Changes

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Now begins the class of vegetables. ''Patha'' (Cissampelos pareira Linn.), negro coffee (Cassia occidentalis Linn.), ''shatishaka'', and marsilea (or ''sunishannaka'') are considered as astringents and effective agents for alleviating three ''doshas''. ''Vastuka'' is also laxative. [88]

Now begins the class of vegetables. ''Patha'' (Cissampelos pareira Linn.), negro coffee (Cassia occidentalis Linn.), ''shatishaka'', and marsilea (or ''sunishannaka'') are considered as astringents and effective agents for alleviating three [[doshas]]. ''Vastuka'' is also laxative. [88]

The black night shade (Solanum nigrum Linn.) alleviates the three ''doshas'', is an aphrodisiac, rejuvenates, is neither very hot nor cold in potency, is a laxative, and is effective in treating skin lesions. [89]

The black night shade (Solanum nigrum Linn.) alleviates the three [[dosha]], is an aphrodisiac, rejuvenates, is neither very hot nor cold in potency, is a laxative, and is effective in treating skin lesions. [89]

The ''rajakshavaka'' (asthma weed, or Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.) is effective in alleviating ''tridosha'', is light to digest, is an astringent and is specially recommended for patients suffering from assimilation disorders and piles. [90]

The ''rajakshavaka'' (asthma weed, or Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.) is effective in alleviating tri[[dosha]], is light to digest, is an astringent and is specially recommended for patients suffering from assimilation disorders and piles. [90]

The ''kalashaka'' (jute plant, (Corcorus capsularis Linn.)) is said to be pungent and appetizing, and is effective in treating the effect of poison and edema. The ''kalaya'' (chickling vetch) is said to be light, hot, dry, and promotes ''vata''. [91]

The ''kalashaka'' (jute plant, (Corcorus capsularis Linn.)) is said to be pungent and appetizing, and is effective in treating the effect of poison and edema. The ''kalaya'' (chickling vetch) is said to be light, hot, dry, and promotes [[vata]]. [91]

''Changeri'' (the yellow Wood-sorrel or Indian sorrel, or (Oxalis corniculata Linn.)) is hot in potency, is an appetizer and an astringent. It is recommended in ''kapha'' and ''vata'' disorders and is beneficial in assimilation-disorders and piles. [92]

''Changeri'' (the yellow Wood-sorrel or Indian sorrel, or (Oxalis corniculata Linn.)) is hot in potency, is an appetizer and is an astringent. It is recommended in [[kapha]] and [[vata]] disorders and is beneficial in assimilation disorders and piles. [92]

''Upodika'' (the Indian spinach, (Basella rubra Linn.)) is sweet (in taste and on digestion), unctuous, cold in potency, is a laxative, aggravates ''kapha'', and is effective in treating intoxication. [93]

''Upodika'' (the Indian spinach, (Basella rubra Linn.)) is sweet (in taste and on digestion), unctuous, cold in potency, is a laxative, aggravates [[kapha]], and is effective in treating intoxication. [93]

''Tanduliyaka'' (The prickly ''amaranth'', or (Amaranthus spinosus Linn.)) is dry, nullifies the effects of intoxication and poison and is beneficial in ''raktapitta''. It is sweet (in taste and on digestion) and is cold in potency. [94]

''Tanduliyaka'' (The prickly ''amaranth'', or (Amaranthus spinosus Linn.)) is dry, nullifies the effects of intoxication and poison and is beneficial in ''raktapitta''. It is sweet (in taste and on digestion) and is cold in potency. [94]

Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica Linn.), country willow (Calamus tenuis Roxb.), ''raj-patha'' ''/kuchela'', ''vanatiktaka'' (Mollugo spergula Linn.), sponge gourd (''karkotaka'', Momordica dioca Roxb), avalgujaka-bakuchi seeds (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.), patolam-pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) and ''shakuladani''- kurroa (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth), the flowers of ''vasaka'' (Adhatoda vasika Nees), ''sharngeshtha'' (Dregia volubilis (Linn.f) Benth), ''kebuka'' (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk), hog’s weed (''kathillaka'', Boerhavia diffusa Linn.), wild tossa jute (''nadi shaka'', Corchorus olitarious Linn.), chickling vetch (''kalaya'', Lathyrus sativus Linn.), elephant’s foot (''gojihva'', Launaea asplenifolia Hook.f.), brinjal (''vartaka'', Solanum melongena Linn.) and dog mustard (''tilaparnika'', Cleome icosandra Linn.), carilla (''kaulakam'', Momordia charantia Linn.), ''karkasa'' (Momordica sp.), neem leaves (''nimbashakam'', Azadirachta indica A.Juss) and trailing rungia (''parpatakam'', Fumaria vaillantti Loisel): these are regulators of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', bitter in taste, cold in potency and pungent on digestion. [95-97]

Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica Linn.), country willow (Calamus tenuis Roxb.), ''raj-patha'' ''/kuchela'', ''vanatiktaka'' (Mollugo spergula Linn.), sponge gourd (''karkotaka'', Momordica dioca Roxb), avalgujaka-bakuchi seeds (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.), patolam-pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) and ''shakuladani''- kurroa (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth), the flowers of ''vasaka'' (Adhatoda vasika Nees), ''sharngeshtha'' (Dregia volubilis (Linn.f) Benth), ''kebuka'' (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk), hog’s weed (''kathillaka'', Boerhavia diffusa Linn.), wild tossa jute (''nadi shaka'', Corchorus olitarious Linn.), chickling vetch (''kalaya'', Lathyrus sativus Linn.), elephant’s foot (''gojihva'', Launaea asplenifolia Hook.f.), brinjal (''vartaka'', Solanum melongena Linn.) and dog mustard (''tilaparnika'', Cleome icosandra Linn.), carilla (''kaulakam'', Momordia charantia Linn.), ''karkasa'' (Momordica sp.), neem leaves (''nimbashakam'', Azadirachta indica A.Juss) and trailing rungia (''parpatakam'', Fumaria vaillantti Loisel): these are regulators of [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], bitter in taste, cold in potency and pungent on digestion. [95-97]

</div>

</div>

The flowers of Bengal hemp- ''shana pushpa'' (Crotalaria juncea Linn), ''kovidara pushpa'' (Bauhinia purpurea Linn), ''karbudara pushpa''- white mountain ebony (Bauhinia variegata Linn.) and ''shalmali pushpa''- silk cotton (Salmalia malabarica (DC) Schott & Endl) are astringent and specially recommended in ''raktapitta''. [104]

The flowers of Bengal hemp- ''shana pushpa'' (Crotalaria juncea Linn), ''kovidara pushpa'' (Bauhinia purpurea Linn), ''karbudara pushpa''- white mountain ebony (Bauhinia variegata Linn.) and ''shalmali pushpa''- silk cotton (Salmalia malabarica (DC) Schott & Endl) are astringent and specially recommended in ''raktapitta''. [104]

The tender leaves of the ''nyagrodha''- banyan (Ficus benghalensis Linn), ''udumbara''- gular fig (Ficus racemosa Linn.), ''ashvattha''- holy fig (Ficus religiosa Linn.), ''plaksha''- yellow barked fig (Ficus lacor Buch-Ham) and ''padma''- lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) etc. are astringent in taste, styptic, cold in potency and especially useful in diarrhea of the ''pitta'' type. [105]

The tender leaves of the ''nyagrodha''- banyan (Ficus benghalensis Linn), ''udumbara''- gular fig (Ficus racemosa Linn.), ''ashvattha''- holy fig (Ficus religiosa Linn.), ''plaksha''- yellow barked fig (Ficus lacor Buch-Ham) and ''padma''- lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) etc. are astringent in taste, styptic, cold in potency and especially useful in diarrhea of the [[pitta]] type. [105]

''Vatsadani'', or ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers) pacify ''vata'' while ''gandira'' and ''chitraka''- white flowered leadwort (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.) pacify ''kapha''. ''Sheyasi''- elephant pepper (Pluchea lanceolata C.B. Clarke), ''bilvaparni'' (Limonia crenulata Roxb.) and ''bilvapatram- bael'' (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.) leaves pacify ''vata''. [106]

''Vatsadani'', or ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers) pacify [[vata]] while ''gandira'' and ''chitraka''- white flowered leadwort (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.) pacify [[kapha]]. ''Sheyasi''- elephant pepper (Pluchea lanceolata C.B. Clarke), ''bilvaparni'' (Limonia crenulata Roxb.) and ''bilvapatram- bael'' (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.) leaves pacify [[vata]]. [106]

''Bhandi''- (Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Willd), ''shatavari shaka''- climbing asparagus (Asparagus racemosus Willd), ''bala''- heart-leaved sida (Sida cordifolia Linn.), ''jivanti shaka''-cork swallow wort (Leptadenia reticulata W.& A.) and ''parvanyah''- the leaves of scutch grass (Polygonum sp.), and ''parvapushpi'' (Polygonum sp.) are said to are effective in curing ''vata'' and ''pitta'' [107-108]

''Bhandi''- (Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Willd), ''shatavari shaka''- climbing asparagus (Asparagus racemosus Willd), ''bala''- heart-leaved sida (Sida cordifolia Linn.), ''jivanti shaka''-cork swallow wort (Leptadenia reticulata W.& A.) and ''parvanyah''- the leaves of scutch grass (Polygonum sp.), and ''parvapushpi'' (Polygonum sp.) are said to are effective in curing [[vata]] and [[pitta]] [107-108]

''Tiktam Langali''- The glory lily (Gloriosa superba Linn.) and ''urubukayoh patrashakam''- red flowered castor oil plant (Ricinus communis Linn.) are light, laxative and bitter. ''Tila shaka''- (Sesamum indicum Linn.), ''vetasa''-goat willow (Salix caprea Linn.), and ''panchangulasyashakam''- castor oil plant (Ricinus sp.) are ''vata'' promoters, pungent, bitter, sour in taste, and stimulate the downward movement of bowels. ''Kusumbha''- the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) vegetable is dry, acid, hot, is effective in treating ''kapha'' and promotes ''pitta''. [109]

''Tiktam Langali''- The glory lily (Gloriosa superba Linn.) and ''urubukayoh patrashakam''- red flowered castor oil plant (Ricinus communis Linn.) are light, laxative and bitter. ''Tila shaka''- (Sesamum indicum Linn.), ''vetasa''-goat willow (Salix caprea Linn.), and ''panchangulasyashakam''- castor oil plant (Ricinus sp.) are [[vata]] promoters, pungent, bitter, sour in taste, and stimulate the downward movement of bowels. ''Kusumbha''- the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) vegetable is dry, acid, hot, is effective in treating [[kapha]] and promotes [[pitta]]. [109]

''Trapusha''- Common cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linn.) and ''ervaruka''- phut cucumber (Cucumis utilissimus Roxb.) are sweet, heavy, slow to digest, and cold in potency. The common cucumber is palatable, dry and a powerful diuretic. The phut cucumber, if fully ripe, allays burning, thirst, exhaustion and pain. [110]

''Trapusha''- Common cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linn.) and ''ervaruka''- phut cucumber (Cucumis utilissimus Roxb.) are sweet, heavy, slow to digest, and cold in potency. The common cucumber is palatable, dry and a powerful diuretic. The phut cucumber, if fully ripe, allays burning, thirst, exhaustion and pain. [110]

''Alabu''- the bottle-gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is a laxative, dry, cold in potency and heavy. [111]

''Alabu''- the bottle-gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is a laxative, dry, cold in potency and heavy. [111]

''Chirbhata''- Sweet melon (Cucumis momordica Duth and Full) and phut cucumber are similar to ''alabu''- the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) except that they are wholesome in loose motions. The ripe white gourd- ''kushmanda'' (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.) is slightly alkaline, sour-sweet, light, reduces urination and defecation, and alleviates tri-''dosha''. [112-113]

''Chirbhata''- Sweet melon (Cucumis momordica Duth and Full) and phut cucumber are similar to ''alabu''- the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) except that they are wholesome in loose motions. The ripe white gourd- ''kushmanda'' (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.) is slightly alkaline, sour-sweet, light, reduces urination and defecation, and alleviates tri-[[dosha]]. [112-113]

</div>

</div>

Dates (kharjura, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) and ''talashasya'' (kernel of palmyra palm) are effective in curing ''raktapitta'' and wasting. ''Taruta'' (Dioscorea belophylla voight), lotus filaments, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) bulbs and fruits, ''kaunchadana'' / blue star water-lily (Nymphaea stellata Willd.), ''kasheruka''/ club-rush (Scirpus grossus Linn.f.), ''shringataka''/ Indian water chest-nut (Trapa natans Linn.Var. bispinosa Roxb.Makino), and ''ankolodya''/ Fox nut (Euryale ferox Salisb) are heavy, slow to digest, and cold in potency. [116]

Dates (kharjura, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) and ''talashasya'' (kernel of palmyra palm) are effective in curing ''raktapitta'' and wasting. ''Taruta'' (Dioscorea belophylla voight), lotus filaments, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) bulbs and fruits, ''kaunchadana'' / blue star water-lily (Nymphaea stellata Willd.), ''kasheruka''/ club-rush (Scirpus grossus Linn.f.), ''shringataka''/ Indian water chest-nut (Trapa natans Linn.Var. bispinosa Roxb.Makino), and ''ankolodya''/ Fox nut (Euryale ferox Salisb) are heavy, slow to digest, and cold in potency. [116]

The rhizomes of ''kumuda''/ night-flower lotus (Nymphaea stellata Willd.) and ''utpala''- blue water lily together with the flowers and fruits are said to be cold in potency, sweet, astringent. These tend to provoke ''kapha'' and ''vata''. [117]

The rhizomes of ''kumuda''/ night-flower lotus (Nymphaea stellata Willd.) and ''utpala''- blue water lily together with the flowers and fruits are said to be cold in potency, sweet, astringent. These tend to provoke [[kapha]] and [[vata]]. [117]

The seeds of sacred lotus (''paushakarabija'', or the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) are said to be slightly astringent, slow to digest in the intestines, effective agents for curing ''raktapitta'', and sweet (in taste and post digestion). [118]

The seeds of sacred lotus (''paushakarabija'', or the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) are said to be slightly astringent, slow to digest in the intestines, effective agents for curing ''raktapitta'', and sweet (in taste and post digestion). [118]

''Munjatakah'' (salep, Orchis latifolia Linn.) is said to be strengthening, cold in potency, heavy, unctuous, nourishing, is effective in treating ''vata'' and ''pitta'', sweet and highly aphrodisiac. [119]

''Munjatakah'' (salep, Orchis latifolia Linn.) is said to be strengthening, cold in potency, heavy, unctuous, nourishing, is effective in treating [[vata]] and [[pitta]], sweet and highly aphrodisiac. [119]

The bulb of ''vidarikanda'' (Indian kudju, pueraria tuberosa (wild)) is vitalizing, nourishing, aphrodisiac, voice-tonic, it is recommended in rejuvenation; strengthening, diuretic, sweet and cold in potency. [120]

The bulb of ''vidarikanda'' (Indian kudju, pueraria tuberosa (wild)) is vitalizing, nourishing, aphrodisiac, voice-tonic, it is recommended in rejuvenation; strengthening, diuretic, sweet and cold in potency. [120]

''Amlikakanda'' (vitis pentaphylla Thunb.) is regarded as beneficial in assimilation disorder and piles, and is light, not very hot, is effective in treating cough and ''vata'', is an astringent and is recommended in chronic alcoholism. [121]

''Amlikakanda'' (vitis pentaphylla Thunb.) is regarded as beneficial in assimilation disorder and piles, and is light, not very hot, is effective in treating cough and [[vata]], is an astringent and is recommended in chronic alcoholism. [121]

The curry of mustard leaves/ ''sarshapashaka'' (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson Prain) vitiates all of the three ''doshas'' and suppresses urine and defecation. Similar are the properties of rosella which, in addition to these, is dry and acidic. Similar too are the properties of ''pindaluka''/ common yam (Dioscorea species). But, it is more palatable as it is a ''kanda'' (bulb). [122]

The curry of mustard leaves/ ''sarshapashaka'' (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson Prain) vitiates all of the three [[dosha]] and suppresses urine and defecation. Similar are the properties of rosella which, in addition to these, is dry and acidic. Similar too are the properties of ''pindaluka''/ common yam (Dioscorea species). But, it is more palatable as it is a ''kanda'' (bulb). [122]

Ingesting the ''sarpa'' mushroom is forbidden. The other varieties of edible mushrooms are cold in potency, cause rhinitis, and are sweet and heavy. Thus, ends the fourth section on vegetables including leaves, bulb and fruits [123-124]</div>

Ingesting the ''sarpa'' mushroom is forbidden. The other varieties of edible mushrooms are cold in potency, cause rhinitis, and are sweet and heavy. Thus, ends the fourth section on vegetables including leaves, bulbs and fruits [123-124]</div>

==== Class of fruits ====

==== Class of fruits ====