Changes

==== ''Hikka'' ====

==== ''Hikka'' ====

Continuous stimulation of diaphragm causes bouts of hiccups. Due to which the air is expelled out with loud sound (mahasabdha) and due to continuous diaphragmatic movement the patient is unable to eat (margam chaivannapananam runaddhy). Severe and prolonged hiccup may lead to exhaustion, fatigue, malnutrition, weight loss, dehydration and even death in the extreme situations.  

Continuous stimulation of diaphragm causes bouts of hiccups. Due to which the air is expelled out with loud sound (''mahasabdha'') and due to continuous diaphragmatic movement the patient is unable to eat (''margam chaivannapananam runaddhi''). Severe and prolonged hiccups may lead to exhaustion, fatigue, malnutrition, weight loss, dehydration and even death in the extreme situations.  

The hyperventilation due to hiccups can lead to hypocapnia i.e. reduced level of CO2 in blood leading to cerebral vasoconstriction, leading to cerebral hypoxia and this can cause transient dizziness (upahatasmruteh), visual disturbances, and anxiety.  

The hyperventilation due to hiccups can lead to hypocapnia i.e. reduced level of CO2 in blood leading to cerebral vasoconstriction, leading to cerebral hypoxia and this can cause transient dizziness (''upahatasmruteh''), visual disturbances, and anxiety.  

Pranvahasrotas involves the respiratory centre in the brain (prano atra murdhaga) alongwith respiratory tract from nasal cavity till the alveoli. Role of hridaya is also significant. The cardio-pulmonary relationship can be easily understood in diseases like left ventricular failure with marked decrease in ejection fraction and pulmonary congestion leading to respiratory distress. Hridaya is mulasthan for rasavahasrotas. Rasa and rakta dhatu are part and parcel of udakvahasrotas. The content of udakvahasrotas is decided by the gastro intestinal tract. Thus one can understand why mahasrotas has been mentioned as mulasthan of pranvahasrotas.

''Pranvahasrotas'' involves the respiratory center in the brain (''prano atra murdhaga'') along with respiratory tract from nasal cavity till the alveoli. Role of ''hridaya'' is also significant. The cardio-pulmonary relationship can be easily understood in diseases like left ventricular failure with marked decrease in ejection fraction and pulmonary congestion leading to respiratory distress. ''Hridaya'' is mulasthan for ''rasavahasrotas''. ''Rasa'' and ''rakta dhatu'' are part and parcel of ''udakvahasrotas''. The content of ''udakvahasrotas'' is decided by the gastrointestinal tract. Thus one can understand why ''mahasrotas'' has been mentioned as ''mulasthana'' of ''pranvahasrotas''.

Matta rishabha eva nisha (like a bull): explains the nasal flares. Nasal flaring is when the nostrils widen while a person is breathing. It is a sign that the person is having difficulty breathing. It is most commonly seen in children and infants; in those cases nasal flaring can indicate respiratory distress. Respiratory distress occurs in connection with various physical ailments, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, a serious reaction to various forms of injuries to the lung, and infant respiratory distress syndrome, a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs.

''Matta rishabha eva nisha'' (like a bull): explains the nasal flares. Nasal flaring is when the nostrils widen while a person is breathing. It is a sign that the person is having difficulty breathing. It is most commonly seen in children and infants; in those cases nasal flaring can indicate respiratory distress. Respiratory distress occurs in connection with various physical ailments, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, a serious reaction to various forms of injuries to the lung, and infant respiratory distress syndrome, a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs.

==== Management ====

==== Management ====