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{{Infobox
|title = Madanakalpa Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 1
|label2 = Preceding Chapter
|data2 = None
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Jimutaka Kalpa]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|header3 =
}}
=== Abstract ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">The chapter [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] deals with the basic and important concepts about the drugs used for ''vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). Among the emetic drugs, ''Madanaphala'' is the best because it does not produces any adverse effects, therefore the section of [[Kalpa Sthana]] is started from ''Madanaphala'' formulations. Hereafter,a brief definition of ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'', and the mode of action of these drugs has been described. The factors responsible for promoting therapeutic efficacy of these drugs have also been mentioned. Further, three kinds of habitats and the characteristic features of these habitats, suitable time and method for drug collection are given. Subsequent to collecting the drugs (or herbs), storage and formulations of ''Madanaphala'' and specific procedure for administering emetic drugs have been given. Several dosage forms of ''Madanaphala'' viz. – pills, powders, linctuses, ''utkarika'', ''vati'', ''modaka'', ''sashkuli'' and in the forms of ''badara'' and ''sashava'' have been discussed. At the end of the chapter, important synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' viz. ''madana'', ''karahata'', ''ratha'', ''pinditaka'', ''phala'' and ''ivasana'' is given.
'''Keywords''': ''Madanaphala'', ''vamana, virechana''
=== Introduction ===
In the preceding section to [[Kalpa Sthana]], i.e., in [[Chikitsa Sthana]], therapeutic emesis and purgation have been prescribed in the context of the treatment of various diseases. In this section, these recipes have been described in detail. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy. Therefore the chapters describing emetic therapy are placed before the chapters dealing with purgative therapy in [[Kalpa Sthana]].
Among emetic drugs, ''Madanaphala'' is considered to be the best because it does not cause any adverse effect. That explains why a chapter on ''Madanaphala'' precedes all other chapters in this section.
''Kalpa'' means "that which is processed". In this context, pharmaceutical preparations are called ''Kalpa''. This ''Sthana'' is called [[Kalpa Sthana]] since formulations of emetics and purgatives have been described here. The preparations which expel the ''dosha'' upwards through mouth are called ''Urdhavabhagahara'' (emetics) and those which expel downwards through rectum are ''Adhobhagahara'' (purgatives). For this action, the ''vamana'' drugs having ''vayu'' and ''agni'' predominance and ''virechana'' drugs are ''prithvi'' and ''jala'' predominant. But the ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' action is mainly due to ''prabhava'' (effect). It is clearly mentioned that these drugs became efficacious by the effect of ''desha'' (appropriate habitat), ''kala'' (season and time), ''guna'' (enriched with excellent attributes) and ''bhaajana'' (storing in appropriate containers).
In this reference three basic kind of ''desha'' (habitat) i.e. ''jangala'', ''anupa'' and ''sadharana'' have been ascribed on the basis of specific flora and fauna. Laws for collection of different parts of a plant ,i.e., roots in summers or late winter when the leaves of the trees have ripened and withered away; barks, rhizome and latex in autumn; heartwood in ''Hemanta'' (early winter); and flowers and fruits during appropriate seasons have been laid out.
Since these are variations with regard to place (''desha'') and time (''kala''), preparations and processing of drugs and it is not possible to prescribe one drug which might be universally applicable. Moreover the drugs may not be available everywhere. Hence a number of formulations of ''Madanaphala'' are described. The physician may select one out of them which is suitable for the person.
Further the number six hundred for ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' preparations is not restrictive, it is only for guidance to brilliant scholars to formulate more while it would serve as standard for average physician.
Thus, the first chapter ''Madanakalpa'' throws the light on complete [[Kalpa Sthana]] and also deals with the basic concepts to understand the habitat, collection and storage of unprocessed drugs (or ingredients) and the pharmacodynamics of ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs.
</div>
=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
अथातो मदनकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
athātō madanakalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
Now (I) shall expound the chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana''. [1]
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
Thus said Lord Atreya. [2]
==== Objective of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ====
अथ खलु वमनविरेचनार्थं वमनविरेचनद्रव्याणां सुखोपभोगतमैः सहान्यैर्द्रव्यैर्विविधैः कल्पनार्थं भेदार्थं विभागार्थं चेत्यर्थः,तद्योगानां च क्रियाविधेः सुखोपायस्य सम्यगुपकल्पनार्थं कल्पस्थानमुपदेक्ष्यामोऽग्निवेश!||३||
atha khalu vamanavirēcanārthaṁ vamanavirēcanadravyāṇāṁ sukhōpabhōgatamaiḥsahānyairdravyairvividhaiḥ kalpanārthaṁ bhēdārthaṁ vibhāgārthaṁ cētyarthaḥ, tadyōgānāṁ cakriyāvidhēḥ sukhōpāyasya samyagupakalpanārthaṁ kalpasthānamupadēkṣyāmō'gnivēśa!||3||
Now I shall expound the section on pharmaceuticals that deals with preparations of emetic and purgative drugs, describing combinations and administration of these formulations and simple methods for the purpose of emesis and purgation, O Agnivesha [3]
==== ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) ====
तत्र दोषहरणमूर्ध्वभागं वमनसञ्ज्ञकम्, अधोभागं विरेचनसञ्ज्ञकम्; उभयं वा शरीरमलविरेचनाद्विरेचनसञ्ज्ञां लभते||४||
tatra dōṣaharaṇamūrdhvabhāgaṁ Vamanasañjñakam, adhōbhāgaṁ virēcanasañjñakam; ubhayaṁ vāśarīramalavirēcanādvirēcanasañjñāṁ labhatē||4||
Of all drugs, those that eliminate impurities from the upper part are known as emetics while those that act via the lower part are called purgatives. Or (broadly), both are collectively termed as evacuatives (or purgatives) because of their purging out excrement from the body. [4]
==== Pharmacodynamics of ''Vamana'' ====
तत्रोष्ण-तीक्ष्ण-सूक्ष्म-व्यवायि-विकाशीन्यौषधानि स्ववीर्येण हृदयमुपेत्य धमनीरनुसृत्य स्थूलाणुस्रोतोभ्यः केवलं शरीरगतंदोषसङ्घातमाग्नेयत्वाद् विष्यन्दयन्ति, तैक्ष्ण्याद् विच्छिन्दन्ति, स विच्छिन्नः परिप्लवन् [१] स्नेहभाविते कायेस्नेहाक्तभाजनस्थमिवक्षौद्रमसज्जन्नणुप्रवणभावादामाशयमागम्योदानप्रणुन्नोऽग्निवाय्वात्मकत्वादूर्ध्वभागप्रभावादौषधस्योर्ध्वमुत्क्षिप्यते,सलिलपृथिव्यात्मकत्वादधोभागप्रभावाच्चौषधस्याधः प्रवर्तते, उभयतश्चोभयगुणत्वात्|
इति लक्षणोद्देशः||५||
tatrōṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-sūkṣma-vyavāyi-vikāśīnyauṣadhāni svavīryēṇa hr̥dayamupētya dhamanīranusr̥tya sthūlāṇusrōtōbhyaḥ kēvalaṁ śarīragataṁdōṣasaṅghātamāgnēyatvād viṣyandayanti, taikṣṇyād vicchindanti, sa vicchinnaḥ pariplavan [1] snēhabhāvitē kāyē snēhāktabhājanasthamivakṣaudramasajjannaṇupravaṇabhāvādāmāśayamāgamyōdānapraṇunnō'
gnivāyvātmakatvādūrdhvabhāgaprabhāvādauṣadhasyōrdhvamutkṣipyatē,salilapr̥thivyātmakatvādadhōbhāgaprabhāvāccauṣadhasyādhaḥ pravartatē, ubhayataścōbhayaguṇatvāt| iti lakṣaṇōddēśaḥ||5||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The ''ushna'', ''tikshna'', ''sukshma'', ''vyavayi'' and ''vikashi'' drugs, because of their vigorous ability in reaching the heart and circulating through the vessels, affect masses of impurity within the entire body, liquefying them and making them pass through large and small ducts (due to the fiery nature of such drugs) and detach them due to their sharpness. Consequently the detached masses left floating get ejected by ''udana'' (''vayu''). They get thrown upwards because of the natural composition of the drug with ''agni'' and ''vayu'' (''Mahabhutas'') and the specific potency (for emesis). When the natural composition of the drug predominates in ''jala'' and ''prithvi'' and there is specific potency (for purgation), it goes down. When both the above characters are combined it moves both ways. Thus the definition is said in brief. [5]
</div>
==== List of Drugs for ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ====
तत्र फल-जीमूतकेक्ष्वाकु-धामार्गव-कुटज-कृतवेधनानां, श्यामा-त्रिवृच्चतुरङ्गुल-तिल्वक-महावृक्ष-सप्तला-शङ्खिनी-दन्ती-द्रवन्तीनां च, नानाविधदेशकालसम्भवास्वाद-रस-वीर्य-विपाक-प्रभावग्रहणाद् देह-दोष-प्रकृति-वयो-बलाग्नि-भक्ति-सात्म्य-रोगावस्थादीनां नानाप्रभाववत्त्वाच्च, विचित्रगन्ध-वर्ण-रस-स्पर्शानामुपयोगसुखार्थमसङ्ख्येयसंयोगानामपि चसतां द्रव्याणां विकल्पमार्गोपदर्शनार्थं षड्विरेचनयोगशतानि व्याख्यास्यामः||६||
tatra phala-jīmūtakēkṣvāku-dhāmārgava-kuṭaja-kr̥tavēdhanānāṁ, śyāmā-trivr̥ccaturaṅgula-tilvaka-mahāvr̥kṣa-saptalā-śaṅkhinī-dantī-dravantīnāṁ ca, nānāvidhadēśakālasambhavāsvāda-rasa-vīrya-vipāka-prabhāvagrahaṇād dēha-dōṣa-prakr̥ti-vayō-balāgni-bhakti-sātmya-rōgāvasthādīnāṁnānāprabhāvavattvācca, vicitragandha-varṇa-rasa-sparśānāmupayōgasukhārthamasaṅkhyēyasaṁyōgānāmapi ca satāṁ dravyāṇāṁvikalpamārgōpadarśanārthaṁ ṣaḍvirēcanayōgaśatāni vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||6||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Here I will describe six hundred evacuative formulations involving ''Madanaphala'', ''jimuta'', ''ikshvaku'', ''dhamargava'', ''kutaja'' and ''kritvedhana'' (all emetics); ''shyama'', ''trivrita'', ''chaturangula'', ''tilvaka'', ''mahavriksha, saptala, shankhini, danti'' - there are innumerable combinations of drugs due to variations in habitat, place and time; taste, ''Rasa, Virya, Vipaka'' and ''Prabhava'' (of drugs); in body, morbidity, constitution, age, strength, ''agni'', inclination, suitability, states of disease etc. (of the patient) and in smell, color, taste and touch (of vehicles and subsidiary drugs) for easy administration. [6]
</div>
तानि तु द्रव्याणि देश-काल-गुण-भाजन-सम्पद्वीर्यबलाधानात् क्रियासमर्थतमानि भवन्ति||७||
tāni tu dravyāṇi dēśa-kāla-guṇa-bhājana-sampadvīryabalādhānāt kriyāsamarthatamāni bhavanti||7||
These drugs are the most potent when they are exposed to the most suitable of place, time, properties and containers. [7]
==== Three Types of ''Desha'' (regions or habitats) ====
त्रिविधः खलु देशः- जाङ्गलः, आनूपः, साधारणश्चेति|
तत्र जाङ्गलः पर्याकाशभूयिष्ठः, तरुभिरपि च कदर-खदिरासनाश्वकर्ण-धव-तिनिश-शल्लकी-साल-सोमवल्क-बदरी-तिन्दुकाश्वत्थ-वटामलकीवनगहनः, अनेकशमी-ककुभ-शिंशपाप्रायः, स्थिरशुष्कपवनबलविधूयमानप्रनृत्यत्तरुणविटपः,प्रततमृगतृष्णिकोपगूढतनुखरपरुषसिकताशर्कराबहुलः, लावतित्तिरिचकोरानुचरितभूमिभागः, वातपित्तबहुलः,स्थिरकठिनमनुष्यप्रायो ज्ञेयः, अथानूपो हिन्तालतमालनारिकेलकदलीवनगहनः, सरित्समुद्रपर्यन्तप्रायः, शिशिरपवनबहुलः,वञ्जुलवानीरोपशोभिततीराभिः सरिद्भिरुपगतभूमिभागः, क्षितिधरनिकुञ्जोपशोभितः, मन्दपवनानुवीजितक्षितिरुहगहनः,अनेकवनराजीपुष्पितवनगहनभूमिभागः, स्निग्धतरुप्रतानोपगूढः, हंस-चक्रवाक-बलाका-नन्दीमुख-पुण्डरीक-कादम्ब-मद्गु -भृङ्गराज-शतपत्र-मत्तकोकिलानुनादिततरुविटपः, सुकुमारपुरुषः, पवनकफप्रायो ज्ञेयः; अनयोरेवद्वयोर्देशयोर्वीरुद्वनस्पतिवानस्पत्यशकुनिमृगगणयुतः स्थिरसुकुमारबलवर्णसंहननोपपन्नसाधारणगुणयुक्तपुरुषःसाधारणो ज्ञेयः||८||
trividhaḥ khalu dēśaḥ- jāṅgalaḥ, ānūpaḥ, sādhāraṇaścēti|
tatra jāṅgalaḥ paryākāśabhūyiṣṭhaḥ, tarubhirapi ca kadara-khadirāsanāśvakarṇa-dhava-tiniśa-śallakī-sāla-sōmavalka-badarī-tindukāśvattha-vaṭāmalakīvanagahanaḥ, anēkaśamī-kakubha-śiṁśapāprāyaḥ,sthiraśuṣkapavanabalavidhūyamānapranr̥tyattaruṇaviṭapaḥ, pratatamr̥gatr̥ṣṇikōpagūḍhatanukharaparuṣasikatāśarkarābahulaḥ, lāvatittiricakōrānucaritabhūmibhāgaḥ,vātapittabahulaḥ, sthirakaṭhinamanuṣyaprāyō jñēyaḥ, athānūpō hintālatamālanārikēlakadalīvanagahanaḥ,saritsamudraparyantaprāyaḥ, śiśirapavanabahulaḥ, vañjulavānīrōpaśōbhitatīrābhiḥsaridbhirupagatabhūmibhāgaḥ, kṣitidharanikuñjōpaśōbhitaḥ, mandapavanānuvījitakṣitiruhagahanaḥ,anēkavanarājīpuṣpitavanagahanabhūmibhāgaḥ, snigdhatarupratānōpagūḍhaḥ, haṁsa-cakravāka-balākā-nandīmukha-puṇḍarīka-kādamba-madgu -bhr̥ṅgarāja-śatapatra-mattakōkilānunāditataruviṭapaḥ, sukumārapuruṣaḥ, pavanakaphaprāyō jñēyaḥ; anayōrēvadvayōrdēśayōrvīrudvanaspativānaspatyaśakunimr̥gagaṇayutaḥsthirasukumārabalavarṇasaṁhananōpapannasādhāraṇaguṇayuktapuruṣaḥ sādhāraṇō jñēyaḥ||8||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
A region could be of three types – arid, marshy and medium/normal. Of these, the arid zone is primarily sparse. As regards plants, there are dense fruits of ''Kadara, Khadira, Asana, Aswakarna, Dhava, Tinisa, Sallaki, Sala, Somavalka, Badari, Tinduka, Asvaittha, Vata'' and ''Amalaki,'' predominance of ''Sami, Kakubha'' and ''Shimshipa,'' young (immature) plants that are firm, dry and those that, when shaken with severe winds, sway vigorously as if dancing. The land abounds in mirages, is thin, coarse, rough and abounds in sand and gravels. The region is inhabited by birds such as the common quail, partridge, ''chakora''. The place abounds in ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and is inhabited mostly by firm and hard people.
Marshy regions have dense forests of ''Hintala, Tamala,'', coconut trees, and banana plants. These lands adjoin coasts of sea and rivers, abounding in cold breeze. The land is intercepted by water streams having ''Vanjula'' and ''Vanira'' (willow) plants on banks, adorned with hills and bowers, abounding in trees attended by mild breeze. The region is full of rows of flowered plants in abundance, embraced with amorous branches of trees resounding with coos of swan, ''Chakravaka,'' crane, ''Nandimukha, Pundanka, Kadamba, Madgu, Bhringaraja, Sataparna'' and the intoxicatingly sweet ''koyal''. The region is typically inhabited by delicate people and is dominated by ''vata'' and ''kapha''.
A region is considered to be of medium or normal kind that has the combined characters of the above two in respect of plants, birds and animals and is inhabited by people firm, delicate, endowed with strength, complexion and compactness and other medium qualities. [8]
</div>
==== Characteristics of a Suitable ''Desha'' for Medicinal Plants ====
तत्र देशे साधारणे जाङ्गले वा यथाकालं शिशिरातपपवनसलिलसेविते समे शुचौ प्रदक्षिणोदके श्मशान-चैत्य-देवयजनागार-सभा-श्वभ्राराम-वल्मीकोषरविरहिते कुशरोहिषास्तीर्णे स्निग्धकृष्णमधुरमृत्तिके सुवर्णवर्णमधुरमृत्तिके वामृदावफालकृष्टेऽनुपहतेऽन्यैर्बलवत्तरैर्द्रुमैरौषधानि जातानि प्रशस्यन्ते||९||
tatra dēśē sādhāraṇē jāṅgalē vā yathākālaṁ śiśirātapapavanasalilasēvitē samē śucau pradakṣiṇōdakēśmaśāna-caitya-dēvayajanāgāra-sabhā-śvabhrārāma-valmīkōṣaravirahitē kuśarōhiṣāstīrṇēsnigdhakr̥ṣṇamadhuramr̥ttikē suvarṇavarṇamadhuramr̥ttikē vāmr̥dāvaphālakr̥ṣṭē'nupahatē'nyairbalavattarairdrumairauṣadhāni jātāni praśasyantē||9|
Medicinal plants grown in medium or arid zones, nourished timely with cold, sun (heat), air and water, even, clean, with facilities of water, except cremation ground, sacred place, temple, meeting place, ditch, orchard, ant-hills and barren land, covered with ''kusha'' and ''rohisha'' plants, having unctuous, black, sweet or golden sweet soil, soft, unploughed,and unaffected by other stronger plants are recommended (for us). [9]
==== Method of Collection of Medicinal Plants ====
तत्र यानि कालजातान्युपागतसम्पूर्णप्रमाण-रसवीर्य-गन्धानि कालातपाग्निसलिलपवनजन्तुभिरनुपहतगन्ध-वर्ण-रस-स्पर्श-प्रभावाणि प्रत्यग्राण्युदीच्यां दिशि स्थितानि; तेषां शाखापलाशमचिरप्ररूढं वर्षावसन्तयोर्ग्राह्यं, ग्रीष्मे मूलानि शिशिरे वाशीर्णप्ररूढपर्णानां, शरदि त्वक्कन्दक्षीराणि, हेमन्ते साराणि, यथर्तु पुष्पफलमिति; मङ्गलाचारः कल्याणवृत्तः शुचिःशुक्लवासाः सम्पूज्य देवता अश्विनौ गोब्राह्मणांश्च कृतोपवासः प्राङ्मुख उदङ्मुखो वा गृह्णीयात्||१०||
tatra yāni kālajātānyupāgatasampūrṇapramāṇa-rasavīrya-gandhāni kālātapāgnisalilapavanajantubhiranupahatagandha-varṇa-rasa-sparśa-prabhāvāṇi pratyagrāṇyudīcyāṁdiśi sthitāni; tēṣāṁ śākhāpalāśamaciraprarūḍhaṁ varṣāvasantayōrgrāhyaṁ, grīṣmē mūlāni śiśirē vāśīrṇaprarūḍhaparṇānāṁ, śaradi tvakkandakṣīrāṇi, hēmantē sārāṇ,yathartu puṣpaphalamiti;maṅgalācāraḥ kalyāṇavr̥ttaḥ śuciḥ śuklavāsāḥ sampūjya dēvatā aśvinau gōbrāhmaṇāṁśca kr̥tōpavāsaḥprāṅmukha udaṅmukhō vā gr̥hṇīyāt||10||
Of all medicinal plants, those that are grown in time (proper season), grow mature with taste, potency and smell; have smell, color, taste, touch and efficacy unaffected by time, sun, fire, water, air and organisms, are fresh and situated in northern direction (should be collected). Their branches and leaves should be collected in rainy seasons and when those plants are fully matured; bark, tubers and latex should be collected in autumn; heartwood in early winter and flowers and fruits according to their season. These should be collected by one with auspicious behavior, benevolent conduct, cleanliness and white dress after worshiping, observing fast and facing toward east or north. [10]
==== Method of Storage ====
गृहीत्वा चानुरूपगुणवद्भाजनस्थान्यागारेषू प्रागुदग्द्वारेषु निवातप्रवातैकदेशेषु नित्यपुष्पोपहारबलिकर्मवत्सु, अग्नि-सलिलोपस्वेद-धूम-रजो-मूषक-चतुष्पदामनभिगमनीयानि स्ववच्छन्नानि शिक्येष्वासज्य स्थापयेत्||११||
gr̥hītvā cānurūpaguṇavadbhājanasthānyāgārēṣū prāgudagdvārēṣu nivātapravātaikadēśēṣunityapuṣpōpahārabalikarmavatsu, agni-salilōpasvēda-dhūma-rajō-mūṣaka-catuṣpadāmanabhigamanīyānisvavacchannāni śikyēṣvāsajya sthāpayēt||11||
After collecting the plant extracts, they should be kept in suitable containers and stored in rooms facing eastward or northward, devoid of wind but well ventilated , and daily ritualized with offering of flower and other things, holding them up in a swing of rope well-covered and making them unapproachable for fire, water, humidity, smoke, dust, rats and quadrupeds. [11]
==== Administration per ''Dosha'' Dominance ====
तानि च यथादोषं प्रयुञ्जीत सुरा-सौवीरक-तुषोदक-मैरेय-मेदक-धान्याम्ल -फलाम्ल-दध्यम्लादिभिर्वाते, मृद्वीकामलक -मधु-मधुक-परूषक-फाणितक्षीरादिभिः पित्ते, श्लेष्मणि तु मधु-मूत्र-कषायादिभिर्भावितान्यालोडितानि च; इत्युद्देशः|
तं विस्तरेण द्रव्य-देह-दोष-सात्म्यादीनि प्रविभज्य व्याख्यास्यामः||१२||
tāni ca yathādōṣaṁ prayuñjīta surā-sauvīraka-tuṣōdaka-mairēya-mēdaka-dhānyāmla -phalāmla-dadhyamlādibhirvātē, mr̥dvīkāmalaka -madhu-madhuka-parūṣaka-phāṇitakṣīrādibhiḥ pittē, ślēṣmaṇi tumadhu-mūtra- kaṣāyādibhirbhāvitānyālōḍitāni ca; ityuddēśaḥ| taṁ vistarēṇa dravya-dēha-dōṣa-sātmyādīni pravibhajya vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||12||
These (drugs) should be administered according to the relevant ''dosha'', with an appropriate vehicle/medium such as wine, ''Sauviraka, Tusodaka, Maireya, Medaka,'' ''Dhanyamla, Phalamla,'' sour curd, etc. in ''vata''; grapes, ''Amalaka'', honey, ''Madhuka, Parusaka, Phanita,'' milk etc. in ''pitta'' and in ''kapha'' impregnated with or dissolved in honey, urine and decoction etc. This is in a nutshell. This will be explained further in details according to drugs, body, morbidity, suitability etc. [12]
==== Administration of ''Madanaphala'' ====
वमनद्रव्याणां मदनफलानि श्रेष्ठतमान्याचक्षते, अनपायित्वात्|
तानि वसन्तग्रीष्मयोरन्तरे [पुष्याश्वयुग्भ्यां मृगशिरसा वा गृह्णीयान्मैत्रे मुहूर्ते|
यानि पक्वान्यकाणान्यहरितानि पाण्डून्यक्रिमीण्यपूतीन्यजन्तुजग्धान्यह्रस्वानि; तानि प्रमृज्य , कुशपुटे बद्ध्वा,गोमयेनालिप्य, यवतु(बु)षमाषशालिकुलत्थमुद्गपलानामन्यतमे निदध्यादष्टरात्रम्|
अत ऊर्ध्वं मृदूभूतानि मध्विष्टगन्धान्युद्धृत्य शोषयेत्| सुशुष्काणां फलपिप्पलीरुद्धरेत् |
तासां घृतदधिमधुपललविमृदितानां पुनः शुष्काणां नवं कलशं सुप्रमृष्टवालुकमरजस्कमाकण्ठं पूरयित्वा स्ववच्छन्नं स्वनुगुप्तंशिक्येष्वासज्य सम्यक् स्थापयेत्||१३||
vamanadravyāṇāṁ madanaphalāni śrēṣṭhatamānyācakṣatē, anapāyitvāt|
tāni vasantagrīṣmayōrantarē puṣyāśvayugbhyāṁ mr̥gaśirasā vā gr̥hṇīyānmaitrē muhūrtē|
yāni pakvānyakāṇānyaharitāni pāṇḍūnyakrimīṇyapūtīnyajantujagdhānyahrasvāni; tāni pramr̥jya ,kuśapuṭē baddhvā, gōmayēnālipya, yavatu(bu)ṣamāṣaśālikulatthamudgapalānāmanyatamē nidadhyādaṣṭarātram| ata ūrdhvaṁ mr̥dūbhūtāni madhviṣṭagandhānyuddhr̥tya śōṣayēt|
suśuṣkāṇāṁ phalapippalīruddharēt | tāsāṁ ghr̥tadadhimadhupalalavimr̥ditānāṁ punaḥ śuṣkāṇāṁ navaṁ kalaśaṁsupramr̥ṣṭavālukamarajaskamākaṇṭhaṁ pūrayitvā svavacchannaṁ svanuguptaṁ śikyēṣvāsajya samyaksthāpayēt||13||
Of all the emetic drugs, ''Madana'' fruits are regarded as the best ones because they are free from complications. These should be collected during the period of transition between spring and summer in ''Pusya, Aswini'' or ''Mrigasiras'' constellation and ''Maitra Muhurta''. Those which are ripe, undamaged, non-green, of pale color, free organisms, under-composed, uneaten by animals, not too small (immature) should be taken. Having been washed, wrapped within ''Kusa'' grass and pasted with fresh cow-dung they should be stored for eight days in the heap of one of the following-barley husk, black gram, ''Sali'' rice, horse gram and green gram. Thereafter when they are softened and develop good honey-like aroma they should be taken out and dried (in the sun). When they are well-dried, their pepper-like seeds should be mixed gently with ghee, curd, honey and sesamum paste and again dried. Finally they should be filled up in a new earthen pitcher, well-cleaned and dustless, up to neck and placed well on a swing of rope well-covered and well-protected. [13]
{| class="wikitable center"
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Madanaphalafruits1.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Madanaphalarandia.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala Fruits
|<!--Col2-->Madanaphala Randia
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Madanaphalafruits2.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:MadanaphalaHay.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala Fruits
|<!--Col2-->Madanaphala covered with hay
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:MadanaphalaDung.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Processing1.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala covered with cow-dung
|<!--Col2-->Processed for eight nights
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Processing2.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Processing3M.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Processed for eight nights
|<!--Col2-->Processed for eight nights
|}
==== Procedure of ''Vamana'' ====
अथ च्छर्दनीयमातुरं द्व्यहं त्र्यहं वा स्नेहस्वेदोपपन्नं श्वश्छर्दयितव्यमिति ग्राम्यानूपौदकमांसरस-क्षीर-दधि-माष-तिल-शाकादिभिः समुत्क्लेशितश्लेष्माणं व्युषितं जीर्णाहारं पूर्वाह्णे कृतबलिहोममङ्गलप्रायश्चित्तं निरन्नमनतिस्निग्धं यवाग्वाघृतमात्रां पीतवन्तं, तासां फलपिप्पलीनामन्तर्नखमुष्टिं यावद्वा साधु मन्येत जर्जरीकृत्य यष्टिमधुकषायेण कोविदार-कर्बुदार-नीप-विदुल-बिम्बी-शणपुष्पी-सदापुष्पी-प्रत्यक्पुष्पीकषायाणामन्यतमेन वा रात्रिमुषितं विमृद्य पूतं मधुसैन्धवयुक्तंसुखोष्णं कृत्वा पूर्णं शरावं मन्त्रेणानेनाभिमन्त्रयेत्- ‘ॐ ब्रह्मदक्षाश्विरुद्रेन्द्रभूचन्द्रार्कानिलानलाः| ऋषयः सौषधिग्रामा भूतसङ्घाश्च पान्तु ते|
रसायनमिवर्षीणां देवानाममृतं यथा| सुधेवोत्तमनागानां भैषज्यमिदमस्तु ते’|
इत्येवमभिमन्त्र्योदङ्मुखं प्राङ्मुखं वाऽऽतुरं पाययेच्छ्लेष्मज्वरगुल्मप्रतिश्यायार्तं विशेषेण पुनः पुनरापित्तागमनात्, तेन साधुवमति; हीनवेगं तु पिप्पल्यामलक-सर्षप-वचाकल्कलवणोष्णोदकैः पुनः पुनः प्रवर्तयेदापित्तदर्शनात्|
इत्येष सर्वश्छर्दनयोगविधिः||१४||
atha cchardanīyamāturaṁ dvyahaṁ tryahaṁ vā snēhasvēdōpapannaṁ śvaśchardayitavyamitigrāmyānūpaudakamāṁsarasa-kṣīra-dadhi-māṣa-tila-śākādibhiḥ samutklēśitaślēṣmāṇaṁ vyuṣitaṁjīrṇāhāraṁ pūrvāhṇē kr̥tabalihōmamaṅgalaprāyaścittaṁ nirannamanatisnigdhaṁ yavāgvā ghr̥tamātrāṁpītavantaṁ, tāsāṁ phalapippalīnāmantarnakhamuṣṭiṁ yāvadvā sādhu manyēta jarjarīkr̥tyayaṣṭimadhukaṣāyēṇa kōvidāra-karbudāra-nīpa-vidula-bimbī-śaṇapuṣpī-sadāpuṣpī-pratyakpuṣpī-kaṣāyāṇāmanyatamēna vā rātrimuṣitaṁ vimr̥dya pūtaṁ madhusaindhavayuktaṁ sukhōṣṇaṁ kr̥tvā pūrṇaṁśarāvaṁ mantrēṇānēnābhimantrayēt-
‘ōṁ brahmadakṣāśvirudrēndrabhūcandrārkānilānalāḥ|
r̥ṣayaḥ sauṣadhigrāmā bhūtasaṅghāśca pāntu tē|
rasāyanamivarṣīṇāṁ dēvānāmamr̥taṁ yathā|
sudhēvōttamanāgānāṁ bhaiṣajyamidamastu tē’|
ityēvamabhimantryōdaṅmukhaṁ prāṅmukhaṁ vā''turaṁ pāyayēcchlēṣmajvaragulmapratiśyāyārtaṁviśēṣēṇa punaḥ punarāpittāgamanāt, tēna sādhu vamati; hīnavēgaṁ tu pippalyāmalaka-sarṣapa-vacākalkalavaṇōṣṇōdakaiḥ punaḥ punaḥ pravartayēdāpittadarśanāt|
ityēṣa sarvaśchardanayōgavidhiḥ||14||
<div style="text-align:justify;">The patient, the subject of emesis, having been administered with unction and sudation for two or three days, should be fed meat soups of domestic, marshy and aquatic animals, milk, curd, black gram, sesamum, vegetable etc. in the night prior to emesis, in order to excite ''kapha''. Next day when the previous food is digested, in the forenoon, after performing offering, oblations, auspicious and expiatory rites, he should take a dose of ghee along with gruel (on an empty stomach) that may not be very smooth or greasy. The physician should take one closed fist sized dosage of seeds of ''Madanaphala'', pound them and impregnate them with a decoction of ''Yastimadhu'' or one of these-''Kovidara, Karbudara, Nipa, Vidula, Bimbi, Sanapuspi'' and ''Prayakpuspi''-for the whole (previous) night. In the morning, this mix should be pressed and filtered, added with honey and rock salt and heated slightly. The cup filled with the drug should be enchanted with the following hymn:-
“Brahma, Daksa, Asvina, Rudra, Indra, Earth, Moon, Sun, Air, Fire, Sages, medicinal plants and multitude of creatures may protect you.This drug may prove for you as ''Rasayana'' for the sages, nectar for the gods and ambrosia for the best among serpents.”
After enchanting thus, the physician should administer the drug to the patient facing northward or eastward particularly suffering from ''kaphaja'' fever, ''gulma'' and coryza time and again until bile begins to come out. Thus he vomits well. If the urges are deficient, they should be moved by administering paste of ''Pippali, Amalaka, Sarsapa, Vacha'' and salt dissolved in hot water frequently till bile is seen. This is the entire method of administration of emetic drugs. [14]
</div>
सर्वेषु तु मधुसैन्धवं कफविलयनच्छेदार्थं वमनेषु विदध्यात्|
न चोष्णविरोधो मधुनश्छर्दनयोगयुक्तस्य, अविपक्वप्रत्यागमनाद्दोषनिर्हरणाच्च||१५||
sarvēṣu tu madhusaindhavaṁ kaphavilayanacchēdārthaṁ vamanēṣu vidadhyāt|
na cōṣṇavirōdhō madhunaśchardanayōgayuktasya, avipakvapratyāgamanāddōṣanirharaṇācca||15||
In all emetic formulations, honey and rock salt should be added for liquefying ''kapha'' (mucus). There is no adverse reaction of honey to heat when added to an emetic formulation as it returns back without digestion and helps in the elimination of impurity. [15]
==== Various Pharmaceutical Preparations of ''Madanaphala'' ====
फलपिप्पलीनां द्वौ द्वौ भागौ कोविदारादिकषायेण त्रिःसप्तकृत्वः स्रावयेत्, तेन रसेन तृतीयं भागं पिष्ट्वा मात्रांहरीतकीभिर्बिभीतकैरामलैर्वा तुल्यां वर्तयेत्, तासामेकां द्वे वा पूर्वोक्तानां कषायाणामन्यतमस्याञ्जलिमात्रेण विमृद्यबलवच्छ्लेष्मप्रसेकग्रन्थिज्वरोदरारुचिषु पाययेदिति समानं पूर्वेण||१६||
phalapippalīnāṁ dvau dvau bhāgau kōvidārādikaṣāyēṇa triḥsaptakr̥tvaḥ srāvayēt, tēna rasēna tr̥tīyaṁbhāgaṁ piṣṭvā mātrāṁ harītakībhirbibhītakairāmalairvā tulyāṁ vartayēt, tāsāmēkāṁ dvē vā pūrvōktānāṁkaṣāyāṇāmanyatamasyāñjalimātrēṇa vimr̥dya balavacchlēṣmaprasēkagranthijvarōdarāruciṣu pāyayēditisamānaṁ pūrvēṇa||16||
Two parts of the seeds of ''Madanphala'' should be washed with the decoction of ''Kovidara'' etc. twenty one times. With this liquid the third part of the same (seeds) should be pounded and made into doses equal to (the fruits) of ''Haritaki, Bibhitaka'' or ''Amalaka''. Of them one or two doses after having been impregnated with one of the above decoctions in quantity of 160 ml. should be administered in cases of severe salivation, glands, fever, ''Udara'' and anorexia. Other things as above. [16]
फलपिप्पलीक्षीरं, तेन वा क्षीरयवागूमधोभागे रक्तपित्ते हृद्दाहे च; तज्जस्य वा दध्न उत्तरकं कफच्छर्दितमकप्रसेकेषु ; तस्यवा पयसः शीतस्य सन्तानिकाञ्जलिं पित्ते प्रकुपिते उरःकण्ठहृदये च तनुकफोपदिग्धे, इति समानं पूर्वेण||१७||
phalapippalīkṣīraṁ, tēna vā kṣīrayavāgūmadhōbhāgē raktapittē hr̥ddāhē ca; tajjasya vā dadhna uttarakaṁkaphaccharditamakaprasēkēṣu ; tasya vā payasaḥ śītasya santānikāñjaliṁ pittē prakupitēuraḥkaṇṭhahr̥dayē ca tanukaphōpadigdhē, iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||17||
Milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and gruel prepared with this milk are given in cases of downward internal haemorrhage and burning sensation in cardiac region.
The supernatant fatty layer of curd prepared from the above milk is useful in ''kaphaja'' vomiting, bronchial asthma and salivation.
The supernatant fatty layer of the above milk when cold is given in the dose of 160 gm. in vitiation of ''pitta'' in chest, throat and cardiac region along with coating of thin ''kapha''. Other things as above. [17]
फलपिप्पलीशृतक्षीरान्नवनीतमुत्पन्नं फलादिकल्ककषायसिद्धं कफाभिभूताग्निं विशुष्यद्देहं च मात्रया पाययेदिति समानंपूर्वेण||१८||
phalapippalīśr̥takṣīrānnavanītamutpannaṁ phalādikalkakaṣāyasiddhaṁ kaphābhibhūtāgniṁviśuṣyaddēhaṁ
ca mātrayā pāyayēditi samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||18||
Butter formed from the milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and processed with the paste and the decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be administered in proper dose to the patients whose ''agni'' is subdued by ''kapha'' and body is being dried up. Other things are as above. [18]
फलपिप्पलीनां फलादिकषायेण त्रिःसप्तकृत्वः सुपरिभावितेन पुष्परजःप्रकाशेन चूर्णेन सरसि सञ्जातं [१] बृहत्सरोरुहंसायाह्नेऽवचूर्णयेत्, तद्रात्रिव्युषितं प्रभाते पुनरवचूर्णितमुद्धृत्य हरिद्राकृसरक्षीरयवागूनामन्यतमंसैन्धवगुडफाणितयुक्तमाकण्ठं पीतवन्तमाघ्रापयेत् सुकुमारमुत्क्लिष्टपित्तकफमौषधद्वेषिणमिति समानं पूर्वेण||१९||
phalapippalīnāṁ phalādikaṣāyēṇa triḥsaptakr̥tvaḥ suparibhāvitēna puṣparajaḥprakāśēna cūrṇēna sarasisañjātaṁ [1] br̥hatsarōruhaṁ sāyāhnē'vacūrṇayēt, tadrātrivyuṣitaṁ prabhātē punaravacūrṇitamuddhr̥tyaharidrākr̥sarakṣīrayavāgūnāmanyatamaṁ saindhavaguḍaphāṇitayuktamākaṇṭhaṁ pītavantamāghrāpayētsukumāramutkliṣṭapittakaphamauṣadhadvēṣiṇamiti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||19||
Pollen- like powder of ''Madanaphala'' seeds made after impregnating it twenty one times with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be cast on a big lotus flower in evening. In the next morning the flower should be plucked and then powdered with the drug . It should be given for inhalation to the patient who is delicate and averse to drugs and has excited ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' after he has taken meal of ''Haridrakrsara'' or ''Ksira-Yavagu'' (gruel prepared with milk) added with rock salt, jaggery and treacle till satiation. Other things are as above. [19]
फलपिप्पलीनां भल्लातकविधिपरिस्रुतं स्वरसं पक्त्वा फाणितीभूतमातन्तुलीभावाल्लेहयेत्; आतपशुष्कं वा चूर्णीकृतंजीमूतकादिकषायेण पित्ते कफस्थानगते पाययेदिति समानं पूर्वेण||२०||
phalapippalīnāṁ bhallātakavidhiparisrutaṁ svarasaṁ paktvā phāṇitībhūtamātantulībhāvāllēhayēt;ātapaśuṣkaṁ vā cūrṇīkr̥taṁ jīmūtakādikaṣāyēṇa pittē kaphasthānagatē pāyayēditi samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||20||
The extract of ''Madanaphala'' seeds prepared per the Bhallataka method should be heated till it becomes thready and treacle-like.
The powder of the seeds dried in the sun should be given with decoction of ''Jimuta'' etc. in (condition of) ''pitta'' located in the seat of ''kapha''. Other things as above. [20]
फलपिप्पलीचूर्णानि पूर्ववत् फलादीनां षण्णामन्यतमकषायस्रुतानि वर्तिक्रियाः फलादिकषायोपसर्जनाः पेया इति समानंपूर्वेण||२१||
phalapippalīcūrṇāni pūrvavat phalādīnāṁ ṣaṇṇāmanyatamakaṣāyasrutāni vartikriyāḥphalādikaṣāyōpasarjanāḥ pēyā iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||21||
The powder of the ''Madanaphala'' can be made into Vartti (caplets) by impregnating it with a decoction of one of the six ''Phaladi'' (''Madana'' etc.) drugs and taken with the above decoction. Other things are as above. [21]
फलपिप्पलीनामारग्वध -वृक्षक-स्वादुकण्टक-पाठा-पाटला-शार्ङ्गेष्टा-मूर्वा-सप्तपर्ण-नक्तमाल-पिचुमर्द-पटोल-सुषवी-गुडूची-सोमवल्क-द्वीपिकानां पिप्पली-पिप्पलीमूल-हस्तिपिप्पली-चित्रक-शृङ्गवेराणां चान्यतमकषायेण सिद्धो लेह इतिसमानं पूर्वेण||२२||
phalapippalīnāmāragvadha -vr̥kṣaka-svādukaṇṭaka-pāṭhā-pāṭalā-śārṅgēṣṭā-mūrvā-saptaparṇa-naktamāla-picumarda-paṭōla-suṣavī-guḍūcī-sōmavalka-dvīpikānāṁ pippalī-pippalīmūla-hastipippalī-citraka-śr̥ṅgavērāṇāṁ cānyatamakaṣāyēṇa siddhō lēha iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||22||
Linctus is prepared of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with the decoction of one of the following drugs – ''Aragvadha, Kutaja, Vikankata, Patha, Patala, Sarngesta, Murva, Saptaparana, Naktamala, Nimba, Patola, Susavi, Guduci, Somavalka, Dvipika, Pippali, Pippalimula, Gajapippali, Chitraka'' and ''Sunthi''. This is an effective preparation. Other things are as above. [22]
फलपिप्पलीष्वेला-हरेणुका-शतपुष्पा-कुस्तुम्बुरु-तगर-कुष्ठ-त्वक्-चोरक-मरुबकागुरु-गुग्गुल्वेलवालुक-श्रीवेष्टक-परिपेलव-मांसी-शैलेयक-स्थौणेयक-सरल-पारावतपद्यशोकरोहिणीनां विंशतेरन्यतमस्य कषायेण साधितोत्कारिका उत्कारिकाकल्पेन,मोदका वा मोदककल्पेन, यथादोषरोगभक्ति प्रयोज्या इति समानं पूर्वेण||२३||
phalapippalīṣvēlā-harēṇukā-śatapuṣpā-kustumburu-tagara-kuṣṭha-tvak-cōraka-marubakāguru-guggulvēlavāluka-śrīvēṣṭaka-paripēlava-māṁsī-śailēyaka-sthauṇēyaka-sarala-pārāvatapadyaśōkarōhiṇīnāṁ viṁśatēranyatamasya kaṣāyēṇa sādhitōtkārikā utkārikākalpēna, mōdakā vāmōdakakalpēna, yathādōṣarōgabhakti prayōjyā iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||23||
Preparations of ''Utkarika'' (a semisolid preparation) or ''Modaka'' (balls) may be made of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with one of the following twenty drugs – ''Ela, Harenuka, Satapuspa, Kustumburu, Tagara, Kustha, Twak, Coraka, Marubaka, Aguru, Guggulu, Elavaluka, Srivestaka, Paripelava, Mamsi, Salicyaka, Sthauneyaka, Sarala, Paravatapdi'' and ''Asokarohini''. These should be used according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Other things are as above. [23]
फलपिप्पलीस्वरसकषायपरिभावितानि तिलशालितण्डुलपिष्टानि तत्कषायोपसर्जनानि शष्कुलीकल्पेन वा शष्कुल्यः,पूपकल्पेन वा पूपाः इति समानं पूर्वेण||२४||
phalapippalīsvarasakaṣāyaparibhāvitāni tilaśālitaṇḍulapiṣṭāni tatkaṣāyōpasarjanāni śaṣkulīkalpēna vāśaṣkulyaḥ, pūpakalpēna vā pūpāḥ iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||24||
''Saskuli'' or ''Pupa'' (dietary preparations) may be made of sesamum and Sali rice flour impregnated with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' seeds and be taken with the same decoction. Other things are as above. [24]
एतेनैव च कल्पेन सुमुख-सुरस-कुठेरक-काण्डीर-कालमालक-पर्णासक-क्षवक-फणिज्झक-गृञ्जन-कासमर्द-भृङ्गराजानांपोटेक्षुवालिका-कालङ्कतक-दण्डैरकाणां चान्यतमस्य कषायेण कारयेत्||२५||
ētēnaiva ca kalpēna sumukha-surasa-kuṭhēraka-kāṇḍīra-kālamālaka-parṇāsaka-kṣavaka-phaṇijjhaka-gr̥ñjana-kāsamarda-bhr̥ṅgarājānāṁ pōṭēkṣuvālikā-kālaṅkataka-daṇḍairakāṇāṁ cānyatamasya kaṣāyēṇakārayēt||25||
The above preparation may also be made with the decoction of any one of the following drugs – ''Sumukha, Surasa, Kutheraka Kandira, Kalamalaka, Parnasaka, Ksavaka, Phanijjhaka, Ganjana, Kasamarda, Bhrngaraja, Pota, Iksuvalika, Kalankataka'' and ''Dandairaka''. [25]
तथा बदरषाडव-राग-लेह-मोदकोत्कारिका-तर्पण-पानक-मांसरस-यूष-मद्यानां मदनफलान्यन्यतमेनोपसृज्ययथादोषरोगभक्ति दद्यात्; तैः साधु वमतीति||२६||
tathā badaraṣāḍava-rāga-lēha-mōdakōtkārikā-tarpaṇa-pānaka-māṁsarasa-yūṣa-madyānāṁ madanaphalānyanyatamēnōpasr̥jya yathādōṣarōgabhakti dadyāt; taiḥ sādhu vamatīti||26||
Besides, ''Madanaphala'' should be administered combining it with preparations such as ''Badarasadava, Raga, Leha, Modaka, Utkarika, Tarpana, Panaka,'' meat soup, vegetable soup and wine according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Thus the patient vomits well. [26]
==== Synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' ====
मदनः करहाटश्च राठः पिण्डीतकः फलम्|
श्वसनश्चेति पर्यायैरुच्यते तस्य कल्पना||२७||
madanaḥ karahāṭaśca rāṭhaḥ piṇḍītakaḥ phalam|
śvasanaścēti paryāyairucyatē tasya kalpanā||27||
Pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana'' are also known by the synonyms ''Karahata, Ratha, Pinditaka, Phala'' and ''Svasana''. [27]
==== Summary ====
तत्र श्लोकाः-
नव योगाः कषायेषु, मात्रास्वष्टौ , पयोघृते|
पञ्च, फाणितचूर्णे द्वौ घ्रेये, वर्तिक्रियासु षट्||२८||
विंशतिर्विंशतिर्लेहमोदकोत्कारिकासु च|
शष्कुलीपूपयोश्चोक्ता योगाः षोडश षोडश||२९||
दशान्ये षाडवाद्येषु त्रयस्त्रिंशदिदं शतम्|
योगानां विधिवद्दिष्टं फलकल्पे महर्षिणा||३०||
tatra ślōkāḥ-
nava yōgāḥ kaṣāyēṣu, mātrāsvaṣṭau, payōghr̥tē|
pañca, phāṇitacūrṇē dvau ghrēyē, vartikriyāsu ṣaṭ||28||
viṁśatirviṁśatirlēhamōdakōtkārikāsu ca|
śaṣkulīpūpayōścōktā yōgāḥ ṣōḍaśa ṣōḍaśa||29||
daśānyē ṣāḍavādyēṣu trayastriṁśadidaṁ śatam|
yōgānāṁ vidhivaddiṣṭaṁ phalakalpē maharṣiṇā||30||
Now the summing up verses –
Nine formulations in decoctions, eight in ''Matra'' (like ''Haritaki'' fruit etc.) five in milk and ghee, two in ''Phanita'' and ''Churna'', one in inhalation, six in caplets, twenty each in ''Leha, Modaka'' and ''Utkarika'', sixteen each in ''Saskuli'' and ''Pupa'' and ten others in ''Sadava'' etc. Thus total 133 formulations are described by the great sage in the chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala''. [28 – 30]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">The excelled physico-pharmacological properties of a ''Vamana'' drug, which is known as ''Veerya'' (potency) are as follows; ''Tikshna'' (sharp),''sukshma'' (subtle),''vyavayi'' (pervading) and ''vikasi''(loosening). In fact, those are basically expression of ''agni'' and ''Vayumahabhutas''. Because of ''agni'' and ''Vayumahabhuta'', they have the inherency to move upwards, thereby, all such drugs perform their action to eliminate impurities from upper tract. They perform their action by reaching to the heart and circulating in the body through vascular system and conjugated mass in the form of impurities is liquefied and float in the oiled body. This liquefied impurities reaches in the stomach and due to inherence of the aforesaid potencies in association of ''udana vayu'', the impurities are expelled through gastro-oral route. But ''vamana'' drugs serves their function not only because of the predominance of specific ''mahabhuta'' but also due to their ''prabhava'' (specific action). If the predominance of ''mahabhutas'' is considered to be the only causative factors. Then there are many drugs with the above ''mahabhuta'' predominance and not have ''vamana'' action (Ca.Ka.1/5).
The drugs are required to be collected keeping in view the appropriate habitat (''desha-sampat''), appropriate season (''kala-sampat'') and their effective attributes (''guna-smapat''). The ''vamana dravya'' (drug) possesses strong potency endowed due to ''desha''(habitat),''kala''(time), ''guna'' (properties) and ''bhaajana'' (container) (Ca.Ka.1/7).
To understand the habitat of a drug, place have been categorically divided into three major types; ''jangala'' (wild/arid), ''anupa'' (aquatic/marshy)and ''sadharana'' (medium/combined of arid and marshy). The examples of the plant grown in particular habitat are enumerated separately under each category. Not only that the characteristic features of that place with fauna of the area is also lucidly described (Ca.Ka.1/8).
It is emphasized that timely grown, mature, unaffected by environment and organisms are the best drug for collection (Ca.Ka.1/9).
Further their collection time in accordance with season and part specific of the plant is note worthy, which reflects quality, safety and efficacy of a particular drug. It is worthy to mention here that even cleanliness and conduct of a person who will be collecting the parts of the medicinal plants has been directed, which shows deep concern of the Ayurvedic scholars for best quality drugs for human welfare(Ca.Ka.1/10).
After collection and procurement of the plant drug parts, the method of administration in accordance with the involvement of three ''doshas'' for best effectiveness has been narrated. Also the adjuvant with the drugs like curd, honey, fruit juices, decoctions, cows urine etc. according to ''dosha'' (''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'') involvement in predominance is vividly stated, which has great therapeutic value (Ca.Ka.1/12).
Amongst all the emetic vegetable origin drugs, fruits of ''Madanaphala'' are regarded as best as they are free from any kind of adverse effect leading to complications. For the best efficacy and free from any complication specific collection time of matured fruits as well as post collection processing in natural condition, characteristics of quality to be observed has been guided. All such quality material for their storage system is also given, which shows standard method for the good clinical practices(Ca.Ka.1/13).
The selected patient and the normal person agreed for the emetic procedure must follow the unction and sudation steps for beneficial desired effect. Day-to-day regimen of consumption of food during different period of time has great relevance, which is quite convenience in accordance to theory of Ayurveda which is unique because no one can be kept away from the dietary regimen even in the state of suffering. As per the ancient tradition of administration of medicine to have the uncomplicated effect, chanting of hymns is mentioned, which has psychological effect (Ca.Ka.1/14).
For the elimination of the impurities, a common vehicle/adjuvant i.e., honey and rock salt has been advised, which actually for the liquefying of the ''kapha''. In general honey heated or given to a patient suffering from hot ailments is harmful. But in the emetic recipes, honey taken along with hot water is thrown out before digestion along with vomited material. In addition, honey helps in the elimination of morbid material. So it is added to the emetic recipes (Ca.Ka.1/15).
The dose and dosage forms are of great relevance to obtain the desired effect are also narrated. Therefore, a number of preparations in different dosage forms with the decoction of other effective drugs, superannuated fatty layer of medicated curd preparation, butter formed from the milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and processed with the paste and the decoction of ''Madanaphala'', pollen like powder of ''Madanaphala'' seeds processed in decoction of ''Madanaphala'', extract of ''Madanaphala'' seeds according to that of ''bhallataka,'' dried powder of seeds, linctus prepared of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with the decoction of the other drugs etc. In all such 133 formulations are described by the ancient great sages with their vast experiences in this chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala'' Effect of these drugs vary, depending upon their habitat, collection a storage and on patients, ''deha'' (physique), ''doshas, prakriti'' (constitution), ''vaya'' (age), ''bala'' (strength), ''agni'' (power of digestion and metabolism), ''bhakti'' (liking of particular type of recipe), ''satmya'' (adaptability). Therefore, the recipes based on their permutations and combination are innumerable and it is not possible to describe them all so only 133 of these recipes which are neither too brief nor too elaborate is described in this chapters. On the basis of this description the intelligent physician can formulate many other recipes to suit the exact requirement of his patient (Ca.Ka.1/16-30).
</div>
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*''Ushna-Tikshna-Sukshma-Vyavayi'' and ''vikasi'' are the common properties of the ''Vamanakarma dravya''. According to Sushruta, the ''ushna'' property has ''pachana karma'' (S.Su.46/515).Chakrapani (the commentator on [[Charaka Samhita]]) states that ''ushna'' means ''ushna veeryam''. This has been cleared in AshtÁnga Sangraha by Vagabhat and the function are like ''dahana'' and ''pachana'' and having ability to decrease ''vata'' and ''kapha dosha'' (A.S.Su.17/15). Sushruta defines that ''tikshna'' as the property produces ''daha, paka'' and ''srava'' (S.Su.46/518).According to Charaka, ''Tikshna guna'' is ''vichchindana'' (Ca.Ka.1/5). Chakrapani clarified the word as ''vichchindayati'', means breaking down the complex morbid matter into simple molecules. The ''Sukshma guna'' reaches to minute ''srotasa'' and remove the morbid matter to bring it to reach the ''amashaya'' according to Dalhana (S.Ci..33/33). The ''Vyavayi'' drugs, when administered initiate the action immediately and thereafter bio-transformation takes place. Sushruta has clarified that ''Vikasi'' drugs causes laxity in ''dhatubandhana'' (S.Su. 46/523).Due to above mentioned properties ''Vamana'' drugs are beneficial for therapeutic emesis.
*''Vamana'' (emesis) is one of the five physio-therapeutic procedures to eliminate impurities through gastro-oral route emerged due to aggravated ''kapha'' in human body. It is to be noted for vitiation of each ''dosha'' viz. ''kapha, pitta'' and ''vata,'' three therapeutic procedures ''vamana, virechana'' and ''basti'' are recommended respectively.
*''Vamana'' is the foremost therapeutic procedure among [[Panchakarma]] (five therapeutic procedures). If ''virechanakarma'' is performed first than the ''vamana'', there are all possibilities of vitiation of the ''kapha''. This vitiated ''kapha'' having ''guru-snigdha guna'' with impurities descends down to ''grahani'' (the seat of ''agni'') and with the result of that ''pravahika'' is developed(S.Ci.33/19).
*Its importance has been realized in ''rasayana'' and ''vajikarana'' therapy; therefore, it is mandatory to do ''vamanakarma'' before aforesaid therapies for excellent results. Thus, it is obvious that [[Panchakarma]] has dual benefits i.e., health preventive and disease curative.
*''Virechana, vireka, chhardi, chardana, vami, ullekhana, lekhana, shodhana'' and ''sansodhana'' are the various synonyms of ''vamana'' as found in Ayurvedic classics.
*''Vamanakarma'', causes cleanliness of the stomach, which enhances ''kayagni'' (body fire), diseases get pacified, normalcy is maintained, sense organ, intellect, and complexion are improved, strength, nourishment, progeny and potency are produced, the old age does not his hold easily and the person lives long from disorders. Therefore, one should use the evacuation therapy (Ca.Su.16/17-19).
*Evacuated ''doshas'' never reoccur, if they are subdued with evacuation therapy. ''Vamana karma'' is considered the best line of therapeutic procedure for all the diseases having ''kaphaja'' origin (Ca.Su. 33/19).
*''Sharngadhara'' in ''Sharngadhara Samhita'' stated that ''apakva pitta'' and ''kapha'' are forcefully expelled out through the upward route. Thus ''vamana'' is the best for vitiated ''kapha'' and ''apakva pitta'' (Sa.Pu.8/7).
*Phytochemistry:
The drug ''Madanaphala'' is botanically identified as Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Randia Spinosa Poir. Syn.R.DumatrumLam. The phytochemical studies on the fruits of R. spinosa revealed presence of mixture of saponins viz. randia acid or acid saponin has been isolated from the pulp; the two saponins occur in the fruit at all stages of ripening. The fruits of R. spinosa contain a toxic saponin of oleanolic acid. They also contain leucocyanidin and mannitol. The activity of the drug is attributed to the presence of saponins which occur to the extent of 2-3 % in fresh fruits and about 10% in dried whole fruit. The saponins are concentrated mostly in the pulp. A mixture of two saponins, viz. randialic or neutral saponin (m.p. 289-2900C decomp.)and randialic acid or acid saponin (m.p. 2600 C decomp.) has been isolated from the pulp.On complete hydrolysis both the saponins yield Oleanolic acid as Sapogenin. Ursosaponin, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the dried whole fruit, gave ursolic acid and glucose. Randianin, isolated from the fruit, gave a haemolytic triterpenoid saponin.
* The seeds are reported to be free from saponins. They contain fat (1.5 %), protein (14.2 %), mucilage, resin, organic acid (1.4 %) and a minute quantity of an unidentified alkaloid. The bark contains scopoletin, d-mannitol and a mixture of saponins. The saponins on hydrolysis yield glucose, xylose, rhamnose, and two triterpenic acid sapogenins designated as randialic acid.One is [19 (α)-hydroxyursolic acid, C30H48O4; methyl ester, m.p. 200-2020] and another is randialic acid (19-dehydroursolic acid, C30H48O3; m.p. 256-2570). The roots contain scopoletin and d-mannitol (Navneet et al. 2010).
*Pharmacological Activity
The drug was reported to have antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory Activity(Patel Ritesh G. et al. 2011). Antileishmanial activity ,antitumor activity and stimulant action on uterus was also reported (Navneet et al. 2010).
</div>
=== Books Referred ===
*''Ashtanga Sangraha'' of Vagabhata with Shalilekha; Sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.
*Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1984.
*Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1992.
*Susruta Samhita with English translation of text and Dalhana’s commentary along with critical notes, Vol. III (Kalpasthana and Uttaratantra), Edited and translated by Priya Vrat Sharma, Published by Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi-221001, First Edition-2001.
*Charaka Samhita, Agnivesha’s treatise refined and annotated by Caraka and redacted by Dridhabala (Text with English Translation), Vol. – II, Edited-Translator Prof. Priya Vrat Sharma, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, First Edition-1981.
*Sharangadhara Samhita of Sharangadhara with the commentary of Addhmala’ Dipika commentary , Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, Third Edition-1983.
*Patel Ritesh G, Pathak Nimish L, Rathod Jaimik D, Dr.L.D.Patel and Bhatt Nayna M. Phytopharmacological Properties of Randia dumetorum as a Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview , Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (10); 2011: 24-26. ISSN: 2231-3354.
*Navneet K. Singh1, Arun K. Mishra , Jeetendra K. Gupta , S. Jayalakshmi ,Randia spinosa (poir.): ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology -a review International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Volume 4, Issue 1, September – October 2010; Article 023 ISSN 0976 – 044X.
==== Recent researches on action of herbs ====
*''Vamana'' is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centers - the vomiting center(tractus soitorius and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone both located in the Medulla Oblongata. The CTZ is close to the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood brain barrier and communicates with the vomiting centre to initiate ''vamana''. The CTZ being outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it.
*''Vamana'' stimuli act at several anatomic sites.
*''Vamana'' provoked by noxious smells originates in the cerebral cortex (through chemoreceptors in nasal mucosa - ''Ghreya Vamana'').
*Cranial nerves mediate ''vamana'' after gag reflex activation (''Anguli, Kamala nala pravesha'').
*Gastric reflex : ( Āmāśaya utkleśya bhāva)
**Strech reflex - Ākaṇṭhapāna
**Mucosal irritants - Uṣṇa, Tīkṣṇa etc. Guṇas
Followed by antiperistalsis movements - Electrical stimuli : (prabhava) by stimulating CTZ.
centers in brain
===== A comparative clinical study on standardization of ''Vamana Vidhi'' by classical and traditional methods =====
Ranjip Kumar Dass, Nilesh N. Bhatt, Anup B. Thakar, and Vagish Dutt Shukla
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Total 50 patients and healthy volunteers were selected irrespective of gender, religion, occupation, etc., from O.P.D. and I.P.D. of [[Panchakarma]] Department of Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar. The patients as well as healthy volunteers were randomly divided into following two groups:
#Group A (classical group): Twenty-two individuals of this group had performed ''Vamana'' by the classical methods according to Charaka and Sushruta Samhita.[3,4]
##Out of these individuals, five were healthy volunteers, i.e., ''Swastha'' having ''Kapha Prakopa Lakshanas'' and taking ''Vamana'' for the purpose of ''Swasthya Rakshana''.
##Seventeen patients having various disorders but a common criterion for the selection, i.e., ''Vamanarha'' or ''Vamya'' (fit for vomiting) were selected for ''Vamana'' in “Diseased Group.”
*'''Vidhi''': ''Madanphala Pippali'' was taken in ''Antarnakha Musti'' (making fist) ''Pramana'' by the patient's own hand. It was then added in ''Yashtimadhu Kwath'' and kept for one night (previous night of ''Vamana Karma''). In the morning time, it was stirred properly and filtered. Then it was given to the patient in lukewarm state mixing with honey and ''Saindhav Lavana'' (rock salt) upto ''Pittanta Vamana'' (till bile comes). Before that in early morning, ''Ghritayukta Yavagu'' was given to the patient after ''Abhyanga'' (massage) and ''Swedana'' (fomentation).
#Group B (traditional group): Twenty two individuals of this group had performed Vamana by traditional methods followed in the Panchakarma Hospital of I.P.G.T. and R.A.
##Out of these individuals, 10 were healthy volunteers, i.e., “Swastha” having Kapha Prakopa Lakshanas and taking the Vamana for the purpose of “Swasthya Rakshana.”
##Twelve patients having various disorders but a common criterion for the selection, i.e., “Vamanarha” or “Vamya” were selected for Vamana in “Diseased Group.”
*'''Vidhi''': In the morning time at first after ''Abhyanga'' and ''Swedana'', milk or ''Ikshu Rasa'' was given to the patient upto ''Aakanthapana'' (fullness upto throat). Then ''Madanaphala Pippali Churna, Vacha'' and ''Saindhava Lavana'' were taken in a ratio of 4:2:1 part, respectively and a paste was made with honey. It was then given to the patient directly or indirectly by mixing with any liquid media like milk or ''Ikshu Rasa'' or ''Yashtimadhu Phanta''. Afterwards, ''Yashtimadhu Phanta'' made freshly in the morning was given up to ''Pittanta Vamana''.
</div>
====== Drug and dosage ======
*''Purva Karma'':
#Snehapana by Shuddha Ghrita (According to Koshtha, Agni Bala, etc., of patient).
#Sarvanga Abhyanga by Bala Taila
#Sarvanga Swedana by Bashpa Sweda
#Ghrita-Yukta Yavagupana= 200-400 g approximately according to Koshtha, etc.
*''Pradhana Karma'':
#Yashtimadhu Kwath = 3-5 l approximately
#Madanphala Pippali = Antarnakha Musti Pramana according to patient's own hand.
#Honey = Quantity Sufficient (50-100 ml approximately)
#Saindhav Lavana = Q.S. (20-30 g approximately).
*''Pashchata Karma'': Samsarjana Krama was according to the Shuddhi after Vamana Karma.
====== For the traditional group ======
*''Purva Karma'':
#Snehapana by Shuddha Ghrita (according to Koshtha, Agni Bala, etc., of patient).
#Sarvanga Abhyanga by Bala Taila
#Sarvanga Swedana by Bashpa Sweda (steam bath).
*''Pradhana Karma'':
#Milk or Ikshu Rasa = 1.5-2 l approximately
#Paste of Madanaphala Pippali Churna= 8 g, Vacha = 4 g, Saindhava Lavana = 2 g and Honey = Q.S. (20-30 ml approx.)
#Yashtimadhu Phanta= 3-4 l approximately.
*''Pashchata Karma'': Samsarjana Krama was according to the Shuddhi after Vamana Karma.[
===== Discussion and conclusion =====
<div style="text-align:justify;">
From the above study it was observed that average no. of ''Vega'' and ''Upavega'' (i.e., 7.41 and 12.41) were found in by the classical method as compared to traditional methods (i.e., 6.91 and 8.77). Because ''Vega'' had come out easily from deeper part of the stomach with viscous matter in group A than the group B as the particles of ''Madanaphala Pippali'' were present in ''Yashtimadhu Kashaya'' (decoction) till end, for which individual had felt more exertions earlier but got more relief later on. The average quantity of every Vega in traditional method was measured more as compared to classical method, as more ''Kshudra'' or ''Madhyama'' and ''Khandita Vega'' had come in this method may be due to less intake of ''Vamana Kashaya'' (probably due to more thickened solution). Maximum percentage (i.e., 68.2%) of ''Pravara Shuddhi'' was observed in group A as compared to group B (i.e., 59.1), whereas more percentage of ''Madhyama'' and ''Avara Shuddhi'' were seen in group B most probably due to earlier expulsion of ''Vamana Yoga'' with vomitus. As MSI of group B (i.e., 2.86) was lesser than group A (i.e., 4.91) more drug output (more ''Dosha Shuddhi'') were there in group B as compared to group A. Furthermore, more mucous (i.e., ''kapha'' like viscous matter) were expelled in group A than group B, whereas ''Pitta Darshana'' was seen easily with a lesser time in group B as compared to group A. The average time taken to complete the ''Vamana'' (vomiting) by the classical method (58.36 min) was lesser than the time taken for traditional method (64.91 min), may be due to quick expulsion of vitiated matter, as ''Madanaphala Pippali'' was properly diluted in the ''Vamana Kasaya'' or may be due to quick appearance of ''Antiki Lakshanas'', which leads the procedure to an end point. Clinically more percentage of individuals had marked improvement in group A, whereas more percentage of individuals got moderate improvement in group B, most probably because of more ''Shuddhi'' obtained by the classical method than the traditional. As we know that ''Vamana Karma'' is a stressful work, which is done in early morning (i.e., ''Kaphaja Kala''). Likewise, according to modern science the plasma cortisol level also rises in early hours of morning and in any stressful stimuli. So Plasma Cortisol level was tested just before and after ''Vamana Karma'', where a rise in Cortisol level was observed in classical methods. By physical analysis of vomited material, acidic pH was found in earlier stage and alkaline pH was seen in last stage (i.e., when ''Accha Pitta'' comes). More value of Specific gravity was found in vomitus of classical method as compared to the vomitus of traditional method. By biochemical quantitative analysis of vomitus (i.e., Hexosamine Test); mucopolysaccharide content of vomitus was found more in group A (669.64 μg/ml) in comparison to group B (480.68 μg/ml), as more viscous matter was expelled during ''Vamana''.
==== Conclusion ====
From the present clinical study, it can be concluded that the method mentioned in the classics are very much beneficial from every point of view in comparison to the method which has been used traditionally as it is very easy, safe, less time-consuming, and clinically as well as statistically the most effective method. ''Madanaphala Pippali'', which was taken in ''Antarnakha Musti Pramana'' (By patient's own hand) in case of the classical method measured about average 13.51 g, which should be mixed in 4:l of ''Yastimadhu'' decoction for proper dilution. So this proportion can be taken as a standard ratio for ''Vamana Karma''. In concern to ''Vaigiki Shuddhi'', it indicates that more no. of ''Vega'' and ''Upavega'' come by the classical method as compared to the traditional methods. Measurements of drug inputs and drug outputs (i.e., vomitus) are necessary as ''Maniki Shuddhi'' may guide towards proper judgment regarding purification and provide some clues regarding the results obtained. By physical analysis of vomited material, “pH” of the vomitus can be used as an indicator to guide oneself towards “end point” (as ''Antiki Shuddhi''). As acidic pH was found in earlier stage and alkaline pH was seen in last stage (i.e., when ''Achcha Pitta'' comes), it may help to cease the ''Vamana'' at particular point. According to ''Laingiki Shuddhi'', more ''Pravara Shuddhi'' is achieved in ''Vamana'' by the classical methods in comparison to traditional methods. However, all the ''Shuddhi'' have equal role in assessing the proportion of purification and predicting any type of result from it. Regarding the duration of ''Vamana'', it can be said that the time taken to complete the ''Vamana'' by the classical method is lesser than the time taken for traditional method. Significant more reduction in FBS and lipid profile test (S. Cholesterol, HDL and S. Triglyceride level) by the classical method (despite of the consumption of a huge amount of Ghee during ''Snehapana'')indicates that classical ''Vamana'' improves the internal homeostasis more easily in comparison to traditional method. By comparing the improvements in the symptoms obtained after ''Vamana'' with the purification done earlier, it can be said that more expulsion of vitiated matter might be there in the classical method in comparison to
</div>
==== Tables ====
SUBJECT Group A( Classical Method) Group B ( Traditional Method)
Initial dose 810.68ml 678.86 ml
Antar Nakh Mushti 13.51 gm -
Gritayukta Yavagu 279.54 gm -
1st Vega Initation Time 14.04 min 11.41min
Total No. Of Vega 7.41 6.91
Total No. Of Upvega 12.41 8.77
Process Completion 58.36min 64.97min
Pravar Suddhi 68% 27.3%
Total Amount 6080.91ml 5643.64ml
MSI 4.91 28.86
Specific Gravity 1018.18 1014.54
PH 5.57 6.23
Vamana Kaarmukatvam: [Ca.ka.1/5]
Action of Virya
Enters hrdaya Saukshmyaat Vyavaayitvaat Enters Dhamani
Enters sthula anu srotas Interaction with dosha saṃghāta inside the srtotas UshnaatTaikshnyaat / Vikaasi
Vicchindana(Dislodging) Vishyandana(Liquification)
Vicchindana Viśyandana dosha enters Āmāśaya
“Urdhvam Pravartate”
Dravya prabhaavaInfluence of udāna vāta
Influence of Vaayu
Influence of Agni mahaabhuta
Dislodged and liquified dosha again enters the Dhamani (prasaarananature)
Vamaka Vega
Bhaya Snehan and swedan- for 2-3 days shoould be done on last day , gap day & on Vaman day
Classical method of Vamak- Antarnakha musti praman of madanphana phala pipalli should be soaked in Yashtimadhu ..kovidaar Kashaya overnight and used.
Nirannam Natisnigdha GritayuktaYavagu
SvastiVachan and Chanting of‘Mantra
Abhimantrita- Purna Sharav.
If No vega Initiation or Hina vega – Mustard paste or Pippali should be used
Thrust area- in Diabetes Mellitus
Ayu. 2013 Jul-Sep; 34(3): 263–269.
doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.123115
PMCID: PMC3902591
Comparative study of Vamana and Virechanakarma in controlling blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus
Nitin Jindal and Nayan P. Joshi1
It can be summarized that both Vamanaa and Virechana cause marked reduction in FBS and PPBS levels. In early course of disease Samshodhana must be the choice of treatment; as at this stage, patient has dominance of Kapha and Pitta. It seems that Vamana by reducing Kapha and Meda helps to minimize insulin resistance, whereas Virechana by lowering down the hepatic glucose production helps to control blood sugar. As Prameha is an Aanushangivyadhi, neither Vamanaa nor Virechana alone acts as the complete treatment for it. To get definite output regarding specific role of Vamanaa and Virechana on FBS and PPBS, further study is necessary. The present study was carried on a small sample and for a limited time. As it showed encouraging results, further research must be done at a higher level with a large sample with longer duration so that a definite theory can be promulgated.
=== Glossary ===
S.No. Sanskrit Name Classical Name Botanical Name
1. 'kriq"ik ÏatapuÒpÁ Anethum foeniculum Linn.
2. dqLrqEcqj Kushtumburu Coriandrum sativum Linn.
3. rxj Tagar Valerina wallichu D.C.
4. dq"B KuÒÔha Saussurea leppa C.B.Clarke
5. Rod~ Tvak Cinnamomrm zeylanicum Breyn
6. pksjd Coraka Angelica glauca Edgew.
7. e:od MarÚbaka Mojorana hortensis Moench
8. vxq: Agaru Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
9. xqXxqy Guggulu Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks)
10. okyqd VÁluka Prunus cerasus Linn.
11. Jhos"Vd ÏrÍveÒÔaka Pinus roxberghii Sargent.
12. ekalh MaÉsÍ Nordostachys jatamansi DC
13. 'kSys;d Ïaileyaka Parmelia perlata Ach.
14. ljy Sarala Pinus roxburghii Sargent
15. ikjkorinh PÁrÁvatapadÍ Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
16. v’kksd jksfg.kh AÐokarohaÆÍ Picrorhiza kurroa Royle.-ex-Benth.
17. lqeq[k Sumukha Ocimum Sp.
18. lqjl Surasa Ocimum sanctum Linn.
19. dqBsjd KuÔeraka Ocimum Sp.
20. dk.Mhj KaÆdÍra Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.
21. dkyekyd KÁlamÁlaka Ocimum basilicum Linn.
22. {kod KÒavaka Centipeda minima (Linn.) A.Br.et. Aschers
23. Qf.kT>d PhaÆijjhaka Origanum majorana Linn.
24. x`°ku Géñjana Allium ascalonicum Linn.
25. dklenZ KÁsamarda Cassia occidentalis Linn.
26. Hk`axjkt BéÉgarÁja Eclipta alba Hassk.
27. ysg Leha A pharmaceutical dosage form- confectionery the decoctions are further concentrated to semisolid consistency after adding sweetening and other substances over fire
28. oeu Vamana Therapeutic emesis.
29. fojspu Virecana Therapeutic purgation
30. O;okf; VyavÁyi Quality due to which a substance permeates all over the body before getting digested; caused due to activated Vayu & akash; e.g. Cannabis sativa
31. v.kq AÆu Small
32. thewr JÍmÚta Luffa echinata Roxb.
33. b{okdq IkÒvÁku Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.
34. /kkekxZo DhÁmÁrgava Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) M. Roem
35. dqVt KuÔaja Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall.
36. Ñros/ku Kétavedhana Luffa acutangula (Linn.) Roxb.
37. ';kek ÏvÁmÁ Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso
38. f=o`Ùk Trivétta Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.
39. prqj¯qy CaturaÉgula Cassia fistula Linn.
40. frYod Tilvaka Viburnum nervosum D.Don.
41. egko`{k MahÁvékÒa Euphorbia nivulia Buch-Ham.
42. lIryk SaptalÁ Euphorbia pilosa Linn.
43. 'kf¦uh ÏaÉkhnÍ Euphorbia drocunculoides Lam.
44. nUrh DantÍ Balispermum montanum Mull-Arg.
45. æoUrh DravantÍ Croton liglium Linn.
46. Hkktu BhÁjana Vessel used for various purposes
47. tk¯y JÁÉgala arid place
48. vkuwi ÀnÚpa marshy lands
49. dnj Kadara Acacia suma Buch-Ham
50. 0 [kfnj Khadira Acacia catechu Willd
51. vlu Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
52. v’od.kZ AÐvavarÆa Dipterocarpus alactus Roxb.
53. /ko Dhava Anogeissus latifolia Wall.
54. frfu’k TiniÐa Ougenia oojeinensis Roxb.
55. 'kYydh ÏallakÍ Buswellia serata Roxb.
56. lky SÁla Shorea robusta Gaertn.
57. lkseogd Somavalka Acacia suma Buch-Ham.
58. cnjh Badari Zizyphus jujube Lam.
59. frUnqd Tinduka Diospyrus melanoxylon Roxb.
60. v’oFk AÐvatha Ficus religiosa Linn.
61. oV VaÔa Ficus bengalensix Linn.
62. vkeyd Àmalaka Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
63. 'keh ÏamÍ Prosopis specigera Linn.
64. ddqHk Kakubha Terminalia arjuna W.& A.
65. f’ka’kik ÏiÉÐapÁ Dalbergia sissoo roxb.
66. [kj Khara Rough tongue
67. fldrk SikatÁ Urine with sand like substance
68. yko LÁva Common Quail
69. frfÙkj Tittira Partridge
70. pdksj Cakora A kind of birds
71. fgUrky HintÁla Phoenix paludosa Roxb.
72. reky TamÁla Nicotiana tobacum Linn.
73. ukfjdsy NÁrikela Cocos nucifera Linn.
74. dnyh KadalÍ Musa paradisiaca Linn.
75. o°kqy Vañjula Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
76. okuhj VÁnÍra Salix caprea Linn.
77. fudq°k Nikuñja Contraction of skin
78. r: Taru Synonym of the plant
79. gal HaÉsa Swana
80. pØokd CakravÁka Ruddly Sheldrake
81. cykd BalÁka Crane
82. uUnheq[k NandÍmukha Flamingo
83. iq.Mjhd PuÆÕarÍka Colour of white lotus
84. dknEc KÁdamba Grey leg goose
85. 'kri= Ïatapatra black wood pecker
86. dksfdy Kokila Koel
87. foVi ViÔapa Tree
88. dq’k KuÐa Desmostochya bipinnata Stapf.
89. jksfg"k RohiÒa Cymbopogon matlini (Roxb.) Wats.
90. lqjk SurÁ A kind of alcoholic preparation
91. lkSohjd SauvÍraka The acidic fermented liquid obtained from wheat
92. rq"kksnd TuÒodaka Preparation of Kañji involving yava along with raw husk
93. eSjs; Maireya The finished product obtained by allowing for further fermentation/maturation after mixing the asav and sura in equal proportions
94. esnd Medaka One of the dietary items and preparation in Ayurveda
95. e`}hd MédvikÁ Vitis vinifera Linn.
96. vkeyd Àmalaka Emblica officinals Gaertn
97. e/kq Madhu Honey
98. e/kqd Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
99. i:"kd ParÚÒaka Grewia asiatica Linn.
100. Qkf.kr PhÁÆita Half cooked molassas
101. ik.Mw PÁÆdu Anemia
102. ;o Yava Hordeum vulgare Linn.
103. rq"k TuÒa The chaff of graim or corn or rice
104. ek"k MÁÒa Phaseolus mungo Linn.
105. 'kkfy Ïali Oryza sativa Linn.
106. dqyRFk Kulattha Dolichus biflorus Linn.
107. eqå Mudga Phaseolus radiates Linn.
108. fry Tila Sesamum indicum Linn.
109. ;f"Ve/kq YaÒÔimadhu Glycyrrtiza glabra Linn.
110. dksfonkj KovidÁra Bauhinia purpurea Linn.
111. dcqZnkj KarbudÁra Bauhinia variegate Linn.
112. uhi Nipa Anthocephalus indicus A. Rich.
113. fonqy Vidula Barringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaertn
114. fcEoh BimbÍ Caccinia indica W & A.
115. 'k.kiq"ih ÏaÆapuÒpÍ Crotalaria juncea Linn.
116. lnkiq"ih SadÁpuÒpÍ Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
117. izR;d~iq"ih PratyakpuÒpÍ Achyranthes aspera Linn.
118. fiIiyh PippalÍ Piper longum Linn.
119. l"kZi SarÒapa Brassica compestris Linn. Var-Sarson Prain
120. opk VacÁ Acorus calamus Linn.
121. gjhrdh HarÍtakÍ Terminalian chebula Retx.
122. foHkhrdh VibhÍtakÍ Terminalia bellirica Roxb.
123. HkYykrd BhallÁtaka Semecarpus anacardium Linn.
124. o`{kd VékÒaka Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall
125. Loknqd.Vd SvÁtukaÆÔaka Tribulus terrestris Linn.
126. ikBk PÁÔhÁ Cissompelos pareira Linn.
127. ikVyk PÁtalÁ Stereospermum suaveoleus DC
128. 'kk¯sZ"Vk ÏÁrañgeÒtÁ Abrus precatorius Linn.
129. ewokZ MÚrvÁ Marsdenia tenacissma W. & A.
130. lIri.kZ SaptparÆa Alstonia scholarix R.Br.
131. uDreky NaktamÁla Pongamia pinnata Pierre
132. fipqinZ Picumarda Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
133. iVksy Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.
134. lq"koh SuÒavÍ Momordia charantia Linn.
135. xqMwph GudÚcÍ Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers ex Hook
136. lkseoYd Somavalka Acacia suma Buch.
137. }hfidk DvÍpikÁ Capparis sepiaria Linn.
138. fp=d Citraka Plumbago zeylonica Linn.
139. 'k`¯osj Ségvera Zingiber officinala Roxb.
140. ,yk ElÁ Elettaria cordamomum Maton
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|title = Madanakalpa Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 1
|label2 = Preceding Chapter
|data2 = None
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Jimutaka Kalpa]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|header3 =
}}
=== Abstract ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">The chapter [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] deals with the basic and important concepts about the drugs used for ''vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). Among the emetic drugs, ''Madanaphala'' is the best because it does not produces any adverse effects, therefore the section of [[Kalpa Sthana]] is started from ''Madanaphala'' formulations. Hereafter,a brief definition of ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'', and the mode of action of these drugs has been described. The factors responsible for promoting therapeutic efficacy of these drugs have also been mentioned. Further, three kinds of habitats and the characteristic features of these habitats, suitable time and method for drug collection are given. Subsequent to collecting the drugs (or herbs), storage and formulations of ''Madanaphala'' and specific procedure for administering emetic drugs have been given. Several dosage forms of ''Madanaphala'' viz. – pills, powders, linctuses, ''utkarika'', ''vati'', ''modaka'', ''sashkuli'' and in the forms of ''badara'' and ''sashava'' have been discussed. At the end of the chapter, important synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' viz. ''madana'', ''karahata'', ''ratha'', ''pinditaka'', ''phala'' and ''ivasana'' is given.
'''Keywords''': ''Madanaphala'', ''vamana, virechana''
=== Introduction ===
In the preceding section to [[Kalpa Sthana]], i.e., in [[Chikitsa Sthana]], therapeutic emesis and purgation have been prescribed in the context of the treatment of various diseases. In this section, these recipes have been described in detail. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy. Therefore the chapters describing emetic therapy are placed before the chapters dealing with purgative therapy in [[Kalpa Sthana]].
Among emetic drugs, ''Madanaphala'' is considered to be the best because it does not cause any adverse effect. That explains why a chapter on ''Madanaphala'' precedes all other chapters in this section.
''Kalpa'' means "that which is processed". In this context, pharmaceutical preparations are called ''Kalpa''. This ''Sthana'' is called [[Kalpa Sthana]] since formulations of emetics and purgatives have been described here. The preparations which expel the ''dosha'' upwards through mouth are called ''Urdhavabhagahara'' (emetics) and those which expel downwards through rectum are ''Adhobhagahara'' (purgatives). For this action, the ''vamana'' drugs having ''vayu'' and ''agni'' predominance and ''virechana'' drugs are ''prithvi'' and ''jala'' predominant. But the ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' action is mainly due to ''prabhava'' (effect). It is clearly mentioned that these drugs became efficacious by the effect of ''desha'' (appropriate habitat), ''kala'' (season and time), ''guna'' (enriched with excellent attributes) and ''bhaajana'' (storing in appropriate containers).
In this reference three basic kind of ''desha'' (habitat) i.e. ''jangala'', ''anupa'' and ''sadharana'' have been ascribed on the basis of specific flora and fauna. Laws for collection of different parts of a plant ,i.e., roots in summers or late winter when the leaves of the trees have ripened and withered away; barks, rhizome and latex in autumn; heartwood in ''Hemanta'' (early winter); and flowers and fruits during appropriate seasons have been laid out.
Since these are variations with regard to place (''desha'') and time (''kala''), preparations and processing of drugs and it is not possible to prescribe one drug which might be universally applicable. Moreover the drugs may not be available everywhere. Hence a number of formulations of ''Madanaphala'' are described. The physician may select one out of them which is suitable for the person.
Further the number six hundred for ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' preparations is not restrictive, it is only for guidance to brilliant scholars to formulate more while it would serve as standard for average physician.
Thus, the first chapter ''Madanakalpa'' throws the light on complete [[Kalpa Sthana]] and also deals with the basic concepts to understand the habitat, collection and storage of unprocessed drugs (or ingredients) and the pharmacodynamics of ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs.
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=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
अथातो मदनकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
athātō madanakalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
Now (I) shall expound the chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana''. [1]
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
Thus said Lord Atreya. [2]
==== Objective of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ====
अथ खलु वमनविरेचनार्थं वमनविरेचनद्रव्याणां सुखोपभोगतमैः सहान्यैर्द्रव्यैर्विविधैः कल्पनार्थं भेदार्थं विभागार्थं चेत्यर्थः,तद्योगानां च क्रियाविधेः सुखोपायस्य सम्यगुपकल्पनार्थं कल्पस्थानमुपदेक्ष्यामोऽग्निवेश!||३||
atha khalu vamanavirēcanārthaṁ vamanavirēcanadravyāṇāṁ sukhōpabhōgatamaiḥsahānyairdravyairvividhaiḥ kalpanārthaṁ bhēdārthaṁ vibhāgārthaṁ cētyarthaḥ, tadyōgānāṁ cakriyāvidhēḥ sukhōpāyasya samyagupakalpanārthaṁ kalpasthānamupadēkṣyāmō'gnivēśa!||3||
Now I shall expound the section on pharmaceuticals that deals with preparations of emetic and purgative drugs, describing combinations and administration of these formulations and simple methods for the purpose of emesis and purgation, O Agnivesha [3]
==== ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) ====
तत्र दोषहरणमूर्ध्वभागं वमनसञ्ज्ञकम्, अधोभागं विरेचनसञ्ज्ञकम्; उभयं वा शरीरमलविरेचनाद्विरेचनसञ्ज्ञां लभते||४||
tatra dōṣaharaṇamūrdhvabhāgaṁ Vamanasañjñakam, adhōbhāgaṁ virēcanasañjñakam; ubhayaṁ vāśarīramalavirēcanādvirēcanasañjñāṁ labhatē||4||
Of all drugs, those that eliminate impurities from the upper part are known as emetics while those that act via the lower part are called purgatives. Or (broadly), both are collectively termed as evacuatives (or purgatives) because of their purging out excrement from the body. [4]
==== Pharmacodynamics of ''Vamana'' ====
तत्रोष्ण-तीक्ष्ण-सूक्ष्म-व्यवायि-विकाशीन्यौषधानि स्ववीर्येण हृदयमुपेत्य धमनीरनुसृत्य स्थूलाणुस्रोतोभ्यः केवलं शरीरगतंदोषसङ्घातमाग्नेयत्वाद् विष्यन्दयन्ति, तैक्ष्ण्याद् विच्छिन्दन्ति, स विच्छिन्नः परिप्लवन् [१] स्नेहभाविते कायेस्नेहाक्तभाजनस्थमिवक्षौद्रमसज्जन्नणुप्रवणभावादामाशयमागम्योदानप्रणुन्नोऽग्निवाय्वात्मकत्वादूर्ध्वभागप्रभावादौषधस्योर्ध्वमुत्क्षिप्यते,सलिलपृथिव्यात्मकत्वादधोभागप्रभावाच्चौषधस्याधः प्रवर्तते, उभयतश्चोभयगुणत्वात्|
इति लक्षणोद्देशः||५||
tatrōṣṇa-tīkṣṇa-sūkṣma-vyavāyi-vikāśīnyauṣadhāni svavīryēṇa hr̥dayamupētya dhamanīranusr̥tya sthūlāṇusrōtōbhyaḥ kēvalaṁ śarīragataṁdōṣasaṅghātamāgnēyatvād viṣyandayanti, taikṣṇyād vicchindanti, sa vicchinnaḥ pariplavan [1] snēhabhāvitē kāyē snēhāktabhājanasthamivakṣaudramasajjannaṇupravaṇabhāvādāmāśayamāgamyōdānapraṇunnō'
gnivāyvātmakatvādūrdhvabhāgaprabhāvādauṣadhasyōrdhvamutkṣipyatē,salilapr̥thivyātmakatvādadhōbhāgaprabhāvāccauṣadhasyādhaḥ pravartatē, ubhayataścōbhayaguṇatvāt| iti lakṣaṇōddēśaḥ||5||
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The ''ushna'', ''tikshna'', ''sukshma'', ''vyavayi'' and ''vikashi'' drugs, because of their vigorous ability in reaching the heart and circulating through the vessels, affect masses of impurity within the entire body, liquefying them and making them pass through large and small ducts (due to the fiery nature of such drugs) and detach them due to their sharpness. Consequently the detached masses left floating get ejected by ''udana'' (''vayu''). They get thrown upwards because of the natural composition of the drug with ''agni'' and ''vayu'' (''Mahabhutas'') and the specific potency (for emesis). When the natural composition of the drug predominates in ''jala'' and ''prithvi'' and there is specific potency (for purgation), it goes down. When both the above characters are combined it moves both ways. Thus the definition is said in brief. [5]
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==== List of Drugs for ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ====
तत्र फल-जीमूतकेक्ष्वाकु-धामार्गव-कुटज-कृतवेधनानां, श्यामा-त्रिवृच्चतुरङ्गुल-तिल्वक-महावृक्ष-सप्तला-शङ्खिनी-दन्ती-द्रवन्तीनां च, नानाविधदेशकालसम्भवास्वाद-रस-वीर्य-विपाक-प्रभावग्रहणाद् देह-दोष-प्रकृति-वयो-बलाग्नि-भक्ति-सात्म्य-रोगावस्थादीनां नानाप्रभाववत्त्वाच्च, विचित्रगन्ध-वर्ण-रस-स्पर्शानामुपयोगसुखार्थमसङ्ख्येयसंयोगानामपि चसतां द्रव्याणां विकल्पमार्गोपदर्शनार्थं षड्विरेचनयोगशतानि व्याख्यास्यामः||६||
tatra phala-jīmūtakēkṣvāku-dhāmārgava-kuṭaja-kr̥tavēdhanānāṁ, śyāmā-trivr̥ccaturaṅgula-tilvaka-mahāvr̥kṣa-saptalā-śaṅkhinī-dantī-dravantīnāṁ ca, nānāvidhadēśakālasambhavāsvāda-rasa-vīrya-vipāka-prabhāvagrahaṇād dēha-dōṣa-prakr̥ti-vayō-balāgni-bhakti-sātmya-rōgāvasthādīnāṁnānāprabhāvavattvācca, vicitragandha-varṇa-rasa-sparśānāmupayōgasukhārthamasaṅkhyēyasaṁyōgānāmapi ca satāṁ dravyāṇāṁvikalpamārgōpadarśanārthaṁ ṣaḍvirēcanayōgaśatāni vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||6||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Here I will describe six hundred evacuative formulations involving ''Madanaphala'', ''jimuta'', ''ikshvaku'', ''dhamargava'', ''kutaja'' and ''kritvedhana'' (all emetics); ''shyama'', ''trivrita'', ''chaturangula'', ''tilvaka'', ''mahavriksha, saptala, shankhini, danti'' - there are innumerable combinations of drugs due to variations in habitat, place and time; taste, ''Rasa, Virya, Vipaka'' and ''Prabhava'' (of drugs); in body, morbidity, constitution, age, strength, ''agni'', inclination, suitability, states of disease etc. (of the patient) and in smell, color, taste and touch (of vehicles and subsidiary drugs) for easy administration. [6]
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तानि तु द्रव्याणि देश-काल-गुण-भाजन-सम्पद्वीर्यबलाधानात् क्रियासमर्थतमानि भवन्ति||७||
tāni tu dravyāṇi dēśa-kāla-guṇa-bhājana-sampadvīryabalādhānāt kriyāsamarthatamāni bhavanti||7||
These drugs are the most potent when they are exposed to the most suitable of place, time, properties and containers. [7]
==== Three Types of ''Desha'' (regions or habitats) ====
त्रिविधः खलु देशः- जाङ्गलः, आनूपः, साधारणश्चेति|
तत्र जाङ्गलः पर्याकाशभूयिष्ठः, तरुभिरपि च कदर-खदिरासनाश्वकर्ण-धव-तिनिश-शल्लकी-साल-सोमवल्क-बदरी-तिन्दुकाश्वत्थ-वटामलकीवनगहनः, अनेकशमी-ककुभ-शिंशपाप्रायः, स्थिरशुष्कपवनबलविधूयमानप्रनृत्यत्तरुणविटपः,प्रततमृगतृष्णिकोपगूढतनुखरपरुषसिकताशर्कराबहुलः, लावतित्तिरिचकोरानुचरितभूमिभागः, वातपित्तबहुलः,स्थिरकठिनमनुष्यप्रायो ज्ञेयः, अथानूपो हिन्तालतमालनारिकेलकदलीवनगहनः, सरित्समुद्रपर्यन्तप्रायः, शिशिरपवनबहुलः,वञ्जुलवानीरोपशोभिततीराभिः सरिद्भिरुपगतभूमिभागः, क्षितिधरनिकुञ्जोपशोभितः, मन्दपवनानुवीजितक्षितिरुहगहनः,अनेकवनराजीपुष्पितवनगहनभूमिभागः, स्निग्धतरुप्रतानोपगूढः, हंस-चक्रवाक-बलाका-नन्दीमुख-पुण्डरीक-कादम्ब-मद्गु -भृङ्गराज-शतपत्र-मत्तकोकिलानुनादिततरुविटपः, सुकुमारपुरुषः, पवनकफप्रायो ज्ञेयः; अनयोरेवद्वयोर्देशयोर्वीरुद्वनस्पतिवानस्पत्यशकुनिमृगगणयुतः स्थिरसुकुमारबलवर्णसंहननोपपन्नसाधारणगुणयुक्तपुरुषःसाधारणो ज्ञेयः||८||
trividhaḥ khalu dēśaḥ- jāṅgalaḥ, ānūpaḥ, sādhāraṇaścēti|
tatra jāṅgalaḥ paryākāśabhūyiṣṭhaḥ, tarubhirapi ca kadara-khadirāsanāśvakarṇa-dhava-tiniśa-śallakī-sāla-sōmavalka-badarī-tindukāśvattha-vaṭāmalakīvanagahanaḥ, anēkaśamī-kakubha-śiṁśapāprāyaḥ,sthiraśuṣkapavanabalavidhūyamānapranr̥tyattaruṇaviṭapaḥ, pratatamr̥gatr̥ṣṇikōpagūḍhatanukharaparuṣasikatāśarkarābahulaḥ, lāvatittiricakōrānucaritabhūmibhāgaḥ,vātapittabahulaḥ, sthirakaṭhinamanuṣyaprāyō jñēyaḥ, athānūpō hintālatamālanārikēlakadalīvanagahanaḥ,saritsamudraparyantaprāyaḥ, śiśirapavanabahulaḥ, vañjulavānīrōpaśōbhitatīrābhiḥsaridbhirupagatabhūmibhāgaḥ, kṣitidharanikuñjōpaśōbhitaḥ, mandapavanānuvījitakṣitiruhagahanaḥ,anēkavanarājīpuṣpitavanagahanabhūmibhāgaḥ, snigdhatarupratānōpagūḍhaḥ, haṁsa-cakravāka-balākā-nandīmukha-puṇḍarīka-kādamba-madgu -bhr̥ṅgarāja-śatapatra-mattakōkilānunāditataruviṭapaḥ, sukumārapuruṣaḥ, pavanakaphaprāyō jñēyaḥ; anayōrēvadvayōrdēśayōrvīrudvanaspativānaspatyaśakunimr̥gagaṇayutaḥsthirasukumārabalavarṇasaṁhananōpapannasādhāraṇaguṇayuktapuruṣaḥ sādhāraṇō jñēyaḥ||8||
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A region could be of three types – arid, marshy and medium/normal. Of these, the arid zone is primarily sparse. As regards plants, there are dense fruits of ''Kadara, Khadira, Asana, Aswakarna, Dhava, Tinisa, Sallaki, Sala, Somavalka, Badari, Tinduka, Asvaittha, Vata'' and ''Amalaki,'' predominance of ''Sami, Kakubha'' and ''Shimshipa,'' young (immature) plants that are firm, dry and those that, when shaken with severe winds, sway vigorously as if dancing. The land abounds in mirages, is thin, coarse, rough and abounds in sand and gravels. The region is inhabited by birds such as the common quail, partridge, ''chakora''. The place abounds in ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and is inhabited mostly by firm and hard people.
Marshy regions have dense forests of ''Hintala, Tamala,'', coconut trees, and banana plants. These lands adjoin coasts of sea and rivers, abounding in cold breeze. The land is intercepted by water streams having ''Vanjula'' and ''Vanira'' (willow) plants on banks, adorned with hills and bowers, abounding in trees attended by mild breeze. The region is full of rows of flowered plants in abundance, embraced with amorous branches of trees resounding with coos of swan, ''Chakravaka,'' crane, ''Nandimukha, Pundanka, Kadamba, Madgu, Bhringaraja, Sataparna'' and the intoxicatingly sweet ''koyal''. The region is typically inhabited by delicate people and is dominated by ''vata'' and ''kapha''.
A region is considered to be of medium or normal kind that has the combined characters of the above two in respect of plants, birds and animals and is inhabited by people firm, delicate, endowed with strength, complexion and compactness and other medium qualities. [8]
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==== Characteristics of a Suitable ''Desha'' for Medicinal Plants ====
तत्र देशे साधारणे जाङ्गले वा यथाकालं शिशिरातपपवनसलिलसेविते समे शुचौ प्रदक्षिणोदके श्मशान-चैत्य-देवयजनागार-सभा-श्वभ्राराम-वल्मीकोषरविरहिते कुशरोहिषास्तीर्णे स्निग्धकृष्णमधुरमृत्तिके सुवर्णवर्णमधुरमृत्तिके वामृदावफालकृष्टेऽनुपहतेऽन्यैर्बलवत्तरैर्द्रुमैरौषधानि जातानि प्रशस्यन्ते||९||
tatra dēśē sādhāraṇē jāṅgalē vā yathākālaṁ śiśirātapapavanasalilasēvitē samē śucau pradakṣiṇōdakēśmaśāna-caitya-dēvayajanāgāra-sabhā-śvabhrārāma-valmīkōṣaravirahitē kuśarōhiṣāstīrṇēsnigdhakr̥ṣṇamadhuramr̥ttikē suvarṇavarṇamadhuramr̥ttikē vāmr̥dāvaphālakr̥ṣṭē'nupahatē'nyairbalavattarairdrumairauṣadhāni jātāni praśasyantē||9|
Medicinal plants grown in medium or arid zones, nourished timely with cold, sun (heat), air and water, even, clean, with facilities of water, except cremation ground, sacred place, temple, meeting place, ditch, orchard, ant-hills and barren land, covered with ''kusha'' and ''rohisha'' plants, having unctuous, black, sweet or golden sweet soil, soft, unploughed,and unaffected by other stronger plants are recommended (for us). [9]
==== Method of Collection of Medicinal Plants ====
तत्र यानि कालजातान्युपागतसम्पूर्णप्रमाण-रसवीर्य-गन्धानि कालातपाग्निसलिलपवनजन्तुभिरनुपहतगन्ध-वर्ण-रस-स्पर्श-प्रभावाणि प्रत्यग्राण्युदीच्यां दिशि स्थितानि; तेषां शाखापलाशमचिरप्ररूढं वर्षावसन्तयोर्ग्राह्यं, ग्रीष्मे मूलानि शिशिरे वाशीर्णप्ररूढपर्णानां, शरदि त्वक्कन्दक्षीराणि, हेमन्ते साराणि, यथर्तु पुष्पफलमिति; मङ्गलाचारः कल्याणवृत्तः शुचिःशुक्लवासाः सम्पूज्य देवता अश्विनौ गोब्राह्मणांश्च कृतोपवासः प्राङ्मुख उदङ्मुखो वा गृह्णीयात्||१०||
tatra yāni kālajātānyupāgatasampūrṇapramāṇa-rasavīrya-gandhāni kālātapāgnisalilapavanajantubhiranupahatagandha-varṇa-rasa-sparśa-prabhāvāṇi pratyagrāṇyudīcyāṁdiśi sthitāni; tēṣāṁ śākhāpalāśamaciraprarūḍhaṁ varṣāvasantayōrgrāhyaṁ, grīṣmē mūlāni śiśirē vāśīrṇaprarūḍhaparṇānāṁ, śaradi tvakkandakṣīrāṇi, hēmantē sārāṇ,yathartu puṣpaphalamiti;maṅgalācāraḥ kalyāṇavr̥ttaḥ śuciḥ śuklavāsāḥ sampūjya dēvatā aśvinau gōbrāhmaṇāṁśca kr̥tōpavāsaḥprāṅmukha udaṅmukhō vā gr̥hṇīyāt||10||
Of all medicinal plants, those that are grown in time (proper season), grow mature with taste, potency and smell; have smell, color, taste, touch and efficacy unaffected by time, sun, fire, water, air and organisms, are fresh and situated in northern direction (should be collected). Their branches and leaves should be collected in rainy seasons and when those plants are fully matured; bark, tubers and latex should be collected in autumn; heartwood in early winter and flowers and fruits according to their season. These should be collected by one with auspicious behavior, benevolent conduct, cleanliness and white dress after worshiping, observing fast and facing toward east or north. [10]
==== Method of Storage ====
गृहीत्वा चानुरूपगुणवद्भाजनस्थान्यागारेषू प्रागुदग्द्वारेषु निवातप्रवातैकदेशेषु नित्यपुष्पोपहारबलिकर्मवत्सु, अग्नि-सलिलोपस्वेद-धूम-रजो-मूषक-चतुष्पदामनभिगमनीयानि स्ववच्छन्नानि शिक्येष्वासज्य स्थापयेत्||११||
gr̥hītvā cānurūpaguṇavadbhājanasthānyāgārēṣū prāgudagdvārēṣu nivātapravātaikadēśēṣunityapuṣpōpahārabalikarmavatsu, agni-salilōpasvēda-dhūma-rajō-mūṣaka-catuṣpadāmanabhigamanīyānisvavacchannāni śikyēṣvāsajya sthāpayēt||11||
After collecting the plant extracts, they should be kept in suitable containers and stored in rooms facing eastward or northward, devoid of wind but well ventilated , and daily ritualized with offering of flower and other things, holding them up in a swing of rope well-covered and making them unapproachable for fire, water, humidity, smoke, dust, rats and quadrupeds. [11]
==== Administration per ''Dosha'' Dominance ====
तानि च यथादोषं प्रयुञ्जीत सुरा-सौवीरक-तुषोदक-मैरेय-मेदक-धान्याम्ल -फलाम्ल-दध्यम्लादिभिर्वाते, मृद्वीकामलक -मधु-मधुक-परूषक-फाणितक्षीरादिभिः पित्ते, श्लेष्मणि तु मधु-मूत्र-कषायादिभिर्भावितान्यालोडितानि च; इत्युद्देशः|
तं विस्तरेण द्रव्य-देह-दोष-सात्म्यादीनि प्रविभज्य व्याख्यास्यामः||१२||
tāni ca yathādōṣaṁ prayuñjīta surā-sauvīraka-tuṣōdaka-mairēya-mēdaka-dhānyāmla -phalāmla-dadhyamlādibhirvātē, mr̥dvīkāmalaka -madhu-madhuka-parūṣaka-phāṇitakṣīrādibhiḥ pittē, ślēṣmaṇi tumadhu-mūtra- kaṣāyādibhirbhāvitānyālōḍitāni ca; ityuddēśaḥ| taṁ vistarēṇa dravya-dēha-dōṣa-sātmyādīni pravibhajya vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||12||
These (drugs) should be administered according to the relevant ''dosha'', with an appropriate vehicle/medium such as wine, ''Sauviraka, Tusodaka, Maireya, Medaka,'' ''Dhanyamla, Phalamla,'' sour curd, etc. in ''vata''; grapes, ''Amalaka'', honey, ''Madhuka, Parusaka, Phanita,'' milk etc. in ''pitta'' and in ''kapha'' impregnated with or dissolved in honey, urine and decoction etc. This is in a nutshell. This will be explained further in details according to drugs, body, morbidity, suitability etc. [12]
==== Administration of ''Madanaphala'' ====
वमनद्रव्याणां मदनफलानि श्रेष्ठतमान्याचक्षते, अनपायित्वात्|
तानि वसन्तग्रीष्मयोरन्तरे [पुष्याश्वयुग्भ्यां मृगशिरसा वा गृह्णीयान्मैत्रे मुहूर्ते|
यानि पक्वान्यकाणान्यहरितानि पाण्डून्यक्रिमीण्यपूतीन्यजन्तुजग्धान्यह्रस्वानि; तानि प्रमृज्य , कुशपुटे बद्ध्वा,गोमयेनालिप्य, यवतु(बु)षमाषशालिकुलत्थमुद्गपलानामन्यतमे निदध्यादष्टरात्रम्|
अत ऊर्ध्वं मृदूभूतानि मध्विष्टगन्धान्युद्धृत्य शोषयेत्| सुशुष्काणां फलपिप्पलीरुद्धरेत् |
तासां घृतदधिमधुपललविमृदितानां पुनः शुष्काणां नवं कलशं सुप्रमृष्टवालुकमरजस्कमाकण्ठं पूरयित्वा स्ववच्छन्नं स्वनुगुप्तंशिक्येष्वासज्य सम्यक् स्थापयेत्||१३||
vamanadravyāṇāṁ madanaphalāni śrēṣṭhatamānyācakṣatē, anapāyitvāt|
tāni vasantagrīṣmayōrantarē puṣyāśvayugbhyāṁ mr̥gaśirasā vā gr̥hṇīyānmaitrē muhūrtē|
yāni pakvānyakāṇānyaharitāni pāṇḍūnyakrimīṇyapūtīnyajantujagdhānyahrasvāni; tāni pramr̥jya ,kuśapuṭē baddhvā, gōmayēnālipya, yavatu(bu)ṣamāṣaśālikulatthamudgapalānāmanyatamē nidadhyādaṣṭarātram| ata ūrdhvaṁ mr̥dūbhūtāni madhviṣṭagandhānyuddhr̥tya śōṣayēt|
suśuṣkāṇāṁ phalapippalīruddharēt | tāsāṁ ghr̥tadadhimadhupalalavimr̥ditānāṁ punaḥ śuṣkāṇāṁ navaṁ kalaśaṁsupramr̥ṣṭavālukamarajaskamākaṇṭhaṁ pūrayitvā svavacchannaṁ svanuguptaṁ śikyēṣvāsajya samyaksthāpayēt||13||
Of all the emetic drugs, ''Madana'' fruits are regarded as the best ones because they are free from complications. These should be collected during the period of transition between spring and summer in ''Pusya, Aswini'' or ''Mrigasiras'' constellation and ''Maitra Muhurta''. Those which are ripe, undamaged, non-green, of pale color, free organisms, under-composed, uneaten by animals, not too small (immature) should be taken. Having been washed, wrapped within ''Kusa'' grass and pasted with fresh cow-dung they should be stored for eight days in the heap of one of the following-barley husk, black gram, ''Sali'' rice, horse gram and green gram. Thereafter when they are softened and develop good honey-like aroma they should be taken out and dried (in the sun). When they are well-dried, their pepper-like seeds should be mixed gently with ghee, curd, honey and sesamum paste and again dried. Finally they should be filled up in a new earthen pitcher, well-cleaned and dustless, up to neck and placed well on a swing of rope well-covered and well-protected. [13]
{| class="wikitable center"
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Madanaphalafruits1.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Madanaphalarandia.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala Fruits
|<!--Col2-->Madanaphala Randia
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Madanaphalafruits2.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:MadanaphalaHay.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala Fruits
|<!--Col2-->Madanaphala covered with hay
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:MadanaphalaDung.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Processing1.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Madanaphala covered with cow-dung
|<!--Col2-->Processed for eight nights
|-style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->[[File:Processing2.png|299x200px]]
|<!--Col2-->[[File:Processing3M.png|299x200px|center]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
|<!--Col1-->Processed for eight nights
|<!--Col2-->Processed for eight nights
|}
==== Procedure of ''Vamana'' ====
अथ च्छर्दनीयमातुरं द्व्यहं त्र्यहं वा स्नेहस्वेदोपपन्नं श्वश्छर्दयितव्यमिति ग्राम्यानूपौदकमांसरस-क्षीर-दधि-माष-तिल-शाकादिभिः समुत्क्लेशितश्लेष्माणं व्युषितं जीर्णाहारं पूर्वाह्णे कृतबलिहोममङ्गलप्रायश्चित्तं निरन्नमनतिस्निग्धं यवाग्वाघृतमात्रां पीतवन्तं, तासां फलपिप्पलीनामन्तर्नखमुष्टिं यावद्वा साधु मन्येत जर्जरीकृत्य यष्टिमधुकषायेण कोविदार-कर्बुदार-नीप-विदुल-बिम्बी-शणपुष्पी-सदापुष्पी-प्रत्यक्पुष्पीकषायाणामन्यतमेन वा रात्रिमुषितं विमृद्य पूतं मधुसैन्धवयुक्तंसुखोष्णं कृत्वा पूर्णं शरावं मन्त्रेणानेनाभिमन्त्रयेत्- ‘ॐ ब्रह्मदक्षाश्विरुद्रेन्द्रभूचन्द्रार्कानिलानलाः| ऋषयः सौषधिग्रामा भूतसङ्घाश्च पान्तु ते|
रसायनमिवर्षीणां देवानाममृतं यथा| सुधेवोत्तमनागानां भैषज्यमिदमस्तु ते’|
इत्येवमभिमन्त्र्योदङ्मुखं प्राङ्मुखं वाऽऽतुरं पाययेच्छ्लेष्मज्वरगुल्मप्रतिश्यायार्तं विशेषेण पुनः पुनरापित्तागमनात्, तेन साधुवमति; हीनवेगं तु पिप्पल्यामलक-सर्षप-वचाकल्कलवणोष्णोदकैः पुनः पुनः प्रवर्तयेदापित्तदर्शनात्|
इत्येष सर्वश्छर्दनयोगविधिः||१४||
atha cchardanīyamāturaṁ dvyahaṁ tryahaṁ vā snēhasvēdōpapannaṁ śvaśchardayitavyamitigrāmyānūpaudakamāṁsarasa-kṣīra-dadhi-māṣa-tila-śākādibhiḥ samutklēśitaślēṣmāṇaṁ vyuṣitaṁjīrṇāhāraṁ pūrvāhṇē kr̥tabalihōmamaṅgalaprāyaścittaṁ nirannamanatisnigdhaṁ yavāgvā ghr̥tamātrāṁpītavantaṁ, tāsāṁ phalapippalīnāmantarnakhamuṣṭiṁ yāvadvā sādhu manyēta jarjarīkr̥tyayaṣṭimadhukaṣāyēṇa kōvidāra-karbudāra-nīpa-vidula-bimbī-śaṇapuṣpī-sadāpuṣpī-pratyakpuṣpī-kaṣāyāṇāmanyatamēna vā rātrimuṣitaṁ vimr̥dya pūtaṁ madhusaindhavayuktaṁ sukhōṣṇaṁ kr̥tvā pūrṇaṁśarāvaṁ mantrēṇānēnābhimantrayēt-
‘ōṁ brahmadakṣāśvirudrēndrabhūcandrārkānilānalāḥ|
r̥ṣayaḥ sauṣadhigrāmā bhūtasaṅghāśca pāntu tē|
rasāyanamivarṣīṇāṁ dēvānāmamr̥taṁ yathā|
sudhēvōttamanāgānāṁ bhaiṣajyamidamastu tē’|
ityēvamabhimantryōdaṅmukhaṁ prāṅmukhaṁ vā''turaṁ pāyayēcchlēṣmajvaragulmapratiśyāyārtaṁviśēṣēṇa punaḥ punarāpittāgamanāt, tēna sādhu vamati; hīnavēgaṁ tu pippalyāmalaka-sarṣapa-vacākalkalavaṇōṣṇōdakaiḥ punaḥ punaḥ pravartayēdāpittadarśanāt|
ityēṣa sarvaśchardanayōgavidhiḥ||14||
<div style="text-align:justify;">The patient, the subject of emesis, having been administered with unction and sudation for two or three days, should be fed meat soups of domestic, marshy and aquatic animals, milk, curd, black gram, sesamum, vegetable etc. in the night prior to emesis, in order to excite ''kapha''. Next day when the previous food is digested, in the forenoon, after performing offering, oblations, auspicious and expiatory rites, he should take a dose of ghee along with gruel (on an empty stomach) that may not be very smooth or greasy. The physician should take one closed fist sized dosage of seeds of ''Madanaphala'', pound them and impregnate them with a decoction of ''Yastimadhu'' or one of these-''Kovidara, Karbudara, Nipa, Vidula, Bimbi, Sanapuspi'' and ''Prayakpuspi''-for the whole (previous) night. In the morning, this mix should be pressed and filtered, added with honey and rock salt and heated slightly. The cup filled with the drug should be enchanted with the following hymn:-
“Brahma, Daksa, Asvina, Rudra, Indra, Earth, Moon, Sun, Air, Fire, Sages, medicinal plants and multitude of creatures may protect you.This drug may prove for you as ''Rasayana'' for the sages, nectar for the gods and ambrosia for the best among serpents.”
After enchanting thus, the physician should administer the drug to the patient facing northward or eastward particularly suffering from ''kaphaja'' fever, ''gulma'' and coryza time and again until bile begins to come out. Thus he vomits well. If the urges are deficient, they should be moved by administering paste of ''Pippali, Amalaka, Sarsapa, Vacha'' and salt dissolved in hot water frequently till bile is seen. This is the entire method of administration of emetic drugs. [14]
</div>
सर्वेषु तु मधुसैन्धवं कफविलयनच्छेदार्थं वमनेषु विदध्यात्|
न चोष्णविरोधो मधुनश्छर्दनयोगयुक्तस्य, अविपक्वप्रत्यागमनाद्दोषनिर्हरणाच्च||१५||
sarvēṣu tu madhusaindhavaṁ kaphavilayanacchēdārthaṁ vamanēṣu vidadhyāt|
na cōṣṇavirōdhō madhunaśchardanayōgayuktasya, avipakvapratyāgamanāddōṣanirharaṇācca||15||
In all emetic formulations, honey and rock salt should be added for liquefying ''kapha'' (mucus). There is no adverse reaction of honey to heat when added to an emetic formulation as it returns back without digestion and helps in the elimination of impurity. [15]
==== Various Pharmaceutical Preparations of ''Madanaphala'' ====
फलपिप्पलीनां द्वौ द्वौ भागौ कोविदारादिकषायेण त्रिःसप्तकृत्वः स्रावयेत्, तेन रसेन तृतीयं भागं पिष्ट्वा मात्रांहरीतकीभिर्बिभीतकैरामलैर्वा तुल्यां वर्तयेत्, तासामेकां द्वे वा पूर्वोक्तानां कषायाणामन्यतमस्याञ्जलिमात्रेण विमृद्यबलवच्छ्लेष्मप्रसेकग्रन्थिज्वरोदरारुचिषु पाययेदिति समानं पूर्वेण||१६||
phalapippalīnāṁ dvau dvau bhāgau kōvidārādikaṣāyēṇa triḥsaptakr̥tvaḥ srāvayēt, tēna rasēna tr̥tīyaṁbhāgaṁ piṣṭvā mātrāṁ harītakībhirbibhītakairāmalairvā tulyāṁ vartayēt, tāsāmēkāṁ dvē vā pūrvōktānāṁkaṣāyāṇāmanyatamasyāñjalimātrēṇa vimr̥dya balavacchlēṣmaprasēkagranthijvarōdarāruciṣu pāyayēditisamānaṁ pūrvēṇa||16||
Two parts of the seeds of ''Madanphala'' should be washed with the decoction of ''Kovidara'' etc. twenty one times. With this liquid the third part of the same (seeds) should be pounded and made into doses equal to (the fruits) of ''Haritaki, Bibhitaka'' or ''Amalaka''. Of them one or two doses after having been impregnated with one of the above decoctions in quantity of 160 ml. should be administered in cases of severe salivation, glands, fever, ''Udara'' and anorexia. Other things as above. [16]
फलपिप्पलीक्षीरं, तेन वा क्षीरयवागूमधोभागे रक्तपित्ते हृद्दाहे च; तज्जस्य वा दध्न उत्तरकं कफच्छर्दितमकप्रसेकेषु ; तस्यवा पयसः शीतस्य सन्तानिकाञ्जलिं पित्ते प्रकुपिते उरःकण्ठहृदये च तनुकफोपदिग्धे, इति समानं पूर्वेण||१७||
phalapippalīkṣīraṁ, tēna vā kṣīrayavāgūmadhōbhāgē raktapittē hr̥ddāhē ca; tajjasya vā dadhna uttarakaṁkaphaccharditamakaprasēkēṣu ; tasya vā payasaḥ śītasya santānikāñjaliṁ pittē prakupitēuraḥkaṇṭhahr̥dayē ca tanukaphōpadigdhē, iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||17||
Milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and gruel prepared with this milk are given in cases of downward internal haemorrhage and burning sensation in cardiac region.
The supernatant fatty layer of curd prepared from the above milk is useful in ''kaphaja'' vomiting, bronchial asthma and salivation.
The supernatant fatty layer of the above milk when cold is given in the dose of 160 gm. in vitiation of ''pitta'' in chest, throat and cardiac region along with coating of thin ''kapha''. Other things as above. [17]
फलपिप्पलीशृतक्षीरान्नवनीतमुत्पन्नं फलादिकल्ककषायसिद्धं कफाभिभूताग्निं विशुष्यद्देहं च मात्रया पाययेदिति समानंपूर्वेण||१८||
phalapippalīśr̥takṣīrānnavanītamutpannaṁ phalādikalkakaṣāyasiddhaṁ kaphābhibhūtāgniṁviśuṣyaddēhaṁ
ca mātrayā pāyayēditi samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||18||
Butter formed from the milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and processed with the paste and the decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be administered in proper dose to the patients whose ''agni'' is subdued by ''kapha'' and body is being dried up. Other things are as above. [18]
फलपिप्पलीनां फलादिकषायेण त्रिःसप्तकृत्वः सुपरिभावितेन पुष्परजःप्रकाशेन चूर्णेन सरसि सञ्जातं [१] बृहत्सरोरुहंसायाह्नेऽवचूर्णयेत्, तद्रात्रिव्युषितं प्रभाते पुनरवचूर्णितमुद्धृत्य हरिद्राकृसरक्षीरयवागूनामन्यतमंसैन्धवगुडफाणितयुक्तमाकण्ठं पीतवन्तमाघ्रापयेत् सुकुमारमुत्क्लिष्टपित्तकफमौषधद्वेषिणमिति समानं पूर्वेण||१९||
phalapippalīnāṁ phalādikaṣāyēṇa triḥsaptakr̥tvaḥ suparibhāvitēna puṣparajaḥprakāśēna cūrṇēna sarasisañjātaṁ [1] br̥hatsarōruhaṁ sāyāhnē'vacūrṇayēt, tadrātrivyuṣitaṁ prabhātē punaravacūrṇitamuddhr̥tyaharidrākr̥sarakṣīrayavāgūnāmanyatamaṁ saindhavaguḍaphāṇitayuktamākaṇṭhaṁ pītavantamāghrāpayētsukumāramutkliṣṭapittakaphamauṣadhadvēṣiṇamiti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||19||
Pollen- like powder of ''Madanaphala'' seeds made after impregnating it twenty one times with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be cast on a big lotus flower in evening. In the next morning the flower should be plucked and then powdered with the drug . It should be given for inhalation to the patient who is delicate and averse to drugs and has excited ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' after he has taken meal of ''Haridrakrsara'' or ''Ksira-Yavagu'' (gruel prepared with milk) added with rock salt, jaggery and treacle till satiation. Other things are as above. [19]
फलपिप्पलीनां भल्लातकविधिपरिस्रुतं स्वरसं पक्त्वा फाणितीभूतमातन्तुलीभावाल्लेहयेत्; आतपशुष्कं वा चूर्णीकृतंजीमूतकादिकषायेण पित्ते कफस्थानगते पाययेदिति समानं पूर्वेण||२०||
phalapippalīnāṁ bhallātakavidhiparisrutaṁ svarasaṁ paktvā phāṇitībhūtamātantulībhāvāllēhayēt;ātapaśuṣkaṁ vā cūrṇīkr̥taṁ jīmūtakādikaṣāyēṇa pittē kaphasthānagatē pāyayēditi samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||20||
The extract of ''Madanaphala'' seeds prepared per the Bhallataka method should be heated till it becomes thready and treacle-like.
The powder of the seeds dried in the sun should be given with decoction of ''Jimuta'' etc. in (condition of) ''pitta'' located in the seat of ''kapha''. Other things as above. [20]
फलपिप्पलीचूर्णानि पूर्ववत् फलादीनां षण्णामन्यतमकषायस्रुतानि वर्तिक्रियाः फलादिकषायोपसर्जनाः पेया इति समानंपूर्वेण||२१||
phalapippalīcūrṇāni pūrvavat phalādīnāṁ ṣaṇṇāmanyatamakaṣāyasrutāni vartikriyāḥphalādikaṣāyōpasarjanāḥ pēyā iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||21||
The powder of the ''Madanaphala'' can be made into Vartti (caplets) by impregnating it with a decoction of one of the six ''Phaladi'' (''Madana'' etc.) drugs and taken with the above decoction. Other things are as above. [21]
फलपिप्पलीनामारग्वध -वृक्षक-स्वादुकण्टक-पाठा-पाटला-शार्ङ्गेष्टा-मूर्वा-सप्तपर्ण-नक्तमाल-पिचुमर्द-पटोल-सुषवी-गुडूची-सोमवल्क-द्वीपिकानां पिप्पली-पिप्पलीमूल-हस्तिपिप्पली-चित्रक-शृङ्गवेराणां चान्यतमकषायेण सिद्धो लेह इतिसमानं पूर्वेण||२२||
phalapippalīnāmāragvadha -vr̥kṣaka-svādukaṇṭaka-pāṭhā-pāṭalā-śārṅgēṣṭā-mūrvā-saptaparṇa-naktamāla-picumarda-paṭōla-suṣavī-guḍūcī-sōmavalka-dvīpikānāṁ pippalī-pippalīmūla-hastipippalī-citraka-śr̥ṅgavērāṇāṁ cānyatamakaṣāyēṇa siddhō lēha iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||22||
Linctus is prepared of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with the decoction of one of the following drugs – ''Aragvadha, Kutaja, Vikankata, Patha, Patala, Sarngesta, Murva, Saptaparana, Naktamala, Nimba, Patola, Susavi, Guduci, Somavalka, Dvipika, Pippali, Pippalimula, Gajapippali, Chitraka'' and ''Sunthi''. This is an effective preparation. Other things are as above. [22]
फलपिप्पलीष्वेला-हरेणुका-शतपुष्पा-कुस्तुम्बुरु-तगर-कुष्ठ-त्वक्-चोरक-मरुबकागुरु-गुग्गुल्वेलवालुक-श्रीवेष्टक-परिपेलव-मांसी-शैलेयक-स्थौणेयक-सरल-पारावतपद्यशोकरोहिणीनां विंशतेरन्यतमस्य कषायेण साधितोत्कारिका उत्कारिकाकल्पेन,मोदका वा मोदककल्पेन, यथादोषरोगभक्ति प्रयोज्या इति समानं पूर्वेण||२३||
phalapippalīṣvēlā-harēṇukā-śatapuṣpā-kustumburu-tagara-kuṣṭha-tvak-cōraka-marubakāguru-guggulvēlavāluka-śrīvēṣṭaka-paripēlava-māṁsī-śailēyaka-sthauṇēyaka-sarala-pārāvatapadyaśōkarōhiṇīnāṁ viṁśatēranyatamasya kaṣāyēṇa sādhitōtkārikā utkārikākalpēna, mōdakā vāmōdakakalpēna, yathādōṣarōgabhakti prayōjyā iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||23||
Preparations of ''Utkarika'' (a semisolid preparation) or ''Modaka'' (balls) may be made of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with one of the following twenty drugs – ''Ela, Harenuka, Satapuspa, Kustumburu, Tagara, Kustha, Twak, Coraka, Marubaka, Aguru, Guggulu, Elavaluka, Srivestaka, Paripelava, Mamsi, Salicyaka, Sthauneyaka, Sarala, Paravatapdi'' and ''Asokarohini''. These should be used according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Other things are as above. [23]
फलपिप्पलीस्वरसकषायपरिभावितानि तिलशालितण्डुलपिष्टानि तत्कषायोपसर्जनानि शष्कुलीकल्पेन वा शष्कुल्यः,पूपकल्पेन वा पूपाः इति समानं पूर्वेण||२४||
phalapippalīsvarasakaṣāyaparibhāvitāni tilaśālitaṇḍulapiṣṭāni tatkaṣāyōpasarjanāni śaṣkulīkalpēna vāśaṣkulyaḥ, pūpakalpēna vā pūpāḥ iti samānaṁ pūrvēṇa||24||
''Saskuli'' or ''Pupa'' (dietary preparations) may be made of sesamum and Sali rice flour impregnated with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' seeds and be taken with the same decoction. Other things are as above. [24]
एतेनैव च कल्पेन सुमुख-सुरस-कुठेरक-काण्डीर-कालमालक-पर्णासक-क्षवक-फणिज्झक-गृञ्जन-कासमर्द-भृङ्गराजानांपोटेक्षुवालिका-कालङ्कतक-दण्डैरकाणां चान्यतमस्य कषायेण कारयेत्||२५||
ētēnaiva ca kalpēna sumukha-surasa-kuṭhēraka-kāṇḍīra-kālamālaka-parṇāsaka-kṣavaka-phaṇijjhaka-gr̥ñjana-kāsamarda-bhr̥ṅgarājānāṁ pōṭēkṣuvālikā-kālaṅkataka-daṇḍairakāṇāṁ cānyatamasya kaṣāyēṇakārayēt||25||
The above preparation may also be made with the decoction of any one of the following drugs – ''Sumukha, Surasa, Kutheraka Kandira, Kalamalaka, Parnasaka, Ksavaka, Phanijjhaka, Ganjana, Kasamarda, Bhrngaraja, Pota, Iksuvalika, Kalankataka'' and ''Dandairaka''. [25]
तथा बदरषाडव-राग-लेह-मोदकोत्कारिका-तर्पण-पानक-मांसरस-यूष-मद्यानां मदनफलान्यन्यतमेनोपसृज्ययथादोषरोगभक्ति दद्यात्; तैः साधु वमतीति||२६||
tathā badaraṣāḍava-rāga-lēha-mōdakōtkārikā-tarpaṇa-pānaka-māṁsarasa-yūṣa-madyānāṁ madanaphalānyanyatamēnōpasr̥jya yathādōṣarōgabhakti dadyāt; taiḥ sādhu vamatīti||26||
Besides, ''Madanaphala'' should be administered combining it with preparations such as ''Badarasadava, Raga, Leha, Modaka, Utkarika, Tarpana, Panaka,'' meat soup, vegetable soup and wine according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Thus the patient vomits well. [26]
==== Synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' ====
मदनः करहाटश्च राठः पिण्डीतकः फलम्|
श्वसनश्चेति पर्यायैरुच्यते तस्य कल्पना||२७||
madanaḥ karahāṭaśca rāṭhaḥ piṇḍītakaḥ phalam|
śvasanaścēti paryāyairucyatē tasya kalpanā||27||
Pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana'' are also known by the synonyms ''Karahata, Ratha, Pinditaka, Phala'' and ''Svasana''. [27]
==== Summary ====
तत्र श्लोकाः-
नव योगाः कषायेषु, मात्रास्वष्टौ , पयोघृते|
पञ्च, फाणितचूर्णे द्वौ घ्रेये, वर्तिक्रियासु षट्||२८||
विंशतिर्विंशतिर्लेहमोदकोत्कारिकासु च|
शष्कुलीपूपयोश्चोक्ता योगाः षोडश षोडश||२९||
दशान्ये षाडवाद्येषु त्रयस्त्रिंशदिदं शतम्|
योगानां विधिवद्दिष्टं फलकल्पे महर्षिणा||३०||
tatra ślōkāḥ-
nava yōgāḥ kaṣāyēṣu, mātrāsvaṣṭau, payōghr̥tē|
pañca, phāṇitacūrṇē dvau ghrēyē, vartikriyāsu ṣaṭ||28||
viṁśatirviṁśatirlēhamōdakōtkārikāsu ca|
śaṣkulīpūpayōścōktā yōgāḥ ṣōḍaśa ṣōḍaśa||29||
daśānyē ṣāḍavādyēṣu trayastriṁśadidaṁ śatam|
yōgānāṁ vidhivaddiṣṭaṁ phalakalpē maharṣiṇā||30||
Now the summing up verses –
Nine formulations in decoctions, eight in ''Matra'' (like ''Haritaki'' fruit etc.) five in milk and ghee, two in ''Phanita'' and ''Churna'', one in inhalation, six in caplets, twenty each in ''Leha, Modaka'' and ''Utkarika'', sixteen each in ''Saskuli'' and ''Pupa'' and ten others in ''Sadava'' etc. Thus total 133 formulations are described by the great sage in the chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala''. [28 – 30]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">The excelled physico-pharmacological properties of a ''Vamana'' drug, which is known as ''Veerya'' (potency) are as follows; ''Tikshna'' (sharp),''sukshma'' (subtle),''vyavayi'' (pervading) and ''vikasi''(loosening). In fact, those are basically expression of ''agni'' and ''Vayumahabhutas''. Because of ''agni'' and ''Vayumahabhuta'', they have the inherency to move upwards, thereby, all such drugs perform their action to eliminate impurities from upper tract. They perform their action by reaching to the heart and circulating in the body through vascular system and conjugated mass in the form of impurities is liquefied and float in the oiled body. This liquefied impurities reaches in the stomach and due to inherence of the aforesaid potencies in association of ''udana vayu'', the impurities are expelled through gastro-oral route. But ''vamana'' drugs serves their function not only because of the predominance of specific ''mahabhuta'' but also due to their ''prabhava'' (specific action). If the predominance of ''mahabhutas'' is considered to be the only causative factors. Then there are many drugs with the above ''mahabhuta'' predominance and not have ''vamana'' action (Ca.Ka.1/5).
The drugs are required to be collected keeping in view the appropriate habitat (''desha-sampat''), appropriate season (''kala-sampat'') and their effective attributes (''guna-smapat''). The ''vamana dravya'' (drug) possesses strong potency endowed due to ''desha''(habitat),''kala''(time), ''guna'' (properties) and ''bhaajana'' (container) (Ca.Ka.1/7).
To understand the habitat of a drug, place have been categorically divided into three major types; ''jangala'' (wild/arid), ''anupa'' (aquatic/marshy)and ''sadharana'' (medium/combined of arid and marshy). The examples of the plant grown in particular habitat are enumerated separately under each category. Not only that the characteristic features of that place with fauna of the area is also lucidly described (Ca.Ka.1/8).
It is emphasized that timely grown, mature, unaffected by environment and organisms are the best drug for collection (Ca.Ka.1/9).
Further their collection time in accordance with season and part specific of the plant is note worthy, which reflects quality, safety and efficacy of a particular drug. It is worthy to mention here that even cleanliness and conduct of a person who will be collecting the parts of the medicinal plants has been directed, which shows deep concern of the Ayurvedic scholars for best quality drugs for human welfare(Ca.Ka.1/10).
After collection and procurement of the plant drug parts, the method of administration in accordance with the involvement of three ''doshas'' for best effectiveness has been narrated. Also the adjuvant with the drugs like curd, honey, fruit juices, decoctions, cows urine etc. according to ''dosha'' (''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'') involvement in predominance is vividly stated, which has great therapeutic value (Ca.Ka.1/12).
Amongst all the emetic vegetable origin drugs, fruits of ''Madanaphala'' are regarded as best as they are free from any kind of adverse effect leading to complications. For the best efficacy and free from any complication specific collection time of matured fruits as well as post collection processing in natural condition, characteristics of quality to be observed has been guided. All such quality material for their storage system is also given, which shows standard method for the good clinical practices(Ca.Ka.1/13).
The selected patient and the normal person agreed for the emetic procedure must follow the unction and sudation steps for beneficial desired effect. Day-to-day regimen of consumption of food during different period of time has great relevance, which is quite convenience in accordance to theory of Ayurveda which is unique because no one can be kept away from the dietary regimen even in the state of suffering. As per the ancient tradition of administration of medicine to have the uncomplicated effect, chanting of hymns is mentioned, which has psychological effect (Ca.Ka.1/14).
For the elimination of the impurities, a common vehicle/adjuvant i.e., honey and rock salt has been advised, which actually for the liquefying of the ''kapha''. In general honey heated or given to a patient suffering from hot ailments is harmful. But in the emetic recipes, honey taken along with hot water is thrown out before digestion along with vomited material. In addition, honey helps in the elimination of morbid material. So it is added to the emetic recipes (Ca.Ka.1/15).
The dose and dosage forms are of great relevance to obtain the desired effect are also narrated. Therefore, a number of preparations in different dosage forms with the decoction of other effective drugs, superannuated fatty layer of medicated curd preparation, butter formed from the milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and processed with the paste and the decoction of ''Madanaphala'', pollen like powder of ''Madanaphala'' seeds processed in decoction of ''Madanaphala'', extract of ''Madanaphala'' seeds according to that of ''bhallataka,'' dried powder of seeds, linctus prepared of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with the decoction of the other drugs etc. In all such 133 formulations are described by the ancient great sages with their vast experiences in this chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala'' Effect of these drugs vary, depending upon their habitat, collection a storage and on patients, ''deha'' (physique), ''doshas, prakriti'' (constitution), ''vaya'' (age), ''bala'' (strength), ''agni'' (power of digestion and metabolism), ''bhakti'' (liking of particular type of recipe), ''satmya'' (adaptability). Therefore, the recipes based on their permutations and combination are innumerable and it is not possible to describe them all so only 133 of these recipes which are neither too brief nor too elaborate is described in this chapters. On the basis of this description the intelligent physician can formulate many other recipes to suit the exact requirement of his patient (Ca.Ka.1/16-30).
</div>
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*''Ushna-Tikshna-Sukshma-Vyavayi'' and ''vikasi'' are the common properties of the ''Vamanakarma dravya''. According to Sushruta, the ''ushna'' property has ''pachana karma'' (S.Su.46/515).Chakrapani (the commentator on [[Charaka Samhita]]) states that ''ushna'' means ''ushna veeryam''. This has been cleared in AshtÁnga Sangraha by Vagabhat and the function are like ''dahana'' and ''pachana'' and having ability to decrease ''vata'' and ''kapha dosha'' (A.S.Su.17/15). Sushruta defines that ''tikshna'' as the property produces ''daha, paka'' and ''srava'' (S.Su.46/518).According to Charaka, ''Tikshna guna'' is ''vichchindana'' (Ca.Ka.1/5). Chakrapani clarified the word as ''vichchindayati'', means breaking down the complex morbid matter into simple molecules. The ''Sukshma guna'' reaches to minute ''srotasa'' and remove the morbid matter to bring it to reach the ''amashaya'' according to Dalhana (S.Ci..33/33). The ''Vyavayi'' drugs, when administered initiate the action immediately and thereafter bio-transformation takes place. Sushruta has clarified that ''Vikasi'' drugs causes laxity in ''dhatubandhana'' (S.Su. 46/523).Due to above mentioned properties ''Vamana'' drugs are beneficial for therapeutic emesis.
*''Vamana'' (emesis) is one of the five physio-therapeutic procedures to eliminate impurities through gastro-oral route emerged due to aggravated ''kapha'' in human body. It is to be noted for vitiation of each ''dosha'' viz. ''kapha, pitta'' and ''vata,'' three therapeutic procedures ''vamana, virechana'' and ''basti'' are recommended respectively.
*''Vamana'' is the foremost therapeutic procedure among [[Panchakarma]] (five therapeutic procedures). If ''virechanakarma'' is performed first than the ''vamana'', there are all possibilities of vitiation of the ''kapha''. This vitiated ''kapha'' having ''guru-snigdha guna'' with impurities descends down to ''grahani'' (the seat of ''agni'') and with the result of that ''pravahika'' is developed(S.Ci.33/19).
*Its importance has been realized in ''rasayana'' and ''vajikarana'' therapy; therefore, it is mandatory to do ''vamanakarma'' before aforesaid therapies for excellent results. Thus, it is obvious that [[Panchakarma]] has dual benefits i.e., health preventive and disease curative.
*''Virechana, vireka, chhardi, chardana, vami, ullekhana, lekhana, shodhana'' and ''sansodhana'' are the various synonyms of ''vamana'' as found in Ayurvedic classics.
*''Vamanakarma'', causes cleanliness of the stomach, which enhances ''kayagni'' (body fire), diseases get pacified, normalcy is maintained, sense organ, intellect, and complexion are improved, strength, nourishment, progeny and potency are produced, the old age does not his hold easily and the person lives long from disorders. Therefore, one should use the evacuation therapy (Ca.Su.16/17-19).
*Evacuated ''doshas'' never reoccur, if they are subdued with evacuation therapy. ''Vamana karma'' is considered the best line of therapeutic procedure for all the diseases having ''kaphaja'' origin (Ca.Su. 33/19).
*''Sharngadhara'' in ''Sharngadhara Samhita'' stated that ''apakva pitta'' and ''kapha'' are forcefully expelled out through the upward route. Thus ''vamana'' is the best for vitiated ''kapha'' and ''apakva pitta'' (Sa.Pu.8/7).
*Phytochemistry:
The drug ''Madanaphala'' is botanically identified as Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Randia Spinosa Poir. Syn.R.DumatrumLam. The phytochemical studies on the fruits of R. spinosa revealed presence of mixture of saponins viz. randia acid or acid saponin has been isolated from the pulp; the two saponins occur in the fruit at all stages of ripening. The fruits of R. spinosa contain a toxic saponin of oleanolic acid. They also contain leucocyanidin and mannitol. The activity of the drug is attributed to the presence of saponins which occur to the extent of 2-3 % in fresh fruits and about 10% in dried whole fruit. The saponins are concentrated mostly in the pulp. A mixture of two saponins, viz. randialic or neutral saponin (m.p. 289-2900C decomp.)and randialic acid or acid saponin (m.p. 2600 C decomp.) has been isolated from the pulp.On complete hydrolysis both the saponins yield Oleanolic acid as Sapogenin. Ursosaponin, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the dried whole fruit, gave ursolic acid and glucose. Randianin, isolated from the fruit, gave a haemolytic triterpenoid saponin.
* The seeds are reported to be free from saponins. They contain fat (1.5 %), protein (14.2 %), mucilage, resin, organic acid (1.4 %) and a minute quantity of an unidentified alkaloid. The bark contains scopoletin, d-mannitol and a mixture of saponins. The saponins on hydrolysis yield glucose, xylose, rhamnose, and two triterpenic acid sapogenins designated as randialic acid.One is [19 (α)-hydroxyursolic acid, C30H48O4; methyl ester, m.p. 200-2020] and another is randialic acid (19-dehydroursolic acid, C30H48O3; m.p. 256-2570). The roots contain scopoletin and d-mannitol (Navneet et al. 2010).
*Pharmacological Activity
The drug was reported to have antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory Activity(Patel Ritesh G. et al. 2011). Antileishmanial activity ,antitumor activity and stimulant action on uterus was also reported (Navneet et al. 2010).
</div>
=== Books Referred ===
*''Ashtanga Sangraha'' of Vagabhata with Shalilekha; Sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.
*Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1984.
*Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1992.
*Susruta Samhita with English translation of text and Dalhana’s commentary along with critical notes, Vol. III (Kalpasthana and Uttaratantra), Edited and translated by Priya Vrat Sharma, Published by Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi-221001, First Edition-2001.
*Charaka Samhita, Agnivesha’s treatise refined and annotated by Caraka and redacted by Dridhabala (Text with English Translation), Vol. – II, Edited-Translator Prof. Priya Vrat Sharma, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, First Edition-1981.
*Sharangadhara Samhita of Sharangadhara with the commentary of Addhmala’ Dipika commentary , Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, Third Edition-1983.
*Patel Ritesh G, Pathak Nimish L, Rathod Jaimik D, Dr.L.D.Patel and Bhatt Nayna M. Phytopharmacological Properties of Randia dumetorum as a Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview , Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (10); 2011: 24-26. ISSN: 2231-3354.
*Navneet K. Singh1, Arun K. Mishra , Jeetendra K. Gupta , S. Jayalakshmi ,Randia spinosa (poir.): ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology -a review International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Volume 4, Issue 1, September – October 2010; Article 023 ISSN 0976 – 044X.
==== Recent researches on action of herbs ====
*''Vamana'' is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centers - the vomiting center(tractus soitorius and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone both located in the Medulla Oblongata. The CTZ is close to the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood brain barrier and communicates with the vomiting centre to initiate ''vamana''. The CTZ being outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it.
*''Vamana'' stimuli act at several anatomic sites.
*''Vamana'' provoked by noxious smells originates in the cerebral cortex (through chemoreceptors in nasal mucosa - ''Ghreya Vamana'').
*Cranial nerves mediate ''vamana'' after gag reflex activation (''Anguli, Kamala nala pravesha'').
*Gastric reflex : ( Āmāśaya utkleśya bhāva)
**Strech reflex - Ākaṇṭhapāna
**Mucosal irritants - Uṣṇa, Tīkṣṇa etc. Guṇas
Followed by antiperistalsis movements - Electrical stimuli : (prabhava) by stimulating CTZ.
centers in brain
===== A comparative clinical study on standardization of ''Vamana Vidhi'' by classical and traditional methods =====
Ranjip Kumar Dass, Nilesh N. Bhatt, Anup B. Thakar, and Vagish Dutt Shukla
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Total 50 patients and healthy volunteers were selected irrespective of gender, religion, occupation, etc., from O.P.D. and I.P.D. of [[Panchakarma]] Department of Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar. The patients as well as healthy volunteers were randomly divided into following two groups:
#Group A (classical group): Twenty-two individuals of this group had performed ''Vamana'' by the classical methods according to Charaka and Sushruta Samhita.[3,4]
##Out of these individuals, five were healthy volunteers, i.e., ''Swastha'' having ''Kapha Prakopa Lakshanas'' and taking ''Vamana'' for the purpose of ''Swasthya Rakshana''.
##Seventeen patients having various disorders but a common criterion for the selection, i.e., ''Vamanarha'' or ''Vamya'' (fit for vomiting) were selected for ''Vamana'' in “Diseased Group.”
*'''Vidhi''': ''Madanphala Pippali'' was taken in ''Antarnakha Musti'' (making fist) ''Pramana'' by the patient's own hand. It was then added in ''Yashtimadhu Kwath'' and kept for one night (previous night of ''Vamana Karma''). In the morning time, it was stirred properly and filtered. Then it was given to the patient in lukewarm state mixing with honey and ''Saindhav Lavana'' (rock salt) upto ''Pittanta Vamana'' (till bile comes). Before that in early morning, ''Ghritayukta Yavagu'' was given to the patient after ''Abhyanga'' (massage) and ''Swedana'' (fomentation).
#Group B (traditional group): Twenty two individuals of this group had performed Vamana by traditional methods followed in the Panchakarma Hospital of I.P.G.T. and R.A.
##Out of these individuals, 10 were healthy volunteers, i.e., “Swastha” having Kapha Prakopa Lakshanas and taking the Vamana for the purpose of “Swasthya Rakshana.”
##Twelve patients having various disorders but a common criterion for the selection, i.e., “Vamanarha” or “Vamya” were selected for Vamana in “Diseased Group.”
*'''Vidhi''': In the morning time at first after ''Abhyanga'' and ''Swedana'', milk or ''Ikshu Rasa'' was given to the patient upto ''Aakanthapana'' (fullness upto throat). Then ''Madanaphala Pippali Churna, Vacha'' and ''Saindhava Lavana'' were taken in a ratio of 4:2:1 part, respectively and a paste was made with honey. It was then given to the patient directly or indirectly by mixing with any liquid media like milk or ''Ikshu Rasa'' or ''Yashtimadhu Phanta''. Afterwards, ''Yashtimadhu Phanta'' made freshly in the morning was given up to ''Pittanta Vamana''.
</div>
====== Drug and dosage ======
*''Purva Karma'':
#Snehapana by Shuddha Ghrita (According to Koshtha, Agni Bala, etc., of patient).
#Sarvanga Abhyanga by Bala Taila
#Sarvanga Swedana by Bashpa Sweda
#Ghrita-Yukta Yavagupana= 200-400 g approximately according to Koshtha, etc.
*''Pradhana Karma'':
#Yashtimadhu Kwath = 3-5 l approximately
#Madanphala Pippali = Antarnakha Musti Pramana according to patient's own hand.
#Honey = Quantity Sufficient (50-100 ml approximately)
#Saindhav Lavana = Q.S. (20-30 g approximately).
*''Pashchata Karma'': Samsarjana Krama was according to the Shuddhi after Vamana Karma.
====== For the traditional group ======
*''Purva Karma'':
#Snehapana by Shuddha Ghrita (according to Koshtha, Agni Bala, etc., of patient).
#Sarvanga Abhyanga by Bala Taila
#Sarvanga Swedana by Bashpa Sweda (steam bath).
*''Pradhana Karma'':
#Milk or Ikshu Rasa = 1.5-2 l approximately
#Paste of Madanaphala Pippali Churna= 8 g, Vacha = 4 g, Saindhava Lavana = 2 g and Honey = Q.S. (20-30 ml approx.)
#Yashtimadhu Phanta= 3-4 l approximately.
*''Pashchata Karma'': Samsarjana Krama was according to the Shuddhi after Vamana Karma.[
===== Discussion and conclusion =====
<div style="text-align:justify;">
From the above study it was observed that average no. of ''Vega'' and ''Upavega'' (i.e., 7.41 and 12.41) were found in by the classical method as compared to traditional methods (i.e., 6.91 and 8.77). Because ''Vega'' had come out easily from deeper part of the stomach with viscous matter in group A than the group B as the particles of ''Madanaphala Pippali'' were present in ''Yashtimadhu Kashaya'' (decoction) till end, for which individual had felt more exertions earlier but got more relief later on. The average quantity of every Vega in traditional method was measured more as compared to classical method, as more ''Kshudra'' or ''Madhyama'' and ''Khandita Vega'' had come in this method may be due to less intake of ''Vamana Kashaya'' (probably due to more thickened solution). Maximum percentage (i.e., 68.2%) of ''Pravara Shuddhi'' was observed in group A as compared to group B (i.e., 59.1), whereas more percentage of ''Madhyama'' and ''Avara Shuddhi'' were seen in group B most probably due to earlier expulsion of ''Vamana Yoga'' with vomitus. As MSI of group B (i.e., 2.86) was lesser than group A (i.e., 4.91) more drug output (more ''Dosha Shuddhi'') were there in group B as compared to group A. Furthermore, more mucous (i.e., ''kapha'' like viscous matter) were expelled in group A than group B, whereas ''Pitta Darshana'' was seen easily with a lesser time in group B as compared to group A. The average time taken to complete the ''Vamana'' (vomiting) by the classical method (58.36 min) was lesser than the time taken for traditional method (64.91 min), may be due to quick expulsion of vitiated matter, as ''Madanaphala Pippali'' was properly diluted in the ''Vamana Kasaya'' or may be due to quick appearance of ''Antiki Lakshanas'', which leads the procedure to an end point. Clinically more percentage of individuals had marked improvement in group A, whereas more percentage of individuals got moderate improvement in group B, most probably because of more ''Shuddhi'' obtained by the classical method than the traditional. As we know that ''Vamana Karma'' is a stressful work, which is done in early morning (i.e., ''Kaphaja Kala''). Likewise, according to modern science the plasma cortisol level also rises in early hours of morning and in any stressful stimuli. So Plasma Cortisol level was tested just before and after ''Vamana Karma'', where a rise in Cortisol level was observed in classical methods. By physical analysis of vomited material, acidic pH was found in earlier stage and alkaline pH was seen in last stage (i.e., when ''Accha Pitta'' comes). More value of Specific gravity was found in vomitus of classical method as compared to the vomitus of traditional method. By biochemical quantitative analysis of vomitus (i.e., Hexosamine Test); mucopolysaccharide content of vomitus was found more in group A (669.64 μg/ml) in comparison to group B (480.68 μg/ml), as more viscous matter was expelled during ''Vamana''.
==== Conclusion ====
From the present clinical study, it can be concluded that the method mentioned in the classics are very much beneficial from every point of view in comparison to the method which has been used traditionally as it is very easy, safe, less time-consuming, and clinically as well as statistically the most effective method. ''Madanaphala Pippali'', which was taken in ''Antarnakha Musti Pramana'' (By patient's own hand) in case of the classical method measured about average 13.51 g, which should be mixed in 4:l of ''Yastimadhu'' decoction for proper dilution. So this proportion can be taken as a standard ratio for ''Vamana Karma''. In concern to ''Vaigiki Shuddhi'', it indicates that more no. of ''Vega'' and ''Upavega'' come by the classical method as compared to the traditional methods. Measurements of drug inputs and drug outputs (i.e., vomitus) are necessary as ''Maniki Shuddhi'' may guide towards proper judgment regarding purification and provide some clues regarding the results obtained. By physical analysis of vomited material, “pH” of the vomitus can be used as an indicator to guide oneself towards “end point” (as ''Antiki Shuddhi''). As acidic pH was found in earlier stage and alkaline pH was seen in last stage (i.e., when ''Achcha Pitta'' comes), it may help to cease the ''Vamana'' at particular point. According to ''Laingiki Shuddhi'', more ''Pravara Shuddhi'' is achieved in ''Vamana'' by the classical methods in comparison to traditional methods. However, all the ''Shuddhi'' have equal role in assessing the proportion of purification and predicting any type of result from it. Regarding the duration of ''Vamana'', it can be said that the time taken to complete the ''Vamana'' by the classical method is lesser than the time taken for traditional method. Significant more reduction in FBS and lipid profile test (S. Cholesterol, HDL and S. Triglyceride level) by the classical method (despite of the consumption of a huge amount of Ghee during ''Snehapana'')indicates that classical ''Vamana'' improves the internal homeostasis more easily in comparison to traditional method. By comparing the improvements in the symptoms obtained after ''Vamana'' with the purification done earlier, it can be said that more expulsion of vitiated matter might be there in the classical method in comparison to
</div>
==== Tables ====
SUBJECT Group A( Classical Method) Group B ( Traditional Method)
Initial dose 810.68ml 678.86 ml
Antar Nakh Mushti 13.51 gm -
Gritayukta Yavagu 279.54 gm -
1st Vega Initation Time 14.04 min 11.41min
Total No. Of Vega 7.41 6.91
Total No. Of Upvega 12.41 8.77
Process Completion 58.36min 64.97min
Pravar Suddhi 68% 27.3%
Total Amount 6080.91ml 5643.64ml
MSI 4.91 28.86
Specific Gravity 1018.18 1014.54
PH 5.57 6.23
Vamana Kaarmukatvam: [Ca.ka.1/5]
Action of Virya
Enters hrdaya Saukshmyaat Vyavaayitvaat Enters Dhamani
Enters sthula anu srotas Interaction with dosha saṃghāta inside the srtotas UshnaatTaikshnyaat / Vikaasi
Vicchindana(Dislodging) Vishyandana(Liquification)
Vicchindana Viśyandana dosha enters Āmāśaya
“Urdhvam Pravartate”
Dravya prabhaavaInfluence of udāna vāta
Influence of Vaayu
Influence of Agni mahaabhuta
Dislodged and liquified dosha again enters the Dhamani (prasaarananature)
Vamaka Vega
Bhaya Snehan and swedan- for 2-3 days shoould be done on last day , gap day & on Vaman day
Classical method of Vamak- Antarnakha musti praman of madanphana phala pipalli should be soaked in Yashtimadhu ..kovidaar Kashaya overnight and used.
Nirannam Natisnigdha GritayuktaYavagu
SvastiVachan and Chanting of‘Mantra
Abhimantrita- Purna Sharav.
If No vega Initiation or Hina vega – Mustard paste or Pippali should be used
Thrust area- in Diabetes Mellitus
Ayu. 2013 Jul-Sep; 34(3): 263–269.
doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.123115
PMCID: PMC3902591
Comparative study of Vamana and Virechanakarma in controlling blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus
Nitin Jindal and Nayan P. Joshi1
It can be summarized that both Vamanaa and Virechana cause marked reduction in FBS and PPBS levels. In early course of disease Samshodhana must be the choice of treatment; as at this stage, patient has dominance of Kapha and Pitta. It seems that Vamana by reducing Kapha and Meda helps to minimize insulin resistance, whereas Virechana by lowering down the hepatic glucose production helps to control blood sugar. As Prameha is an Aanushangivyadhi, neither Vamanaa nor Virechana alone acts as the complete treatment for it. To get definite output regarding specific role of Vamanaa and Virechana on FBS and PPBS, further study is necessary. The present study was carried on a small sample and for a limited time. As it showed encouraging results, further research must be done at a higher level with a large sample with longer duration so that a definite theory can be promulgated.
=== Glossary ===
S.No. Sanskrit Name Classical Name Botanical Name
1. 'kriq"ik ÏatapuÒpÁ Anethum foeniculum Linn.
2. dqLrqEcqj Kushtumburu Coriandrum sativum Linn.
3. rxj Tagar Valerina wallichu D.C.
4. dq"B KuÒÔha Saussurea leppa C.B.Clarke
5. Rod~ Tvak Cinnamomrm zeylanicum Breyn
6. pksjd Coraka Angelica glauca Edgew.
7. e:od MarÚbaka Mojorana hortensis Moench
8. vxq: Agaru Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
9. xqXxqy Guggulu Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks)
10. okyqd VÁluka Prunus cerasus Linn.
11. Jhos"Vd ÏrÍveÒÔaka Pinus roxberghii Sargent.
12. ekalh MaÉsÍ Nordostachys jatamansi DC
13. 'kSys;d Ïaileyaka Parmelia perlata Ach.
14. ljy Sarala Pinus roxburghii Sargent
15. ikjkorinh PÁrÁvatapadÍ Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
16. v’kksd jksfg.kh AÐokarohaÆÍ Picrorhiza kurroa Royle.-ex-Benth.
17. lqeq[k Sumukha Ocimum Sp.
18. lqjl Surasa Ocimum sanctum Linn.
19. dqBsjd KuÔeraka Ocimum Sp.
20. dk.Mhj KaÆdÍra Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.
21. dkyekyd KÁlamÁlaka Ocimum basilicum Linn.
22. {kod KÒavaka Centipeda minima (Linn.) A.Br.et. Aschers
23. Qf.kT>d PhaÆijjhaka Origanum majorana Linn.
24. x`°ku Géñjana Allium ascalonicum Linn.
25. dklenZ KÁsamarda Cassia occidentalis Linn.
26. Hk`axjkt BéÉgarÁja Eclipta alba Hassk.
27. ysg Leha A pharmaceutical dosage form- confectionery the decoctions are further concentrated to semisolid consistency after adding sweetening and other substances over fire
28. oeu Vamana Therapeutic emesis.
29. fojspu Virecana Therapeutic purgation
30. O;okf; VyavÁyi Quality due to which a substance permeates all over the body before getting digested; caused due to activated Vayu & akash; e.g. Cannabis sativa
31. v.kq AÆu Small
32. thewr JÍmÚta Luffa echinata Roxb.
33. b{okdq IkÒvÁku Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.
34. /kkekxZo DhÁmÁrgava Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) M. Roem
35. dqVt KuÔaja Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall.
36. Ñros/ku Kétavedhana Luffa acutangula (Linn.) Roxb.
37. ';kek ÏvÁmÁ Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso
38. f=o`Ùk Trivétta Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.
39. prqj¯qy CaturaÉgula Cassia fistula Linn.
40. frYod Tilvaka Viburnum nervosum D.Don.
41. egko`{k MahÁvékÒa Euphorbia nivulia Buch-Ham.
42. lIryk SaptalÁ Euphorbia pilosa Linn.
43. 'kf¦uh ÏaÉkhnÍ Euphorbia drocunculoides Lam.
44. nUrh DantÍ Balispermum montanum Mull-Arg.
45. æoUrh DravantÍ Croton liglium Linn.
46. Hkktu BhÁjana Vessel used for various purposes
47. tk¯y JÁÉgala arid place
48. vkuwi ÀnÚpa marshy lands
49. dnj Kadara Acacia suma Buch-Ham
50. 0 [kfnj Khadira Acacia catechu Willd
51. vlu Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
52. v’od.kZ AÐvavarÆa Dipterocarpus alactus Roxb.
53. /ko Dhava Anogeissus latifolia Wall.
54. frfu’k TiniÐa Ougenia oojeinensis Roxb.
55. 'kYydh ÏallakÍ Buswellia serata Roxb.
56. lky SÁla Shorea robusta Gaertn.
57. lkseogd Somavalka Acacia suma Buch-Ham.
58. cnjh Badari Zizyphus jujube Lam.
59. frUnqd Tinduka Diospyrus melanoxylon Roxb.
60. v’oFk AÐvatha Ficus religiosa Linn.
61. oV VaÔa Ficus bengalensix Linn.
62. vkeyd Àmalaka Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
63. 'keh ÏamÍ Prosopis specigera Linn.
64. ddqHk Kakubha Terminalia arjuna W.& A.
65. f’ka’kik ÏiÉÐapÁ Dalbergia sissoo roxb.
66. [kj Khara Rough tongue
67. fldrk SikatÁ Urine with sand like substance
68. yko LÁva Common Quail
69. frfÙkj Tittira Partridge
70. pdksj Cakora A kind of birds
71. fgUrky HintÁla Phoenix paludosa Roxb.
72. reky TamÁla Nicotiana tobacum Linn.
73. ukfjdsy NÁrikela Cocos nucifera Linn.
74. dnyh KadalÍ Musa paradisiaca Linn.
75. o°kqy Vañjula Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
76. okuhj VÁnÍra Salix caprea Linn.
77. fudq°k Nikuñja Contraction of skin
78. r: Taru Synonym of the plant
79. gal HaÉsa Swana
80. pØokd CakravÁka Ruddly Sheldrake
81. cykd BalÁka Crane
82. uUnheq[k NandÍmukha Flamingo
83. iq.Mjhd PuÆÕarÍka Colour of white lotus
84. dknEc KÁdamba Grey leg goose
85. 'kri= Ïatapatra black wood pecker
86. dksfdy Kokila Koel
87. foVi ViÔapa Tree
88. dq’k KuÐa Desmostochya bipinnata Stapf.
89. jksfg"k RohiÒa Cymbopogon matlini (Roxb.) Wats.
90. lqjk SurÁ A kind of alcoholic preparation
91. lkSohjd SauvÍraka The acidic fermented liquid obtained from wheat
92. rq"kksnd TuÒodaka Preparation of Kañji involving yava along with raw husk
93. eSjs; Maireya The finished product obtained by allowing for further fermentation/maturation after mixing the asav and sura in equal proportions
94. esnd Medaka One of the dietary items and preparation in Ayurveda
95. e`}hd MédvikÁ Vitis vinifera Linn.
96. vkeyd Àmalaka Emblica officinals Gaertn
97. e/kq Madhu Honey
98. e/kqd Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
99. i:"kd ParÚÒaka Grewia asiatica Linn.
100. Qkf.kr PhÁÆita Half cooked molassas
101. ik.Mw PÁÆdu Anemia
102. ;o Yava Hordeum vulgare Linn.
103. rq"k TuÒa The chaff of graim or corn or rice
104. ek"k MÁÒa Phaseolus mungo Linn.
105. 'kkfy Ïali Oryza sativa Linn.
106. dqyRFk Kulattha Dolichus biflorus Linn.
107. eqå Mudga Phaseolus radiates Linn.
108. fry Tila Sesamum indicum Linn.
109. ;f"Ve/kq YaÒÔimadhu Glycyrrtiza glabra Linn.
110. dksfonkj KovidÁra Bauhinia purpurea Linn.
111. dcqZnkj KarbudÁra Bauhinia variegate Linn.
112. uhi Nipa Anthocephalus indicus A. Rich.
113. fonqy Vidula Barringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaertn
114. fcEoh BimbÍ Caccinia indica W & A.
115. 'k.kiq"ih ÏaÆapuÒpÍ Crotalaria juncea Linn.
116. lnkiq"ih SadÁpuÒpÍ Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
117. izR;d~iq"ih PratyakpuÒpÍ Achyranthes aspera Linn.
118. fiIiyh PippalÍ Piper longum Linn.
119. l"kZi SarÒapa Brassica compestris Linn. Var-Sarson Prain
120. opk VacÁ Acorus calamus Linn.
121. gjhrdh HarÍtakÍ Terminalian chebula Retx.
122. foHkhrdh VibhÍtakÍ Terminalia bellirica Roxb.
123. HkYykrd BhallÁtaka Semecarpus anacardium Linn.
124. o`{kd VékÒaka Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall
125. Loknqd.Vd SvÁtukaÆÔaka Tribulus terrestris Linn.
126. ikBk PÁÔhÁ Cissompelos pareira Linn.
127. ikVyk PÁtalÁ Stereospermum suaveoleus DC
128. 'kk¯sZ"Vk ÏÁrañgeÒtÁ Abrus precatorius Linn.
129. ewokZ MÚrvÁ Marsdenia tenacissma W. & A.
130. lIri.kZ SaptparÆa Alstonia scholarix R.Br.
131. uDreky NaktamÁla Pongamia pinnata Pierre
132. fipqinZ Picumarda Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
133. iVksy Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.
134. lq"koh SuÒavÍ Momordia charantia Linn.
135. xqMwph GudÚcÍ Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers ex Hook
136. lkseoYd Somavalka Acacia suma Buch.
137. }hfidk DvÍpikÁ Capparis sepiaria Linn.
138. fp=d Citraka Plumbago zeylonica Linn.
139. 'k`¯osj Ségvera Zingiber officinala Roxb.
140. ,yk ElÁ Elettaria cordamomum Maton
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