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<p style="text-align:justify;">Marma are the vital areas of the [[Sharira|body]]. Injury to these areas can cause death or serious damage to [[Sharira|body]] or health. Marma is one of the unique and important topics discussed in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]. It plays an essential role in surgery. Hence it is called Shalya Vishayardha (half knowledge of surgery).  

Marma are the vital areas of the [[Sharira|body]]. Injury to these areas can cause death or serious damage to [[Sharira|body]] or health. Marma is one of the unique and important topics discussed in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]. It plays an essential role in surgery. Hence it is called Shalya Vishayardha (half knowledge of surgery).  

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Marmas are  the sites of [[Prana|prana (soul)]], [[Agni|agni]] (light or heat: a source of eternal energy), soma (water or an eternal source of calmness) and [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta (five fundamental elements)]]. Prognosis after injury, significantly depends on the composition of these vital energies.   

Marmas are  the sites of [[Prana|prana (soul)]], [[Agni|agni]] (light or heat: a source of eternal energy), soma (water or an eternal source of calmness) and [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta (five fundamental elements)]]. Prognosis after injury, significantly depends on the composition of these vital energies.   

 

The science of marma was known to mankind from Vedic period, and it has especially been designed to determine the prognosis of injuries at the time of war. Simultaneously, marma knowledge was applied to cause fatal trauma to the enemy leading to victory on the battlefield. Acharya Charak mentions the 107 marmas in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] (100 BCE-200 BC). However, being a physician, Charak has emphasized three major marmas, which are shira (head), [[Hridaya|hridaya (heart)]], and [[Basti|basti (urinary bladder)]]. He gave a vivid description in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/01].  Acharya Sushruta also identified 107 marmas in the human [[Sharira|body]]. As a surgeon, he contributed detailed explanations on this topic. Acharya Vagbhata also mentioned 107 marmas in [[Sharira Sthana|Sharira Sthana]] of Ashtanga [[Hridaya|Hridaya]] with slight variation.  The present article describes marma concept, surface anatomy, and practical application.   

The science of marma was known to mankind from Vedic period, and it has especially been designed to determine the prognosis of injuries at the time of war. Simultaneously, marma knowledge was applied to cause fatal trauma to the enemy leading to victory on the battlefield. Acharya Charak mentions the 107 marmas in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] (100 BCE-200 BC). However, being a physician, Charak has emphasized three major marmas, which are shira (head), [[Hridaya|hridaya (heart)]], and [[Basti|basti (urinary bladder)]]. He gave a vivid description in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/01].  Acharya Sushruta also identified 107 marmas in the human [[Sharira|body]]. As a surgeon, he contributed detailed explanations on this topic. Acharya Vagbhata also mentioned 107 marmas in [[Sharira Sthana|Sharira Sthana]] of Ashtanga [[Hridaya|Hridaya]] with slight variation.  The present article describes marma concept, surface anatomy, and practical application.   

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{{Infobox  

{{Infobox  

|title =  Contributors  

|title =  Contributors  

|data2 = Kasar N.V.¹   

|data2 = Kasar N.V.¹   

|label3 = Reviewer  

|label3 = Reviewer  

|data3 = Basisht G.²,   

|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]²,   

|label4 = Editor  

|label4 = Editor  

|data4 = Deole Y.S.³  

|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]³  

|label5 = Affiliations  

|label5 = Affiliations  

|data5 = ¹ Department of Rachana Sharir,  G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India  

|data5 = ¹ Department of Rachana Sharir,  G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India  

|data8 = November 12, 2022  

|data8 = November 12, 2022  

|label9 = DOI  

|label9 = DOI  

|data9 = In process

|data9 = {{DoiWithLink}}

}}  

}}  

Sometimes it is seen that injury to hollow organ can cause death if an untrained person tries to remove the foreign [[Sharira|body]] from the site. The content of that organ may come out (it may be blood, urine, body fluids) and may lead to pain shock or severe acute inflammation causing death. This is seen in injury to urinary bladder or liver. Such type of cases are only handled by skilled person or else the symptoms mentioned in vishalyaghna pranahara marma occurs and the life of patient may be in danger.  

Sometimes it is seen that injury to hollow organ can cause death if an untrained person tries to remove the foreign [[Sharira|body]] from the site. The content of that organ may come out (it may be blood, urine, body fluids) and may lead to pain shock or severe acute inflammation causing death. This is seen in injury to urinary bladder or liver. Such type of cases are only handled by skilled person or else the symptoms mentioned in vishalyaghna pranahara marma occurs and the life of patient may be in danger.  

During road traffic accident or surgery the muscles, peripheral nerves, tendons, ligaments, bones or joints may get affected. It can cause long term or permanent disability as seen in Earb’s palsy, Klumpke’s palsy. Injury to axillary nerve causes loss of abduction of shoulder. Injury to radial nerve causes wrist drop. Injury to common peroneal nerve causes foot drop. Injury to ligaments and joints causes mal functioning of joints. Mal-union of fracture causes difficulty in movement. Hamstring tear in soccer player can affect flexion of knee. Tear in tendon of pectoralis major muscle is seen in weight lifters. It can affect adduction and flexion of shoulder. Such type of  permanent disabilities seen in injuries to vaikalyakara marma.  

During road traffic accident or surgery the muscles, peripheral nerves, tendons, ligaments, bones or joints may get affected. It can cause long term or permanent disability as seen in Erb’s palsy, Klumpke’s palsy. Injury to axillary nerve causes loss of abduction of shoulder. Injury to radial nerve causes wrist drop. Injury to common peroneal nerve causes foot drop. Injury to ligaments and joints causes mal functioning of joints. Mal-union of fracture causes difficulty in movement. Hamstring tear in soccer player can affect flexion of knee. Tear in tendon of pectoralis major muscle is seen in weight lifters. It can affect adduction and flexion of shoulder. Such type of  permanent disabilities seen in injuries to vaikalyakara marma.  

Undue movement of any synovial articulation causes severe pain as seen in sprain. It is due to partial injury to ligaments or tendons followed by inflammation. Similarly in fracture unbearable pain occur as seen in rujakara marma.   

Undue movement of any synovial articulation causes severe pain as seen in sprain. It is due to partial injury to ligaments or tendons followed by inflammation. Similarly in fracture unbearable pain occur as seen in rujakara marma.   

File:Vital Points img 3.jpg|'''Fig.2: Marma of upper extremities'''

File:Vital Points img 3.jpg|'''Fig.2: Marma of upper extremities'''

File:Vital points img 5.jpg|'''Fig.3: Marma of head & neck region'''

File:Vital points img 5.jpg|'''Fig.3: Marma of head & neck region'''

File:Vital points img 4.jpg|'''Fig.4(a): Marma-anterior aspect of body Fig.4(b): Marma-posterior aspect of body'''

File:Vital points img 4 (1).jpg|'''Fig.4(a): Marma-anterior aspect of body Fig.4(b): Marma-posterior aspect of body'''

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[[Sharira Sankhya Sharira Adhyaya]], [[Trimarmiya Chikitsa Adhyaya]], [[Trimarmiya Siddhi Adhyaya]]

[[Sharira Sankhya Sharira Adhyaya]], [[Trimarmiya Chikitsa Adhyaya]], [[Trimarmiya Siddhi Adhyaya]]

== References ==

== References ==