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Nama Rupa Vijnana (view source)

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Nama- Rupa Vijnana, is a science that deals with the identification and classification of various entities, including diseases, medicinal plants, and therapeutic processes. Namarupa Vijnana is not only a naming and formulating science, but also a way to understand the interconnectedness of things in the universe. It can be understood as science of nomenclature and identification of different herbs, diseases etc. The nama refers to the name of the entity, while rupa refers to its appearance or description. This technique was adopted in the Samhita and nighantu period to denote the salient features of the herbs. Binomial nomenclature, established by Carl Linnaeus, plays a pivotal role in systematically cataloguing and comprehending plants. This standardized naming convention ensures global clarity and precision in scientific discourse, facilitating accurate identification and classification. For example, the binomial name "Ocimum sanctum Linn" uniquely identifies the revered Indian medicinal plant Tulsi, known for its numerous health benefits in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Through binomial nomenclature, researchers worldwide can efficiently access information, aiding in the conservation and utilization of medicinal flora. This structured framework fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, advancing fields such as herbal medicine, pharmacology, and ecology, ultimately benefiting society's health and well-being.

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Nama- Rupa Vijnana, is a science that deals with the identification and classification of various entities, including [[Vyadhi|diseases]], medicinal plants, and therapeutic processes. Namarupa Vijnana is not only a naming and formulating science, but also a way to understand the interconnectedness of things in the universe. It can be understood as science of nomenclature and identification of different [[Herbs details|herbs]], [[Vyadhi|diseases]] etc. The nama refers to the name of the entity, while [[Rupa|rupa]] refers to its appearance or description. This technique was adopted in the Samhita and nighantu period to denote the salient features of the [[Herbs details|herbs]]. Binomial nomenclature, established by Carl Linnaeus, plays a pivotal role in systematically cataloguing and comprehending plants. This standardized naming convention ensures global clarity and precision in scientific discourse, facilitating accurate identification and classification. For example, the binomial name "Ocimum sanctum Linn" uniquely identifies the revered Indian medicinal plant Tulsi, known for its numerous [[Health|health]] benefits in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Through binomial nomenclature, researchers worldwide can efficiently access information, aiding in the conservation and utilization of medicinal flora. This structured framework fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, advancing fields such as herbal medicine, pharmacology, and ecology, ultimately benefiting society's [[Health|health]] and well-being.

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== Samhita-based references of namarupa vijnana ==

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The origins of namarupa vijnana can be traced back to both the Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Both the texts emphasize the importance of understanding nama rupa (name and form) for accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is mentioned by Charak to adopt the science of nama-rupa from goat-herds, shepherds, cowherds, and forest dwellers acquainted with names and identification of various medicinal herbs and plants. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/120] Charak also further evaluates that just by knowing the names and forms of herbs no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plants. One who merely understands the morphology of the herbs is termed a pharmacologist, but a physician should understand the medicinal properties and utility of herbs as a whole. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/121-122] Thus, it is of immense importance to understand any herb through the means of all name (nama), pharmacogenetic characters (rupa) and properties (guna) for purpose of successful treatment and avoidance of complications. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/125]. Thus, the understanding of taxonomy, morphology and clinical utility is of utmost importance to achieve success in treatment. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/125] Similarly, one who has the proper knowledge of herbs (Dravya dnyana) is considered to be a well-versed physician. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/16] Sushruta also mentions the utility of expertise of cattle breeders (gopala), monks (taapasa), those living in forest areas (vanavasi), hunters (vyadha), vanacharina (those visiting the forest areas) for understanding the morphology and utility of different herbs. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 36/10]

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The origins of namarupa vijnana can be traced back to both the [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] and Sushruta Samhita. Both the texts emphasize the importance of understanding nama rupa (name and form) for accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is mentioned by Charak to adopt the science of nama-rupa from goat-herds, shepherds, cowherds, and forest dwellers acquainted with names and identification of various medicinal herbs and plants. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/120] Charak also further evaluates that just by knowing the names and forms of [[Herbs details|herbs]] no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plants. One who merely understands the morphology of the [[Herbs details|herbs]] is termed a pharmacologist, but a physician should understand the medicinal properties and utility of [[Herbs details|herbs]] as a whole. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/121-122] Thus, it is of immense importance to understand any herb through the means of all name (nama), pharmacogenetic characters ([[Rupa|rupa]]) and properties ([[Guna|guna]]) for purpose of successful treatment and avoidance of complications. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125]. Thus, the understanding of taxonomy, morphology and clinical utility is of utmost importance to achieve success in treatment. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125] Similarly, one who has the proper knowledge of herbs (Dravya dnyana) is considered to be a well-versed physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 2/16] Sushruta also mentions the utility of expertise of cattle breeders (gopala), monks (taapasa), those living in forest areas (vanavasi), hunters (vyadha), vanacharina (those visiting the forest areas) for understanding the morphology and utility of different [[Herbs details|herbs]]. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36/10]

== Concept of basonym and synonym ==

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The basonym is defined as the earliest validly published name of a taxon.<ref name="ref1">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Basonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basonym</ref> Whereas the word synonym is defined as one or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same meaning in some or all senses.<ref name="ref2">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Synonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synonym</ref> Considering the aspects of namarupa vijnana, basonym is the original name of the plant which is termed as nirukta (etymological root) or moola nama. The synonym is termed as ‘paryaya’. There are no references and documentation of plant nomenclature during pre-vedic and vedic periods. Some references are observed regarding the names of plants similar to the names of Gods such as Mahabala and Muchakunda. This supports the opinion that synonyms are important tools in the field of dravyaguna vijnana (materia medica of ayurveda) that aid in the classification, identification, and usage of medicinal plants.<ref name="ref3">Sastry J L N. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Part - 1.Varanasi: Chaukambha orientalia.2009 Reprint</ref> Synonyms of plants are coined based on various considerations, including morphology, utility in treatment, historical background and place of origin of the drug, and others. This article is an attempt to discuss synonyms and the glory they offer to the scholars of Ayurveda, particularly in the field of identification and medicinal aspects. Plants were named based on their mythological background. There are references regarding the usage of synonyms during this period. There were 2 kinds of synonyms used i.e., Naighantuka and Ekapadika. ‘Naighantuka’ refers to the number of synonyms attributed to a single plant, whereas Ekapadika refers to the single synonym used for many plants<ref name="ref4">Satish Pai: Glory of Synonyms of Plants In Ayurveda With Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref>. Acharya Priyavrat Sharma (2000) has tried to prove the identity of 150 plants on the basis of synonyms, which is quite a new presentation.<ref name="ref5">Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati, 2011; 9</ref> Dr.Pandey has stated about 25000 names classified into 57 groups on different aspects and has given the root meanings of about 600 plant names .Dr. Shastri has made available the etymology of 498 plants along with 2000 synonyms.<ref name="ref11">Available from : https://bsienvis.nic.in/</ref>

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The basonym is defined as the earliest validly published name of a taxon.<ref name="ref1">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Basonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basonym</ref> Whereas the word synonym is defined as one or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same meaning in some or all senses.<ref name="ref2">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Synonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synonym</ref> Considering the aspects of namarupa vijnana, basonym is the original name of the plant which is termed as nirukta (etymological root) or moola nama. The synonym is termed as ‘paryaya’. There are no references and documentation of plant nomenclature during pre-vedic and vedic periods. Some references are observed regarding the names of plants similar to the names of Gods such as Mahabala and Muchakunda. This supports the opinion that synonyms are important tools in the field of dravyaguna vijnana (materia medica of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]) that aid in the classification, identification, and usage of medicinal plants.<ref name="ref3">Sastry J L N. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Part - 1.Varanasi: Chaukambha orientalia.2009 Reprint</ref> Synonyms of plants are coined based on various considerations, including morphology, utility in treatment, historical background and place of origin of the drug, and others. This article is an attempt to discuss synonyms and the glory they offer to the scholars of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], particularly in the field of identification and medicinal aspects. Plants were named based on their mythological background. There are references regarding the usage of synonyms during this period. There were 2 kinds of synonyms used i.e., Naighantuka and Ekapadika. ‘Naighantuka’ refers to the number of synonyms attributed to a single plant, whereas Ekapadika refers to the single synonym used for many plants<ref name="ref4">Satish Pai: Glory of Synonyms of Plants In Ayurveda With Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref>. Acharya Priyavrat Sharma (2000) has tried to prove the identity of 150 plants on the basis of synonyms, which is quite a new presentation.<ref name="ref5">Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati, 2011; 9</ref> Dr.Pandey has stated about 25000 names classified into 57 groups on different aspects and has given the root meanings of about 600 plant names .Dr. Shastri has made available the etymology of 498 plants along with 2000 synonyms.<ref name="ref11">Available from : https://bsienvis.nic.in/</ref>

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|Abhaya (''Terminalia chebula'')

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|Which eliminates fear of diseases

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|Which eliminates fear of [[Vyadhi|diseases]]

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|Pathya (''Terminalia chebula'')

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== Principles of namarupa vijnana ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- Namarupa vijnana involves the systematic naming and categorization of diseases, herbs, and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- Namarupa vijnana involves the systematic naming and categorization of [[Vyadhi|diseases]], [[Herbs details|herbs]], and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding doshas: ayurveda identifies three fundamental doshas Vata, Pitta, and Kapha – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. Namarupa Vijnana plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three dosha as well as the description of function of dosha is the application of nama-rupa vijnana for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding doshas: [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] identifies three fundamental doshas Vata, Pitta, and Kapha – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. Namarupa Vijnana plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three dosha as well as the description of function of dosha is the application of nama-rupa vijnana for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Holistic approach: Namarupa vijnana extends beyond the mere identification of symptoms and conditions. It considers the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit, recognizing that imbalances in one area can affect the whole.</li>

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== Contemporary relevance ==

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In an era dominated by modern medicine and technology, Ayurveda, with its reliance on namarupa vijnana, continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering mind, body, and spirit in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in ayurveda is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in ayurveda:

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In an era dominated by modern medicine and technology, [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], with its reliance on namarupa vijnana, continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering mind, body, and spirit in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]:

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Naming based on Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language for nomenclature in ayurveda. It is a classical language with a rich vocabulary that allows precise and descriptive naming. The use of Sanskrit ensures consistency and clarity in communication among ayurvedic practitioners and scholars.<li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Naming based on Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language for nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. It is a classical language with a rich vocabulary that allows precise and descriptive naming. The use of Sanskrit ensures consistency and clarity in communication among ayurvedic practitioners and scholars.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Naming of herbs and plants: Herbs and plants used in ayurvedic medicine are named according to their physical attributes, qualities, and actions. Descriptive names help in identifying the therapeutic properties of each herb. For example, "Tulasi" (Ocimum sanctum) is also known as Holy Basil. Its name "Tulasi" signifies its sacred and purifying nature.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Naming of herbs and plants: [[Herbs details|Herbs]] and plants used in ayurvedic medicine are named according to their physical attributes, qualities, and actions. Descriptive names help in identifying the therapeutic properties of each herb. For example, "Tulasi" (Ocimum sanctum) is also known as Holy Basil. Its name "Tulasi" signifies its sacred and purifying nature.<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Rasa, virya, and vipaka: The taste (rasa), potency (virya), and post-digestive effect (vipaka) of substances are considered in their nomenclature. These qualities provide insights into how a substance interacts with the body. For instance, a bitter-tasting herb with cooling potency and a post-digestive sweet effect may be used to pacify excess heat in the body. For instance, chilly is termed as katuveerya, Picrorhizza as katuka. <li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Classifying body constituents: In Ayurveda, the body is described in terms of its doshika composition and its physical and functional components, known as "dhatu" and "mala." Each of these components is named and classified according to its specific attributes. For example, "rakta" represents blood, and it is characterized by its red colour, liquid nature, and association with the pitta dosha.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Classifying body constituents: In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], the body is described in terms of its doshika composition and its physical and functional components, known as "dhatu" and "mala." Each of these components is named and classified according to its specific attributes. For example, "rakta" represents blood, and it is characterized by its red colour, liquid nature, and association with the pitta dosha.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature of ayurvedic therapies: Various therapeutic procedures and therapies in ayurveda are named based on their techniques, effects, and the substances involved. For instance, "shirodhara" involves the continuous pouring of herbal oils or liquids onto the forehead (shira) and is used for relaxation and balancing the mind.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature of ayurvedic therapies: Various therapeutic procedures and therapies in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] are named based on their techniques, effects, and the substances involved. For instance, "shirodhara" involves the continuous pouring of herbal oils or liquids onto the forehead (shira) and is used for relaxation and balancing the mind.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Cultural and historical significance: Many names in ayurveda carry cultural and historical significance. They indicate historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names serve to connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots.<li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Cultural and historical significance: Many names in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] carry cultural and historical significance. They indicate historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names serve to connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots.<li></ol>

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In summary, nomenclature in ayurveda is a comprehensive system that combines linguistic precision, doshic considerations, qualities of substances, and clinical observations to name and classify elements within the realm of ayurvedic medicine. This systematic approach aids in effective communication, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment, contributing to the holistic and time-tested nature of ayurveda as a healthcare system.

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In summary, nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a comprehensive system that combines linguistic precision, doshic considerations, qualities of substances, and clinical observations to name and classify elements within the realm of ayurvedic medicine. This systematic approach aids in effective communication, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment, contributing to the holistic and time-tested nature of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] as a healthcare system.

== Key aspects of plant nomenclature in ayurveda ==

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The basis of nomenclature of plants in ayurveda is a systematic and holistic approach rooted in the Sanskrit language, which allows for precise and descriptive naming. The nomenclature of plants in ayurveda serves several essential purposes, including identification, classification, and understanding of the therapeutic properties of herbs and plants.

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The basis of nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a systematic and holistic approach rooted in the Sanskrit language, which allows for precise and descriptive naming. The nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] serves several essential purposes, including identification, classification, and understanding of the therapeutic properties of [[Herbs details|herbs]] and plants.

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<ol><li style="font-weight:bold">Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language used for naming plants in ayurveda. This classical language is chosen for its rich vocabulary, precision, and the ability to convey the qualities and actions of plants effectively. Sanskrit names are typically composed of various syllables that describe the plant's attributes and uses.<li>

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<ol><li style="font-weight:bold">Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language used for naming plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. This classical language is chosen for its rich vocabulary, precision, and the ability to convey the qualities and actions of plants effectively. Sanskrit names are typically composed of various syllables that describe the plant's attributes and uses.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Descriptive naming: Ayurvedic plant names are often descriptive, providing information about the plant's appearance, properties, or uses. This descriptive naming helps practitioners and herbalists identify herbs accurately and understand their therapeutic potential. For example:

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Descriptive naming: Ayurvedic plant names are often descriptive, providing information about the plant's appearance, properties, or uses. This descriptive naming helps practitioners and herbalists identify [[Herbs details|herbs]] accurately and understand their therapeutic potential. For example:

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Ashwagandha(''Withania somnifera''): "Ashwa" means horse, and "Gandha" means smell, indicating that this herb has a horse-like odor when its roots are freshly dug.<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Amalaki(''Emblica officinalis''): "Amala" means sour, signifying the sour taste of this fruit.<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Qualities and actions: The qualities (guna) and actions (karma) of plants play a significant role in their nomenclature. Ayurvedic texts describe these aspects in detail, allowing for the classification of plants based on their therapeutic properties. For example:

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Qualities and actions: The qualities ([[Guna|guna]]) and actions (karma) of plants play a significant role in their nomenclature. Ayurvedic texts describe these aspects in detail, allowing for the classification of plants based on their therapeutic properties. For example:

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Trikatu:"Tri" means three, and "katu" means pungent. Trikatu is a compound formula consisting of three pungent herbs: ginger, black pepper, and long pepper. Its name reflects its heating and digestive qualities.<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Taste (rasa), potency (virya), and post-digestive effect (vipaka): Ayurvedic plant nomenclature considers the taste, potency, and post-digestive effect of herbs. These attributes help in understanding how herbs interact with the body and mind. For example:

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Taste (rasa), potency (virya), and post-digestive effect (vipaka): Ayurvedic plant nomenclature considers the taste, potency, and post-digestive effect of [[Herbs details|herbs]]. These attributes help in understanding how [[Herbs details|herbs]] interact with the body and mind. For example:

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Guduchi(''Tinospora cordifolia''): The synonym ''Tikta'' indicates a bitter taste (tikta rasa), ''Amrita'' which corresponds to its cooling potency (shita virya) and ''Madhurasa'' indicates post-digestive sweet effect (madhura vipaka).<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations: Ayurveda categorizes herbs based on their influence on the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, Eranda (''Ricinus communis'') is termed as Vaatari (enemy of vata dosha) due to its potent ''vata'' pacifying actions.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations: [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] categorizes [[Herbs details|herbs]] based on their influence on the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, Eranda (''Ricinus communis'') is termed as Vaatari (enemy of vata dosha) due to its potent ''vata'' pacifying actions.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Historical and cultural references: Some plant names in ayurveda carry historical and cultural significance, often referencing historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots. For instance, Pippali is termed as Vaidehi due to its abundant occurrence in Videha region.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Historical and cultural references: Some plant names in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] carry historical and cultural significance, often referencing historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots. For instance, Pippali is termed as Vaidehi due to its abundant occurrence in Videha region.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names: While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, Neem (in English) is termed as Nimba in Ayurveda texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language<li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names: While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, Neem (in English) is termed as Nimba in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language<li></ol>

== Sources for deciphering the nama rupa as per the principles of ayurveda ==

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Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of ayurveda dravya. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of Ayurveda herbs. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in ayurveda. In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in ayurveda is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of herbs and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref>

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Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of ayurveda dravya. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of [[Herbs details|Ayurveda herbs]]. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of [[Herbs details|herbs]] and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref>

== Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa vijnana ==

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Pharmacognosy is the study of the structural, physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of various herbs obtained from natural sources.<ref name="ref13">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pharmacognosy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacognosy</ref> It is a broad science dealing with plethora of medicinal herbs and taxonomy along with naam rupa vijnana are parts of science of Pharmacognosy. Thus, the extensive study of naam rupa vijnana can contribute to understanding pharmacognosy of any plant mentioned in the classical texts.

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Pharmacognosy is the study of the structural, physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of various [[Herbs details|herbs]] obtained from natural sources.<ref name="ref13">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pharmacognosy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacognosy</ref> It is a broad science dealing with plethora of medicinal [[Herbs details|herbs]] and taxonomy along with naam rupa vijnana are parts of science of Pharmacognosy. Thus, the extensive study of naam rupa vijnana can contribute to understanding pharmacognosy of any plant mentioned in the classical texts.

== Related articles ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in Ayurveda with Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different herbs.<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In Ayurveda With Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] with Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] With Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa vijnana in understanding the various aspects of herbs mentioned in samhita. </li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa vijnana in understanding the various aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] mentioned in samhita. </li>

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<li>Ayusoft has published informative article on the pharmacognosy and ayurveda where various historical and etymological aspects of herbs are discussed along with ample examples focusing on different aspects of classification and nomenclature of herbs.<ref name="ref16">Utility of Nama and Roopa for the correct identification of Ayurvedic drugs (Pharmacognosy) – Ayusoft [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/utility-of-nama-and-roopa-for-the-correct-identification-of-ayurvedic-drugs-pharmacognosy/</ref></li>

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<li>Ayusoft has published informative article on the pharmacognosy and [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] where various historical and etymological aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] are discussed along with ample examples focusing on different aspects of classification and nomenclature of [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref16">Utility of Nama and Roopa for the correct identification of Ayurvedic drugs (Pharmacognosy) – Ayusoft [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/utility-of-nama-and-roopa-for-the-correct-identification-of-ayurvedic-drugs-pharmacognosy/</ref></li>

<li>The article “Importance of Namarupa Vijnana & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17">Singh, Ritu et al. “importance of namarupa vijnana & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” (2015).</ref></li>

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<li>In the article ‘Role of Pharmacognosy in ~~Ayurveda’~~, the authors have highlighted the role of pharmacognosy in identification and characterization of Ayurveda herbs.<ref name="ref18">Ramaseshan S, Bikshapathi T. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda. Ayurveda Mahasammelana Patrika. 2006 Feb 1;93:79–87.</ref></li></ol>

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<li>In the article ‘Role of Pharmacognosy in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]’, the authors have highlighted the role of pharmacognosy in identification and characterization of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref18">Ramaseshan S, Bikshapathi T. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda. Ayurveda Mahasammelana Patrika. 2006 Feb 1;93:79–87.</ref></li></ol>

== Related adhyaya ==

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* Deerghanjeevitiya Adhyaya (Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1),

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* [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya|Deerghanjeevitiya Adhyaya]] (Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1),

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* Bhumiprabhighagiyam Adhyayam (Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 36)

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* Bhumiprabhighagiyam Adhyayam (Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36)

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