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==Preamble of Indriya Sthana (Section on Assessment of fatal signs and lifespan of patients)==

==Preamble of Indriya Sthana (Section on assessment of lifespan of patients)==

===Fundamental  principles===

===Fundamental  principles===

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[[Indriya Sthana]] deals with the observation of predictors of life and fatal signs useful in determining the residual lifespan of patients (also called ''arishta lakshana''). The word ''Indriya'' literally means organ, sense, force, vigor.<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary available from http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=Indriya&direct=au retrieved on April 19, 2019</ref>. In the present context, it means ''Prana'' or vital life force.<ref>Commentary by Chakrapani on Cha.Indriya 1/1-2 available on http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=adhi retrieved on April 19, 2019</ref>. The seat of ''prana'' in the body is ''Sneha'' or ''Ojus''. ''Indriya'' (sense organs) are said to be the ''linga'' (organs) of ''prana''. An important concept discussed in this section is termed ''Indriyadushti'' (damage to the sensory system). A state of perfect health is ''Anirvedovarta Lakshanam'' (i.e., life without any indication or perception of being alive).(Cha.Su.25/40)

[[Indriya Sthana]] deals with the observation of signs predicting lifespan and signs indicative of reduced duration of remaining life (also called ''arishta lakshana''). The word ''Indriya'' literally means organ, sense, force, vigor.<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary available from http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=Indriya&direct=au retrieved on April 19, 2019</ref>. In the present context, it means ''Prana'' or vital life force.<ref>Commentary by Chakrapani on Cha.Indriya 1/1-2 available on http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=adhi retrieved on April 19, 2019</ref>. The seat of ''prana'' in the body is ''Sneha'' or ''Ojus''. ''Indriya'' (sense organs) are said to be the ''linga'' (organs) of ''prana''. An important concept discussed in this section is termed ''Indriyadushti'' (damage to the sensory system). A state of perfect health is ''Anirvedovarta Lakshanam'' (i.e., life without any indication or perception of being alive).(Cha.Su.25/40)

===Logical sequencing of chapters===

===Logical sequencing of chapters===

Life begins with the association of consciousness, or the ''atma'', with the five fundamental elements (earth, air, fire, ether, and water, or the ''panchamahabhuta'') and ends in the dissolution of this association. Since this union (that results in a living being) is by no means permanent and since there is always a possibility of dissolution or death anytime, Ayurvedic texts emphasized on identifying certain signs and symptoms that could forebear, with some level of certainty, imminent death. This section is dedicated to such determinants and is structured in the form of 12 chapters.

Life begins with the association of consciousness, or the ''atma'', with the five fundamental elements (earth, air, fire, ether, and water, or the ''panchamahabhuta'') and ends in the dissolution of this association. Since this union (that results in a living being) is by no means permanent and since there is always a possibility of dissolution or death anytime, Ayurvedic texts emphasize on identifying certain signs and symptoms that could forebear, with some level of certainty, imminent death. This section is dedicated to such determinants and is structured in the form of 12 chapters.

===Glimpses of Chapters===

===Glimpses of Chapters===

* Signs and symptoms (''arishtas'') of imminent death specific to pathologies afflicting sense organs that can be perceived by sensory deficiencies (e.g.,  ''varna'' (color), ''swara'' (voices/sounds), ''gandha'' (smell), ''rasa'' (taste), ''sparsha''(touch),along with ''chhaya'' (complexion) and ''prabha'' (radiance)) are addressed in chapters [[Varnasvariyamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Pushpitakamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Parimarshaneeyamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Indriyaneeka]], [[Pannarupiya]] and [[Yasyashyavanimitta]].

* Signs and symptoms (''arishtas'') of imminent death can be perceived by specific changes in sensory system (e.g.,  ''varna'' (color), ''swara'' (voices/sounds), ''gandha'' (smell), ''rasa'' (taste), ''sparsha''(touch),along with ''chhaya'' (complexion) and ''prabha'' (radiance)) are addressed in chapters [[Varnasvariyamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Pushpitakamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Parimarshaneeyamindriyam Adhyaya]], [[Indriyaneeka]], [[Pannarupiya]] and [[Yasyashyavanimitta]].

* Clinically useful early warning signs have been mentioned in [[Purvarupeeya]].

* Clinically useful early warning signs have been mentioned in [[Purvarupeeya]].