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The chapter also highlights the preferred quality of liquor with preferred composition which shall be multi-ingredient based rather than the single ingredient. Comparison of the liquor with ''visha'', the poison has also been described.  

The chapter also highlights the preferred quality of liquor with preferred composition which shall be multi-ingredient based rather than the single ingredient. Comparison of the liquor with ''visha'', the poison has also been described.  

''Ojas'' and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The ''ojas'' is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor.

[[Ojas]] and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The [[ojas]] is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor.

'''Keywords''': ''Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha,'' liquor, intoxication, personified liquor.

'''Keywords''': Madya, Madatyaya, [[Oja]], Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor.

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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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The state of ''Moha'', that is,  perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of ''kapha''. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.

The state of ''Moha'', that is,  perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of [[kapha]]. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.

Alcohol is classed under sedative hypnotic drugs, leading to depression of Central Nervous System (CNS). ''Madya'', by its etymology, means the intoxicating drink, gladdening, vinous, spirited drink, liquor, ale, wine or alcoholic beverage. Each of these words has specific meaning in particular context. Sometimes, only alcohol is the word used to represent the ''madya'', but it is the chemical name and therefore may not always reflect the drinks made up of various ingredients including alcohol. Alcoholic beverage is the term which is quite inclusive for almost all types of ''madya'', which are further differentiated as soft and hard or according to the concentration and type of the beverage. Generally, alcoholic beverage contains 3% to 40% alcohol in it. The alcoholic beverages which are usually distilled are called as spirit or liquor. In today's context, beer, wine, cider are not the distilled alcoholic beverages while the rest whisky, rum, brandy, vodka,tequila are all distilled alcoholic beverages.

Alcohol is classed under sedative hypnotic drugs, leading to depression of Central Nervous System (CNS). ''Madya'', by its etymology, means the intoxicating drink, gladdening, vinous, spirited drink, liquor, ale, wine or alcoholic beverage. Each of these words has specific meaning in particular context. Sometimes, only alcohol is the word used to represent the ''madya'', but it is the chemical name and therefore may not always reflect the drinks made up of various ingredients including alcohol. Alcoholic beverage is the term which is quite inclusive for almost all types of ''madya'', which are further differentiated as soft and hard or according to the concentration and type of the beverage. Generally, alcoholic beverage contains 3% to 40% alcohol in it. The alcoholic beverages which are usually distilled are called as spirit or liquor. In today's context, beer, wine, cider are not the distilled alcoholic beverages while the rest whisky, rum, brandy, vodka,tequila are all distilled alcoholic beverages.

Liquor, certainly has advantages but these advantages can be experienced with limited quantity consumption only. It is the source of food energy, mainly due to its carbohydrate content. Consumption of alcoholic beverage potentiates the insulin reaction to glucose in humans.[[Needs citation]] It prevents carbohydrate and fat oxidation by converting carbohydrates consumed by an individual to fats. Liquor has its role on digestion depending upon its use before or after meal consumption.

Liquor, certainly has advantages but these advantages can be experienced with limited quantity consumption only. It is the source of food energy, mainly due to its carbohydrate content. Consumption of alcoholic beverage potentiates the insulin reaction to glucose in humans.[[Needs citation]] It prevents carbohydrate and fat oxidation by converting carbohydrates consumed by an individual to fats. Liquor has its role on digestion depending upon its use before or after meal consumption.

This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the ''prakriti'' (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.

This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the [[Prakriti]] (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.

The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The ''ojas'' (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The ''ojas'' is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the ''ojas'', and excess drinking can also cause suppression of ''ojas'' leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of ''ojas''. The purpose of describing and discussing ''ojas'' here indicates the importance to conserve the ''ojas'' in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of ''ojas'' to achieve conscious state.

The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The [[ojas]] (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The [[ojas]] is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the [[ojas]], and excess drinking can also cause suppression of [[ojas]] leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of [[ojas]]. The purpose of describing and discussing [[ojas]] here indicates the importance to conserve the [[ojas]] in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of [[ojas]] to achieve conscious state.

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

One shall always prefer best liquor to drink along with a variety of apposite fruits, natural green vegetables, salted and veteran seasonal fruits, a variety of roasted meat of terrestrial, aquatic animals and flying birds and different edibles prepared by the group of chefs; after being worshiped by the Gods, with blessings and pouring the liquor mixed with water to be given to the willing persons on this earth.[11-20]

One shall always prefer best liquor to drink along with a variety of apposite fruits, natural green vegetables, salted and veteran seasonal fruits, a variety of roasted meat of terrestrial, aquatic animals and flying birds and different edibles prepared by the group of chefs; after being worshiped by the Gods, with blessings and pouring the liquor mixed with water to be given to the willing persons on this earth.[11-20]

=== Pre-procedures based on ''dosha'' dominant ''prakriti'' ===

=== Pre-procedures based on [[dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]] ===

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An individual of ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

An individual of [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

An individual of ''pitta'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.

An individual of [[pitta]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.

An individual of ''kapha'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

An individual of [[kapha]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

These standard methods are advised for the affluent or to be affluent, drinking natural ''madya'' in prescribed quantity as appropriate for the person.

These standard methods are advised for the affluent or to be affluent, drinking natural ''madya'' in prescribed quantity as appropriate for the person.

Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]

Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]

=== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ===

=== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ===

Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages. It is like ambrosia; for the one who drinks as per the standard guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor, and who have excess dryness in body and follows excess exertion. [26-28]

Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages. It is like ambrosia; for the one who drinks as per the standard guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor, and who have excess dryness in body and follows excess exertion. [26-28]

=== Properties and effects of ''madya'' on ''oja'' ===

=== Properties and effects of madya on [[oja]] ===

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The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the ''ojas'' (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.  

The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the [[ojas]] (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.  

''Laghu'' (agile), ''ushna'' (hot), ''teekshna'' (sharply acting), ''sukshma'' (tiny), ''amla'' (sour), ''vyavayi'' (pervading), ''ashu'' (fast acting), ''ruksha'' (arid), ''vikashi'' (expanding), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) are the ten qualities of the liquor.  

''Laghu'' (agile), ''ushna'' (hot), ''teekshna'' (sharply acting), ''sukshma'' (tiny), ''amla'' (sour), ''vyavayi'' (pervading), ''ashu'' (fast acting), ''ruksha'' (arid), ''vikashi'' (expanding), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) are the ten qualities of the liquor.  

Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of ''ojas''.

Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of [[ojas]].

Liquor counteracts the qualities of ''ojas'' by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.  

Liquor counteracts the qualities of [[ojas]] by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.  

This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on ''oja'' and results in perplexity.

This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on [[oja]] and results in perplexity.

The heart is the site for the channels of the ''rasa, vata'' and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), ''buddhi'' (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary ''ojas'' (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of ''ojas'' affects the heart and the ''dhatus'' located at the heart.[29-36]

The heart is the site for the channels of the [[rasa dhatu]], [[vata]] and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), [[buddhi]] (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary [[ojas]] (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of [[ojas]] affects the heart and the [[dhatu]] located at the heart.[29-36]

=== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===

=== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===

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The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but ''ojas'' is not disturbed; in the middle stage ''ojas'' gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the ''ojas''.

The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but [[ojas]] is not disturbed; in the middle stage [[ojas]] gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the [[ojas]].

Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect ''ojas'' severely  due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]

Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect [[ojas]] severely  due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]

=== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ===

=== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ===

The defects mentioned due to the liquor are definite and certain, when drunk in undesired manner, in excess quantity by ignoring the standard method of drinking.

The defects mentioned due to the liquor are definite and certain, when drunk in undesired manner, in excess quantity by ignoring the standard method of drinking.

But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be ''rasayana'' if used sensibly.[52-60]

But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be [[rasayana]] if used sensibly.[52-60]

=== Benefits of ''madya'' ===

=== Benefits of ''madya'' ===

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The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as ''tridosha'' and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as tri[[dosha]] and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

Sensible planning of the eight triads is called as ''yukti'', for consumption of liquor without causing any disorders.

Sensible planning of the eight triads is called as ''yukti'', for consumption of liquor without causing any disorders.

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Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, fhave some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.

Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, have some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.

Those are fortunate who drink with the delighted appearance, aroma, taste, touch and (musical) sound with good companions.

Those are fortunate who drink with the delighted appearance, aroma, taste, touch and (musical) sound with good companions.

Those with the stable psyche and body, consumed food in advance, lineage of drunkards and regular drunkard; do not get intoxicated suddenly.

Those with the stable psyche and body, consumed food in advance, lineage of drunkards and regular drunkard; do not get intoxicated suddenly.

The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with ''vata'' and ''pitta'', consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly  affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]

The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with [[vata]] and [[pitta]], consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly  affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]

=== Etiology and clinical features of ''vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

=== Etiology and clinical features of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

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Agnivesha, (I am) consequently describing the etiology, distinct features and the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (the alcoholism).  

Agnivesha, (I am) consequently describing the etiology, distinct features and the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (the alcoholism).  

If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to vata dominant ''madatyaya''.

If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.

Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of vata dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]

Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]

=== Etiology and clinical features of ''pitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

=== Etiology and clinical features of [[pitta]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

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One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in ''pitta''. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' persons.

One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in [[pitta]]. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] persons.

Thirst, burning sensation, fever, sweating, fainting, diarrhea, giddiness and greenish discoloration are the distinct features of pitta dominant  type of ''madatyaya''. [92-93]

Thirst, burning sensation, fever, sweating, fainting, diarrhea, giddiness and greenish discoloration are the distinct features of pitta dominant  type of ''madatyaya''. [92-93]