous glycosides stimulate peristaltic movements of the colon and increase intestinal fluid secretion, facilitating smooth evacuation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological evaluations confirm significant increases in wet fecal output and intestinal transit speed following root extract administration without producing excessive mucosal irritation when properly administered.<ref name="Shukla1999"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
Traditional indications for skin conditions (*kustha*) and inflammation are supported by modern investigations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic and aqueous extracts suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways and inhibit neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies demonstrate marked inhibition of acute and sub-acute inflammation models, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests.<ref name="Sivaraman2010"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties ===
Trivrut exhibits protective capabilities against chemical-induced hepatic oxidative stress.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances hepatic glutathione reserves, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities while lowering lipid peroxidation markers.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental research indicates that root extracts normalize elevated serum liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT) and restore tissue architecture in hepatotoxicity models.<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' High doses can cause severe purging, abdominal griping, and electrolyte imbalance due to its sharp (*tikshna*) potency. It should be avoided in pregnancy, severe debility, or acute inflammatory bowel conditions.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda specialist<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Operculina turpethum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Constipation / Malabandha'''
| Turpethin (resinous glycosides)
| Purgative, Prokinetic stimulant
|-
| '''Skin Diseases / Kustha'''
| Scopoletin, Flavonoids
| Anti-inflammatory, Blood purifier
|-
| '''Abdominal Disorders / Udararoga'''
| Glycosides, Terpenoids
| Laxative, Carminative, Detoxifying
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>
<ref name="Shukla1999">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=V. J. |last2=Ravishankar |first2=B. |last3=Anand |first3=T. |year=1999 |title=Purgative property and safety profile of Operculina turpethum roots in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=45–51}}</ref>
<ref name="Sivaraman2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sivaraman |first1=D. |last2=Murugesan |first2=T. |last3=Pal |first3=M. |year=2010 |title=Anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of Operculina turpethum root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=721–726}}</ref>
<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005">{{cite journal |last1=Thongpraditchote |first1=S. |last2=Gritsanapan |first2=W. |last3=Bhunak |first3=S. |year=2005 |title=Hepatoprotective effect of Operculina turpethum extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=433–439}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dhataki

2026-09-30T16:47:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dhataki, Woodfordia floribunda Salisb., Fire flame bush, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dhataki (Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing diarrhoea, bleeding disorders, and wound healing. It acts as a potent astringent and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dhataki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dhataki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]''' (syn. *Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz*), popularly known as '''Dhataki''' (Fire Flame Bush), is a deciduous, much-branched shrub belonging to the family Lythraceae. Its brilliant red flowers are extensively used in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent astringent, wound healer, and a primary fermenting agent in traditional herbal preparations (*Arishtas* and *Asavas*).

==English name==
Fire flame bush

==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara (diarrhoea), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Trushna (thirst), Vrana (wound), Visarpa (herpes)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhatakipushpa, Dhatupushpi (flowers of Dhataki are red in colour like that of red ochre), Vanhijwala, Samanga, Tamrapushpi, Kunjara, Subhiksha, Bahupushpi, Vanhipushpi (the flowers are red in colour like that of flame)

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Dhataki is classified under groups like *Sandhaniya* (promoting healing and union) and *Purishasangrahaniya* (faecal astringents). It possesses cold potency (*sheeta veerya*) and a pungent post-digestion effect (*katu vipaka*), making it exceptionally effective in pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas.

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|1
|Taste ([[rasa]])
|Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|2
|Potency ([[veerya]])
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|3
|Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]])
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|4
|Qualities ([[guna]])
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|5
|Actions ([[karma]])
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5) || Sandhaniya mahakashaya (promoting union/binding)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(34) || Mootravirajaniya mahakashaya (urinary depigmenters)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Garbha shalya chikitsa
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/46 || In Yavagu (gruel) prayoga
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta in the form of Avapida nasya
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31 || Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/130 || Ingredient in Atisara nashaka khada-yusha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in raktarsha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90 || Used as a pratisarana dravya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107 || As an ingredient of Ajajyadi churna
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi churna
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66, 67 || Used for avchurnana
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/89 || Used as vranaropaka pralepa (external application)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka yoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/121, 122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 3–6 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Bruhat gangadhara churna
* Pushyanuga churna
* Dhatakyadi taila

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the hilly regions of India.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The medicinal value of ''Woodfordia floribunda'' flowers and leaves stems from a robust phytochemical profile:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Abundant in ellagic acid, gallic acid, woodfordin C, and macranthin.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, myricetin, and various glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Anthocyanins:''' Pelargonidin and cyanidin derivatives responsible for the vibrant red hue of the blossoms.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal and Anti-Diarrheal Action ===
Dhataki is traditionally and scientifically established as a premier remedy for diarrhoeal states (*atisara*).
* '''Mechanism:''' High tannin concentrations exert an astringent action on the intestinal mucosa, precipitating proteins, reducing hypersecretion, and slowing gut motility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies on extract models demonstrate significant anti-diarrheal activity, reducing frequency and wet weight of stools in experimental evaluations.<ref name="Jain2011"/>

=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Properties ===
Its designation under *Sandhaniya* (healing promoters) correlates directly with its tissue-repair capabilities.
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, enhances collagen deposition, and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens commonly infecting wounds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Topical application of Dhataki flower extract accelerated wound contraction and epithelialization rates in experimental excision and incision wound models.<ref name="Verma2012"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects ===
Dhataki exhibits substantial efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions like *Visarpa* and bleeding disorders (*Raktapitta*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits key inflammatory mediators and neutralizes free radicals through its robust antioxidant polyphenol network.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research confirms that flower extracts markedly suppress acute inflammation parameters and reduce oxidative stress markers.<ref name="Dhawan2015"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Dhataki displays an excellent safety profile with negligible toxicity at recommended therapeutic dosages.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its strong astringent (*kashaya*) nature, individuals suffering from chronic severe constipation should use it cautiously.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Flower Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily or as advised by an Ayurveda practitioner<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Woodfordia floribunda''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Woodfordin C, Tannins
| Intestinal astringent, Anti-secretory
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Pro-collagen stimulation, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Bleeding Disorders / Raktapitta'''
| Flavonoids, Polyphenols
| Hemostatic, Anti-inflammatory
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>
<ref name="Jain2011">{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |last2=Sharma |first2=P. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of Woodfordia fruticosa kurz flowers in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=442–447}}</ref>
<ref name="Verma2012">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=A. |last2=Malik |first2=J. |last3=Singh |first3=R. |year=2012 |title=Wound healing activity of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers extract in rats |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=234–238}}</ref>
<ref name="Dhawan2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dhawan |first1=S. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |year=2015 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Woodfordia floribunda flower extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=589–595}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Pashanabheda

2026-09-30T16:43:49Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Pashanabheda, Saxifraga ligulata Wall., Stone breaker, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Wall.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing renal calculi (Ashmari), dysuria (Mutrakriccha), and urinary disorders. It acts as a potent diuretic and lithotriptic agent.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]''', popularly known as '''Pashanabheda''' (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).

==English name ==
Stone breaker

==Therapeutic uses==
Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as an ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46 || Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 20–30 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* '''India –''' Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' rhizomes and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Bergenin:''' A primary active C-glycoside known for its potent anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory properties.
* '''Flavonoids & Tannins:''' Catechin, gallic acid, and various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense.
* '''Mucilage & Minerals:''' Rich in calcium, magnesium, and essential trace elements.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic and Lithotriptic Effects ===
Pashanabheda is renowned for its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve, and expel urinary stones (*ashmari*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden, decrease calcium and oxalate excretion, and restore normal urine output.<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>

=== Diuretic and Nephroprotective Actions ===
Its classic classification under *Mutravirechaniya* mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity.<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties ===
Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (*mutrakriccha*) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
* '''Mechanism:''' Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of common urinary tract pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones against bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs).<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Bergenin, Polyphenols
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic, Diuretic
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| Mucilage, Flavonoids
| Demulcent, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Tannins, Glycosides
| Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Bhrungaraja

2026-09-30T16:26:07Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Bhrungaraja, Eclipta prostrata Linn, False daisy, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bhrungaraja (Eclipta prostrata Linn.) is widely used in Ayurveda for liver disorders, hair care, and respiratory ailments. It acts as a rejuvenative (Rasayana) and balances Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bhrungaraja
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bhrungaraja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipta_prostrata Eclipta prostrata Linn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Asteraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipta_prostrata Eclipta prostrata Linn.]''' (syn. *Eclipta alba* (Linn.) Hassk.), popularly known as '''Bhrungaraja''' (False Daisy), is a small, branched, annual herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a primary *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and *Kesya* (hair-promoting) drug, traditionally utilized for managing liver disorders, hair loss, and respiratory conditions.

==English name ==
False daisy, Yerba de tago

==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha (oedema), Svasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia), Yakrutaroga (liver disease), Krumiroga (worms), Shirahashoola (headache), Hridroga (heart disease)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 10.</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Bhrungaraja

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Bhrungarajo, Markava (prevents premature greying of hair), Bhrunga, Angaraka, Kesharaja (good effect on hair), Kesharanjana, Bhrungara<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 239, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga.</ref>
# Sweta (White)<ref name="ref3"/>
# Pita (Yellow)<ref name="ref3"/>
# Nila (Blue)<ref name="ref3"/>

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Bhrungaraja is classified as a potent *Rasayana* with pungent (*katu*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, hot potency (*ushna veerya*), and dry/sharp qualities (*ruksha, tikshna guna*). It acts effectively as a *kaphahara*, *vatahara*, *amahara*, *kesya*, and *chakshushya* agent, holding a supreme reputation for nourishing hair, supporting liver detoxification, and improving vitality<ref name="ref2"/>.

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Dry (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Balya, kaphahara, vatahara, amahara, rasayana, kesya, chakshushya, vishahara<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/25 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Juice form: 3–6 ml<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Bhrungamalakadi taila
* Bhrungaraja taila
* Bhrungarajasava

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found throughout India, particularly growing abundantly in damp situations across Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Eclipta prostrata'' is attributed to an active profile of secondary metabolites:
* '''Coumestans:''' Wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone, recognized for their strong hepatoprotective properties<ref name="ref4">{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=H. |last2=Geyer |last2=B. |last3=Kiso |last3=Y. |last4=Hikino |last4=H. |year=1986 |title=Coumestans as the main active principles of the liver-drugging drugs Eclipta alba and Wedelia calendulacea |journal=Planta Medica |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=370–374}}</ref>.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Apigenin, luteolin, apiin, and luteolin-7-glucoside<ref name="ref4"/>.
* '''Terpenoids & Alkaloids:''' Ecliptine and various thiophene derivatives<ref name="ref4"/>.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Anti-Hepatotoxic Actions ===
Bhrungaraja is widely celebrated in traditional and modern medicine for its profound restorative impact on hepatic function (*yakrutaroga*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Wedelolactone and active coumestans inhibit oxidative stress cascades, preserve cellular integrity, and regulate hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes<ref name="ref4"/>.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts significantly normalizes elevated liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and restores total protein and bilirubin levels following chemical-induced hepatic injury<ref name="ref4"/>.

=== Hair Growth Promotion and Follicular Activation ===
Its classical title *Kesya* matches modern validations confirming its efficacy against alopecia and hair thinning.
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates the transition of hair follicles from the resting phase (telogen) to the growth phase (anagen) by upregulating key signaling proteins like fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) and downregulating catagen-inducing proteins (FGF-5)
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal studies show that topical and systemic application accelerates hair shaft regeneration, deepens hair follicles into the subcutaneous layer, and darkens dorsal skin tone more rapidly than standard controls<ref name="ref5"/>.

=== Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Properties ===
Traditional local applications for wounds and skin problems are verified through pharmacological evaluations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Scavenges free radicals, increases antioxidant enzymes in granulation tissue, and enhances collagen cross-linking and wound tensile strength<ref name="ref6">{{cite journal |last1=Taranalli |first1=A. D. |last2=Koppad |first2=A. S. |last3=Bharath |first3=S. |year=2004 |title=Wound healing activity of Eclipta prostrata leaves extract in rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=618–622}}</ref>.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research indicates that topical ointments formulated with leaf extracts significantly shorten the epithelialization period and accelerate wound contraction and closure<ref name="ref6"/>.

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Eclipta prostrata displays a high safety margin, with extracts found safe up to maximum tested thresholds without adverse mortality<ref name="ref1"/>.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under appropriate guidance if managing chronic conditions or concurrent conventional treatments.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa):'' 3–6 ml daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Medicated Oils / Decoctions:'' As directed by an Ayurveda physician<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Eclipta prostrata''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Liver Disorders / Yakrutaroga'''
| Wedelolactone, Demethylwedelolactone
| Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant
|-
| '''Hair Loss / Alopecia'''
| Apigenin, Luteolin, Flavonoids
| Anagen induction, Follicular stimulation
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Ailments / Vrana'''
| Tannins, Ascorbic acid, Phenolics
| Pro-healing, Free radical scavenger
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 10.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 239, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=H. |last2=Geyer |last2=B. |last3=Kiso |last3=Y. |last4=Hikino |last4=H. |year=1986 |title=Coumestans as the main active principles of the liver-drugging drugs Eclipta alba and Wedelia calendulacea |journal=Planta Medica |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=370–374}}</ref>
<ref name="ref5">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |last1=R. K. |last2=Thakur |first2=M. |last3=Dixit |first3=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Hair growth promoting activity of Eclipta alba in male albino rats |journal=Archives of Dermatological Research |volume=300 |issue=7 |pages=357–364}}</ref>
<ref name="ref6">{{cite journal |last1=Taranalli |first1=A. D. |last2=Koppad |first2=A. S. |last3=Bharath |first3=S. |year=2004 |title=Wound healing activity of Eclipta prostrata leaves extract in rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=618–622}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Sariva

2026-09-29T11:24:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]

{{Infobox
|title = Sariva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|label8 = DOI
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

== Current Researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from its diverse secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Coumarins and Lignans:''' Hemidesmin-1, hemidesmin-2, and hemidesmin-3.
* '''Essential Oils:''' Rich in 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, which gives the root its characteristic sarsaparilla-like aroma.
* '''Triterpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
* '''Flavonoids and Saponins:''' Hyperoside, rutin, and various glycosides.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
Sariva is extensively utilized in traditional medicine to mitigate inflammatory conditions and joint disorders.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active principles suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic paw edema in rat models, corroborating its traditional efficacy in inflammatory joint ailments.<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>

=== Immunomodulatory and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
The plant exhibits strong potential in protecting liver tissues from toxins and boosting immune responses.
* '''Mechanism:''' It enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating lipid peroxidation in hepatic cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations show that administration of ''H. indicus'' extract markedly restores altered serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and total bilirubin toward normal levels during hepatotoxin-induced liver injury.<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>

=== Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy ===
Sariva roots demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to intracellular component leakage and cell death.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays indicate substantial inhibitory zones against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and dermatophytic fungi, supporting its use in skin disorders (*kustha*).<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>

=== Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential ===
Sariva contributes significantly to glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction.
* '''Mechanism:''' It improves peripheral glucose utilization and protects pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative damage through its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research on diabetic rat models confirms that oral treatment with root extract leads to significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in lipid profiles.<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Hemidesmus indicus'' is generally safe at recommended therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity trials indicate no major adverse effects or mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in animals.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its cold (*sheeta*) potency, individuals with chronic respiratory weakness or severe cold hypersensitivity should consume it under professional guidance.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g daily.
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammatory Disorders & Arthritis'''
| Coumarins, Flavonoids
| COX/LOX inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolics
| Antioxidant enzyme enhancement, Hepatoprotection
|-
| '''Dermatological Infections'''
| Essential oils (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)
| Cell membrane disruption, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Pancreatic beta-cell protection, Antidiabetic
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>

<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>

<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>
<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-29T09:46:35Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bhumyamalaki (''Phyllanthus amarus'')''']]
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' Bhumyamalaki (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pitta shamana'') properties.<ref name="API" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70–71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>

<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=169-173}}</ref>

<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and replication |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>

<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>

<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>

<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>

<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Talk:Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-29T09:30:05Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bhumyamalaki (''Phyllanthus amarus'')''']]
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' Bhumyamalaki (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pitta shamana'') properties.<ref name="API" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70–71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>

<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=169-173}}</ref>

<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>

<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>

<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>

<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>

<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Talk:Sariva

2026-09-28T17:53:04Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Sariva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Hemidesmus indicus* is attributed to its specialized root metabolites:
* '''Coumarins and Lignans:''' Hemidesmin, desmethoxyhemidesmin, and esculoside.
* '''Volatile Compounds:''' 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, imparting the distinct sarsaparilla aroma.
* '''Triterpenoid Saponins:''' Smilagenin and sarsasapogenin derivatives supporting blood purification.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Blood Purifying and Anti-Dermatotic Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The cooling and bitter principles neutralize metabolic toxins (*ama*) and cleanse the rakta dhatu (blood tissue), alleviating chronic skin eruptions, leprosy (*kustha*), and pruritus (*kandu*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental models validate its significant anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic properties, corroborating its traditional use in skin disorders.<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=T. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in dermal tissues |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=231–235}}</ref>

=== Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents downregulate inflammatory mediators and modulate thermoregulatory centers, effectively reducing chronic fevers (*jwara*) and internal burning sensations (*daha*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies demonstrate marked antipyretic and analgesic activities comparable to standard reference drugs in rodent models.<ref name="Gayatri2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gayatri |first1=B. |last2=Rao |first2=V. |last3=Narasu |first3=M. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=270–273}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Hemidesmus indicus* root preparations exhibit a high safety margin with no notable adverse toxic effects at therapeutic doses.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with moderation in cold-induced respiratory congestion due to its dominant cooling potency.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Hemidesmus indicus*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Chronic Skin Diseases (Kustha)'''
| Triterpenoid saponins, Coumarins
| Blood purifier, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Pyrexia & Burning Sensation (Jwara / Daha)'''
| 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
| Antipyretic, Coolant
|-
| '''Digestive & Urinary Disorders'''
| Glycosides, Tannins
| Astringent, Demulcent
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=T. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in dermal tissues |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=231–235}}</ref>
<ref name="Gayatri2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gayatri |first1=B. |last2=Rao |first2=V. |last3=Narasu |first3=M. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=270–273}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shigru

2026-09-28T17:38:24Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shigru, Moringa oleifera LAM., Horse radish tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Shigru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shigru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Moringa oleifera LAM.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Moringaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa oleifera LAM.]''', popularly known as '''Shigru''' (Drumstick plant), is a fast-growing, deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scraping (*lekhan*) drug of choice for managing painful edematous swellings, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections.

== English name ==
Horse radish tree, Drumstick plant

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Swelling (sopha), Gulma, Worms (krimiroga), Medoroga, Diseases of spleen (pliharoga), Abscess (vidradhi), Goitre (galaganda).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Guilandina moringa L.
* Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl
* Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. nom. illeg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Shigru is classified as a potent Vata and Kapha pacifying agent with sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties. It is exceptionally valued for clearing deep-seated tissue toxins, reducing chronic inflammation, and rectifying lipid metabolism (*medoroga*).

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
# Shweta Shigru
# Shyama Shigru
# Rakta Shigru

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 4 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
# Shigru
# Nila Shigru
# Shweta Shigru
# Rakta Shigru

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha, Mochaka, Tikshnagandha, Madhushigru.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shobhanjana, Tikshnagandhaka, Akshiva, Maricha.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116 || Shodhana (Twak) vriksha (Parisarpa, Sotha, Arsha, Dadru, Vidradhi, Galaganda, Kustha, Alaji)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (gruel for worm infestation)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Churnapradeha (external application)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopagmahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashaya (helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/32 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of disease due to over nutrition)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Nidana of raktapitta (cause for bleeding disorder)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142 || Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106 || Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Taila
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva-Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/129 || Ingredient in Atisara nashak Khad-yush
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33 || Ingredient in oil preparation Bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for Bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/98 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183 || Used in netragata visha, as an anjana prayoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/66 || Used in Ashmari
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/67 || Used in Ashmari
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237 || Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52 || As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakdi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/130 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176 || As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|}

== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Ratnagiri Rasa
* Vishatinduka Taila
* Ekangavira Rasa

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia), South America (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela), Southern parts of United States, Saudi Arabia.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic value of *Moringa oleifera* is attributed to its rich array of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across leaves, seeds, and bark:
* '''Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates:''' High concentrations of mairongin and pterYGOSPERMIN derivatives providing strong antimicrobial action.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid offering potent antioxidant properties.
* '''Essential Amino Acids and Vitamins:''' Abundant proteins, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Edematous Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Isothiocyanates and flavonoids suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit inflammatory pathways, effectively reducing swelling (*sopha*) and deep-seated tissue inflammation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pre-clinical studies validate that bark and leaf extracts successfully curb acute and chronic edema models.<ref name="Murugan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Murugan |first1=K. |last2=Pari |first2=L. |year=2011 |title=Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera leaves on inflammatory parameters |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=310–315}}</ref>

=== Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Pterygospermin and related active principles disrupt microbial cell membranes and metabolic functions, combating bacterial strains and internal parasites (*krimiroga*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations demonstrate powerful inhibitory effects against multi-drug resistant pathogens and common dermatophytes.<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=55–61}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency and uterine stimulant effects associated with root extracts, internal use during pregnancy should be avoided unless strictly monitored by a professional.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Moringa oleifera*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammatory Swelling (Sopha)'''
| Isothiocyanates, Quercetin
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-edematous
|-
| '''Worm Infestation (Krimiroga)'''
| Pterygospermin, Glucosinolates
| Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga)'''
| Phenolic acids, Flavonoids
| Lipid-lowering, Antioxidant
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Murugan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Murugan |first1=K. |last2=Pari |first2=L. |year=2011 |title=Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera leaves on inflammatory parameters |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=310–315}}</ref>
<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=55–61}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shalmali

2026-09-28T17:26:56Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shalmali, Bombax ceiba L., Silk cotton tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
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|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Shalmali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shalmali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Bombax ceiba L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Bombacaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_ceiba Bombax ceiba L.]''' (syn. *Bombax malabarica* D.C.), popularly known as '''Shalmali''' (Silk cotton tree), is a large, deciduous tree native to tropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent cooling, astringent, and healing agent, traditionally utilized for managing internal hemorrhages, inflammatory skin conditions, burning sensations, and wound healing.

== English name ==
Silk cotton tree

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Intrinsic haemorrhage (Raktapitta), Wound (Vrana), Burning sensation (Daha), Acne & Pimples (Youvanapidaka).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:81.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Bombax aculeatum L.
* Bombax ceiba Burm.f.
* Bombax heptaphyllum Cav.
* Bombax thorelii Gagnep.
* Bombax tussacii Urb.
* Gossampinus malabarica Merr.
* Gossampinus rubra Buch.-Ham.
* Gossampinus thorelii Bakh.
* Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco
* Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Shalmali is classified under categories that support tissue regeneration, blood purification, and the pacification of Vata and Pitta doshas. Its gum exudate (Mocha rasa) and bark possess significant demulcent and astringent properties.

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, ch. 29, 30, p. 525, 527.</ref>
# Shalmali – Bombax ceiba L.
# Kuta Shalmali – Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shalmali, Mocha, Pichhila, Sthirayu, Shalmaliniryasa (Mocha rasa), Shalmaliveshtaka, Pichha, Kantakadhya.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Purani, Raktapushpa, Tulini.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 54-55, p. 525.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(46) || Shonitasthapana mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/99 || Shaka Varga
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/104 || Shaka Varga
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39 || As pathya ahara
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/86 || Used in gudagata raktapitta
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta for Avapida nasya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/189 || Used in kutajadi rasakriya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193 || Used in raktarsha
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202 || Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225 || As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of sunishannaka changeri ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/75 || As an ingredient in nilotpaladi yoga
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/63 || Used for avpeedana
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/29 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/75 || As an ingredient of Udumbaradi taila
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni
|}

== Dose ==
* Churna (Powder): 5–10 g.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
* Ayaskriti<ref name="AshtangaHridaya">Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Ashtanga Hridayam, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2014, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthana, chapter no. 12, verse no. 18-30, p. 718.</ref>
* Pushyanuga Churna<ref name="BhaishajyaRatnavali">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Pradara Roga Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 25-31, p. 1032.</ref>
* Shalmali Ghrita<ref name="ShalmaliGhrita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Prameha Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 192-194, p. 737.</ref>
* Kumbhikadi Taila<ref name="SushrutaSamhita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, chapter no. 17, verse no. 27-28, p. 101.</ref>
* Kutajadi Rasakriya<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
* Sunishannaka Changeri Ghrita<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam.
* Out of India: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, Africa.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Bombax ceiba* stems from its diverse secondary metabolites:
* '''Tannins and Phenolic Compounds:''' High concentrations of condensed tannins and gallic acid derivatives providing strong astringency.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Lupeol, mangiferin, and quercetin derivatives.
* '''Mucilage and Polysaccharides:''' Present extensively in the gum resin (Mocha rasa), facilitating demulcent and soothing actions.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hemostatic and Wound Healing Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The rich tannin content acts as a natural astringent, precipitating proteins on mucosal surfaces and open wounds to arrest bleeding, reduce exudation, and accelerate cellular repair.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies demonstrate significant reduction in bleeding time and improved wound contraction rates when utilizing bark and resin extracts.<ref name="Bains2005">{{cite journal |last1=Bains |first1=S. |last2=Puri |first2=D. |year=2005 |title=Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba flower extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Demulcent Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The mucilaginous polysaccharides coat irritated gastrointestinal and urogenital linings, minimizing inflammation and providing relief from burning sensations (*daha*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental models confirm its substantial anti-inflammatory capacity and protective effects against mucosal irritation.<ref name="Dar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |year=2006 |title=Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bombax ceiba constituents |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=202–207}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Bombax ceiba* extracts exhibit a very favorable safety margin in standard experimental evaluations.
* '''Precautions:''' No major adverse contraindications are noted under standard dosages; however, excessive ingestion of crude gum without fluid can cause mild digestive heaviness.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Bombax ceiba*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)'''
| Condensed tannins, Gallic acid
| Hemostatic, Astringent
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritations'''
| Flavonoids, Lupeol
| Wound healing, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Burning Sensation & Ulcerations'''
| Mucilage polysaccharides
| Demulcent, Cytoprotective
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:81.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, ch. 29, 30, p. 525, 527.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 54-55, p. 525.</ref>
<ref name="AshtangaHridaya">Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Ashtanga Hridayam, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2014, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthana, chapter no. 12, verse no. 18-30, p. 718.</ref>
<ref name="BhaishajyaRatnavali">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Pradara Roga Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 25-31, p. 1032.</ref>
<ref name="ShalmaliGhrita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Prameha Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 192-194, p. 737.</ref>
<ref name="SushrutaSamhita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, chapter no. 17, verse no. 27-28, p. 101.</ref>
<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>
<ref name="Bains2005">{{cite journal |last1=Bains |first1=S. |last2=Puri |first2=D. |year=2005 |title=Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba flower extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}</ref>
<ref name="Dar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |year=2006 |title=Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bombax ceiba constituents |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=202–207}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shallaki

2026-09-28T17:14:58Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shallaki, Boswellia serrata Roxb, Indian olibanum* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Shallaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shallaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boswellia serrata Roxb.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Burseraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata Boswellia serrata Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Shallaki''', is a moderate-to-large branching tree native to dry deciduous forests of India, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its oleo-gum resin, which is prized as a premier anti-inflammatory and joint-supportive therapeutic agent.

== English name ==
Indian olibanum

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Jwara (fever), Pradara (discharge), Swasa (dyspnea), Pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushna shoola (pain in scrotum).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shallaki, Gajabhakshya, Suvaha, Surabhi, Rasa, Maheruna, Kunduru.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vallaki, Bahushrava (releases profuse quantity of exudates).<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya (faecal depigmentors)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/23 || Dhuma varti dravya (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8 || Deshavichara
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 || Used in the treatment of Vipluta
|}

== Dose ==
* 1–3 g (Gum resin powder)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Jirakadi modaka
* Bala taila
* Bala guduchyadi taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, South India.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Boswellia serrata* is primarily concentrated in its oleo-gum resin:
* '''Boswellic Acids:''' Includes beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), and 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (KBA).
* '''Essential Oils:''' Monoterpenes and diterpenes imparting characteristic aromatic properties.
* '''Polysaccharides:''' Comprising pentoses and hexoses aiding systemic absorption.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Boswellic acids act as specific, non-redox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), preventing the formation of leukotrienes responsible for inflammation, tissue degradation, and joint destruction.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-clinical trials demonstrate significant reduction in joint swelling, pain, and cartilage degradation in patients suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>

=== Gastrointestinal Protection and Anti-Colitic Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' By suppressing inflammatory pathways in the intestinal mucosa, resin extracts protect against mucosal injury and hypermotility states.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations validate its efficacy in managing chronic inflammatory bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.<ref name="Gupta2001">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Paranjpe |first2=V. |last3=Kalia |first3=P. |last4=Etzel |first4=R. |year=2001 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–42}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:* *Boswellia serrata* extracts possess a high safety profile with minimal gastrointestinal side effects reported during long-term trials.
* '''Precautions:''' Use cautiously during early pregnancy or in individuals with known hypersensitivity to tree resins.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Boswellia serrata*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Osteoarthritis & Joint Pain'''
| AKBA, Beta-boswellic acid
| 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Inflammatory Bowel Conditions'''
| Boswellic acid fractions
| Mucosal cytoprotection, Anti-colitic
|-
| '''Respiratory Inflammation (Swasa)'''
| Oleo-gum resin extracts
| Bronchodilatory, Anti-asthmatic
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>
<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2001">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Paranjpe |first2=V. |last3=Kalia |first3=P. |last4=Etzel |first4=R. |year=2001 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–42}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vasa

2026-09-28T17:03:29Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *vasa, Adhatoda vasica Nees., Malabar nut* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Vasa
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vasa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Adhatoda vasica Nees.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders.

== English name ==
Malabar nut<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta).<ref name="API1986"/>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
* Adhatoda vasica Nees
* Adhatoda zeylanica Medik.
* Dianthera latifolia Salisb.
* Ecbolium adhatoda (L.) Kuntze
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Vasa is classified as a vital drug for pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas. Its bitter taste and cold potency make it exceptional for clearing respiratory obstructions, stopping internal bleeding, and alleviating inflammatory swellings.

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
# Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
# Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya (flowers resemble the mouth of a lion), Bhishakmata, Vrusha.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white as teeth of a horse), Simhaparna.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/64 || In formulation of Chyavanaprasha
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222 || As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247 || Used in niruha basti (enema)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/65 || As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/88 || As an ingredient of Vasaghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/126 || Ingredient in Vasa Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105 || Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha (burning sensation)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in avasechana in arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153 || As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214 || Used for parisechana in rakta arsha
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/52 || Used in Sarva mutrakruchhra
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239 || Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170 || As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|}

== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml
* Kwatha (Decoction): 10–20 ml<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vasakavaleha

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Adhatoda vasica* is derived from its diverse active secondary metabolites:
* '''Quinazoline Alkaloids:''' Vasicine, vasicinone, and adhatodine.
* '''Essential Oils and Phenolics:''' Active principles responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial effects.
* '''Flavonoids and Tannins:''' Kaempferol, quercetin, and abundant polyphenols.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Bronchodilatory and Expectorant Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Vasicine and related alkaloids act as potent bronchodilators by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles and liquefying thick respiratory mucus, facilitating easy expectoration.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-clinical evaluations demonstrate significant relief in bronchospasm, cough frequency, and asthmatic symptoms.<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>

=== Anti-Bleeding and Hemostatic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' It helps manage internal hemorrhages (*raktapitta*) by promoting capillary integrity and supporting coagulation parameters through its astringent and cold potency properties.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies confirm its utility in reducing bleeding time and mitigating inflammatory hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its uterotonic properties (vasicine can stimulate uterine contractions), high doses should be avoided during pregnancy unless prescribed by a qualified specialist.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Adhatoda vasica*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Bronchial Asthma & Cough'''
| Vasicine, Vasicinone
| Bronchodilator, Expectorant
|-
| '''Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)'''
| Tannins, Quinazoline alkaloids
| Hemostatic, Astringent
|-
| '''Respiratory Infections'''
| Essential oils, Flavonoids
| Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>
<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Varuna

2026-09-28T16:48:30Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Varuna, Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., Three leaved caper* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Varuna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Varuna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Capparidaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataeva_religiosa Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.]''', popularly known as '''Varuna''', is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions.

== English name ==
Three leaved caper

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
* Capparis magna Lour.
* Crateva lophosperma Kurz
* Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Varuna is classified as a potent lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and anti-inflammatory herb. It effectively pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas, making it invaluable in urinary tract disorders, internal abscesses, and fluid retention.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33 || Prajata stree paricharya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Varunadi kwatha churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Crataeva religiosa* is attributed to its diverse bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoids and Phytosterols:''' Lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and varunol.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin and rutin derivatives.
* '''Glucosinolates:''' Epifriedelin and allied active principles responsible for lithotriptic activity.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Lithotriptic and Anti-Urolithiatic Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active isolates like lupeol promote the dissolution of urinary calculi by modifying urinary pH, reducing stone-forming constituents like calcium oxalate, and flushing out crystalline aggregates through enhanced diuresis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental animal studies validate that administration of stem bark extracts significantly inhibits urolithiasis and reduces urinary risk factors.<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>

=== Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The plant extract stimulates renal blood flow, leading to increased urine output while suppressing acute inflammatory pathways in the urinary epithelium.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical models confirm its significant diuretic profile and capacity to reduce soft-tissue edema and inflammatory exudates.<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Crataeva religiosa* stem bark extracts demonstrate a high safety margin with no adverse toxic effects observed at standard therapeutic dosages.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in severe dehydration or acute renal failure unless administered under professional medical guidance.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Crataeva religiosa*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Lithiasis (Ashmari)'''
| Lupeol, Glucosinolates
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic
|-
| '''Dysuria & Urinary Obstruction'''
| Triterpenoids, Phytosterols
| Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Internal Abscess & Abdominal Lump'''
| Flavonoids, Tannins
| Resolution of swelling, Antispasmodic
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>
<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vacha

2026-09-28T16:37:08Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *vacha, Acorus calamus L., Sweet flag* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vacha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Acorus calamus L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders.

== English name ==
Sweet flag

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

== Dose ==
Churna
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Sarasvata Churna
* Sarasvatarishta
* Manasamitra Vataka
* Chandraprabha Vati
* Khadiradi Vati
* Hingu Vachadi Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Acorus calamus* is derived from its diverse secondary metabolites concentrated in the rhizomes:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' Rich in beta-asarone, alpha-asarone, and sesquiterpenes.
* '''Phenylpropanoids:''' Eugenol and calamenene derivatives.
* '''Bitters and Glucosides:''' Acoretin and tannins.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Nootropic and Neuroprotective Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like asarone readily cross the blood-brain barrier, enhancing cognitive functions, neurotransmitter levels (such as acetylcholine), and offering protection against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement, reversal of cognitive deficits, and reduction of neuroinflammation in animal models of amnesia and dementia.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>

=== Anticonvulsant and Sedative Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic extracts modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor systems and suppress central nervous system hyperexcitability, justifying its historical role in managing epilepsy (*apasmara*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations show prolonged latency periods and reduced severity of chemically induced seizures in rodents.<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The volatile oil fraction exhibits strong inhibition over pro-inflammatory mediators and protects gastric mucosal linings against ulcerogenic stimuli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research validates its ability to reduce paw edema and decrease gastric ulcer indices in experimental ulcer models.<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the presence of beta-asarone in certain varieties, high doses or long-term uncontrolled usage of crude wild varieties should be monitored. Pregnant women and young children should use standardized preparations strictly under qualified guidance.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Acorus calamus*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline & Memory Loss'''
| Alpha-asarone, Beta-asarone
| Nootropic, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
|-
| '''Epilepsy & Neurological Spasms'''
| Volatile essential oils
| Anticonvulsant, CNS depressant
|-
| '''Digestive Colic & Abdominal Distress'''
| Sesquiterpenes, Phenylpropanoids
| Carminative, Anti-inflammatory
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>
<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vacha

2026-09-28T16:28:01Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *vacha, Acorus calamus L., Sweet flag* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vacha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Acorus calamus L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Acorus calamus L.''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders.

== English name ==
Sweet flag

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

== Dose ==
Churna
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Sarasvata Churna
* Sarasvatarishta
* Manasamitra Vataka
* Chandraprabha Vati
* Khadiradi Vati
* Hingu Vachadi Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Acorus calamus* is derived from its diverse secondary metabolites concentrated in the rhizomes:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' Rich in beta-asarone, alpha-asarone, and sesquiterpenes.
* '''Phenylpropanoids:''' Eugenol and calamenene derivatives.
* '''Bitters and Glucosides:''' Acoretin and tannins.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Nootropic and Neuroprotective Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like asarone readily cross the blood-brain barrier, enhancing cognitive functions, neurotransmitter levels (such as acetylcholine), and offering protection against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement, reversal of cognitive deficits, and reduction of neuroinflammation in animal models of amnesia and dementia.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>

=== Anticonvulsant and Sedative Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic extracts modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor systems and suppress central nervous system hyperexcitability, justifying its historical role in managing epilepsy (*apasmara*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations show prolonged latency periods and reduced severity of chemically induced seizures in rodents.<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The volatile oil fraction exhibits strong inhibition over pro-inflammatory mediators and protects gastric mucosal linings against ulcerogenic stimuli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research validates its ability to reduce paw edema and decrease gastric ulcer indices in experimental ulcer models.<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the presence of beta-asarone in certain varieties, high doses or long-term uncontrolled usage of crude wild varieties should be monitored. Pregnant women and young children should use standardized preparations strictly under qualified guidance.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Acorus calamus*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline & Memory Loss'''
| Alpha-asarone, Beta-asarone
| Nootropic, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
|-
| '''Epilepsy & Neurological Spasms'''
| Volatile essential oils
| Anticonvulsant, CNS depressant
|-
| '''Digestive Colic & Abdominal Distress'''
| Sesquiterpenes, Phenylpropanoids
| Carminative, Anti-inflammatory
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>
<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]